List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

Last updated

Satellite image of the most recent Atlantic off-season system, an unnamed subtropical storm on January 16, 2023 01L 2023-01-16 1920Z.jpg
Satellite image of the most recent Atlantic off-season system, an unnamed subtropical storm on January 16, 2023

An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur. [1] Peak activity is known to be between August and October. [1] [2] Between 1938, when the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and 1963, the season was defined between June 15 and November 15. [3] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30, [2] which remains the official length of the season.

Contents

As of 2023, there have been 92 off-season cyclones recorded in the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851. In addition, six earlier such storms have been documented, but are not part of the database. The first off-season storm in the database was an 1865 storm that developed in the Caribbean Sea; an earlier documented 1863 hurricane is not part of the database. The most recent off-season system was an unnamed January subtropical storm in 2023.

Background

Tracks of all known storms that formed during the off-season between 1851 and 2023. Map of Atlantic off-season storms.png
Tracks of all known storms that formed during the off-season between 1851 and 2023.

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Off-season cyclones are most likely to develop in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that have, a tropical storm in 1948 that struck the Dominican Republic, killing 80 people in the Dominican Republic, was the deadliest. [4] However, the unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people, in a shipwreck off Florida and on land. That same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105 mph (169 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane between December and May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in May of 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds. [5] Hurricane Alice was the only one of the cyclones to strike land as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage. [6] Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. In 2005, Hurricane Epsilon maintained hurricane status for five days, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili.

The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five existing in the off-season. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In eight seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1970, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season. [7] [8] The longest streak of consecutive years featuring at least one pre-season storm was seven, from 2015 through 2021.

Chronology

Radar image of Hurricane Alice in 1955, the first recorded North Atlantic hurricane to span two calendar years. Hurricane Alice 01 jan 1955 radar.jpg
Radar image of Hurricane Alice in 1955, the first recorded North Atlantic hurricane to span two calendar years.

Tropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h). Before 1950, storms were numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database; tropical depressions were unnumbered. [7] [8] [9] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track. [10] In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013. [11]

The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

NameDatesPeak intensityAreas affectedDamage
(USD)		DeathsRefs
Category Wind speedPressure
UnnamedMay 23–24, 1771Tropical storm≥40 mph (64 km/h)Not specifiedCubaN/ANone [10]
UnnamedMay 25–26, 1779Tropical storm≥40 mph (64 km/h)Not specifiedCubaN/ANone [10]
UnnamedMay 28, 1794Tropical storm≥40 mph (64 km/h)Not specifiedCubaN/ANone [10]
UnnamedDecember 13–22, 1822Category 1 hurricane≥75 mph (121 km/h)Not specifiedEastern Caribbean SeaN/ANone [10]
UnnamedMay 28 – June 5, 1825≥Category 1 hurricane≥75 mph (121 km/h)Not specifiedCuba, United States East CoastN/A7 [10] [12]
UnnamedMay 20–21, 1838Tropical storm≥40 mph (64 km/h)Not specified Jamaica N/ANone [10]
"Amanda" May 24–29, 1863Category 2 hurricane105 mph (169 km/h)975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Florida N/A110 [11]
#1May 30, 1865Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)Not specifiedCaribbean SeaN/ANone [7]
#12 November 25 – December 2, 1878Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)Not specifiedLesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, JamaicaN/ANone [7]
#1 May 15–18, 1887Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)≤997 hPa (29.44 inHg) Atlantic Canada N/ANone [8]
#2 May 17–21, 1887Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)≤1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas N/ANone [8]
#17 November 27 – December 4, 1887Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not specifiedBahamasN/ANone [8]
#18 December 4–8, 1887Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanN/ANone [8]
#19 December 7–12, 1887Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)Not specifiedLesser Antilles, Colombia, NicaraguaN/ANone [8]
#1 May 16–21, 1889Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not specifiedWestern Atlantic OceanN/ANone [8]
#1 May 27–29, 1890Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)Not specifiedCubaN/A4 [8] [4]
UnnamedMay 1–6, 1899Tropical depression25 mph (40 km/h)1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Haiti, CubaN/ANone [8]
Unnamed January 17–19, 1900Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanN/ANone [8]
#1 March 6–9, 1908Category 2 hurricane100 mph (160 km/h)≤991 hPa (29.26 inHg)Lesser AntillesN/ANone [8]
#2 May 24–31, 1908Category 1 hurricane75 mph (121 km/h)989 hPa (29.21 inHg) North Carolina N/ANone [8]
Unnamed February 19–21, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,009 hPa (29.80 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone [13]
Unnamed May 22–24, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanN/ANone [13]
Unnamed December 11–13, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,005 hPa (29.68 inHg)Haiti, CubaN/ANone [13]
Unnamed April 14–16, 1912Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedCentral AtlanticN/ANone [13]
Unnamed May 5–8, 1913Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)Northern Atlantic OceanN/ANone [13]
Unnamed April 29 – May 2, 1915Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone [8]
#1 May 13 – 16, 1916Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Cuba, United States East CoastN/ANone [8] [14]
Unnamed May 12–15, 1922Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg)NicaraguaN/ANone [8]
#4 November 27 – December 1, 1925Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)Cuba, United States East Coast
Bermuda, Azores		$3 million73 [8] [15] [16]
#1 May 5–11, 1932Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg) Dominican Republic N/ANone [17]
#1 May 14–19, 1933Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)) Yucatán Peninsula N/ANone [18]
#1 May 15–18, 1935Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)HispaniolaN/ANone [19]
UnnamedMay 21–26, 1936Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedTexasN/ANone [20]
#17 December 4–6, 1936Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)996 hPa (29.41 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone [20]
#1 January 3–6, 1938Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)992 hPa (29.29 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone [21]
#1 May 19–24, 1940Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)<996 hPa (29.41 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone [22]
#1 May 22–28, 1948Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Dominican Republic N/A80 [7] [4]
#1 January 4–9, 1951Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)997 hPa (29.44 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone [7]
Able May 16–24, 1951Category 1 hurricane90 mph (140 km/h)973 hPa (28.73 inHg)Bahamas, North CarolinaN/ANone [23] [24]
UnnamedMay 17–18, 1951Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone [8]
#12 December 7–10, 1951Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)AzoresN/ANone [7]
#1 February 2–3, 1952Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg))FloridaN/ANone [7]
Alice May 25 – June 7, 1953Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)Cuba, FloridaN/A6 [25] [8]
Irene December 7–9, 1953Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)≤999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone [7]
UnnamedDecember 13–14, 1953Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedLesser AntillesN/ANone [8]
UnnamedJanuary 27–28, 1954Subtropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone [8]
UnnamedMay 19–25, 1954Subtropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Northeastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone [8]
#1 May 28–30, 1954Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)≤997 hPa (29.44 inHg))North CarolinaN/ANone [7]
Alice December 30, 1954 – January 6, 1955Category 1 hurricane90 mph (140 km/h)980 hPa (28.94 inHg)Lesser Antilles$623,000None [6]
#1 May 25–27, 1958Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone [7]
Arlene May 28–31, 1959Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)993 hPa (29.32 inHg) United States Gulf Coast $500,0001 [26]
TD April 30, 1962Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedWestern Atlantic OceanN/ANone [27]
#10 November 28 – December 4, 1962Category 1 hurricane90 mph (140 km/h)988 hPa (29.18 inHg)Southeastern United StatesN/ANone [27]
#10 November 29 – December 2, 1965Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone [27]
Alma May 17–26, 1970Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)993 hPa (29.32 inHg)Cuba, FloridaN/A8 [28] [29]
Unnamed November 28 - December 1, 1970Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)987 hPa (29.15 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone [30]
Alpha May 23–29, 1972Subtropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)991 hPa (29.26 inHg)Southeastern United States$100,0002 [7] [31] [32]
#1 April 18–21, 1973Tropical depression30 mph (48 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanNoneNone [7]
#2 May 2–5, 1973Tropical depression30 mph (48 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanNoneNone [7]
#3 May 19–20, 1974Tropical depression30 mph (48 km/h)Not specifiedBelize, Mexico, Cuba
Jamaica, United States Gulf Coast		N/ANone [33] [34]
Unnamed December 9–13, 1975Subtropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)985 hPa (29.09 inHg)Northeast Atlantic OceanN/ANone [7]
One May 21–25, 1976Subtropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)FloridaN/ANone [7]
Unnamed January 18–23, 1978Subtropical storm45 mph (72 km/h)1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone [7]
Arlene May 6–9, 1981Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Cuba, BahamasN/ANone [35]
Lili December 12–24, 1984Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Hispaniola N/ANone [36]
#14 December 7–9, 1985Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedWestern CaribbeanN/ANone [7]
#1 May 24 – June 1, 1987Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,011 hPa (29.85 inHg)BahamasN/ANone [7]
#1 May 31 – June 2, 1988Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)CubaN/A37 [37] [38]
Karen November 28 – December 4, 1989Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg)CubaN/ANone [39]
#1 May 24–27, 1990Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,007 hPa (29.74 inHg)Cuba, FloridaNoneNone [40]
One April 21–24, 1992Subtropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone [41]
#1 May 31 – June 3, 1993Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Cuba, FloridaNone20 [42]
Nicole November 24 – December 1, 1998Category 1 hurricane85 mph (137 km/h)979 hPa (28.91 inHg)Northeastern Atlantic OceanNoneNone [43]
Olga November 24 – December 6, 2001Category 1 hurricane90 mph (140 km/h)973 hPa (28.73 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanNoneNone [44]
Ana April 20–24, 2003Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)FloridaNone2 [45]
Odette December 4–7, 2003Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)993 hPa (29.32 inHg) Hispaniola $8 million10 [45] [46]
Peter December 7–11, 2003Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanNoneNone [45]
Otto November 29 – December 3, 2004Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone [47]
Epsilon November 29 – December 8, 2005Category 1 hurricane85 mph (137 km/h)981 hPa (28.97 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone [48]
Zeta December 30, 2005 – January 7, 2006Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone [48]
Andrea May 9–11, 2007Subtropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)Southeast United States coastMinimal6 [49]
Olga December 11–12, 2007Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Greater Antilles $45 million40 [49] [50]
Arthur May 31 – June 2, 2008Tropical storm45 mph (72 km/h)1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Belize, Yucatán Peninsula $78 million9 [51]
#1 May 28–29, 2009Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanNoneNone [52]
Alberto May 19–22, 2012Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)South Carolina, North Carolina, GeorgiaMinimalNone [53]
Beryl May 26–30, 2012Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)992 hPa (29.29 inHg)Florida, Georgia, Cuba, The Bahamas$148,0003 [5] [54]
Unnamed December 5–7, 2013Subtropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)997 hPa (29.44 inHg)AzoresNoneNone [55]
Ana May 8–11, 2015Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Southeastern United States Minimal2 [56]
Alex January 12–15, 2016Category 1 hurricane85 mph (137 km/h)981 hPa (29.0 inHg)Bermuda, AzoresMinimal1 [57]
Bonnie May 27 – June 4, 2016Tropical storm45 mph (72 km/h)1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)Southeastern United States, The Bahamas$640,0002 [58]
Arlene April 19–21, 2017Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone [59]
Alberto May 25–31, 2018Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southeastern United States$125 million18 [60]
Andrea May 20–21, 2019Subtropical storm40 mph (64 km/h)1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)BermudaNoneNone [61]
Arthur May 16–19, 2020Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)991 hPa (29.26 inHg) Florida, Bahamas, North Carolina, Bermuda $112,000None
Bertha May 27–28, 2020Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania $133,000None
Ana May 22–24, 2021Tropical storm45 mph (72 km/h)1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)BermudaNoneNone
Unnamed January 16–17, 2023Subtropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)976 hPa (28.82 inHg)New England, Atlantic CanadaNoneNone [62]

Systems by month

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Several late November systems have persisted into December thus enhancing its count. Conversely, only one storm has formed in March, followed by February with two. Additionally, a pair of hurricanes have spanned two calendar years: Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955, and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006. [7] [8]

Number of recorded off-season cyclones by month [7] [8]
MonthNumber of cyclones
January
7
February
2
March
1
April
7
May
50
December
28(Includes 11 that formed in November)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Hurricane Center</span> United States government agency

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) is the division of the United States' NOAA/National Weather Service responsible for tracking and predicting tropical weather systems between the Prime Meridian and the 140th meridian west poleward to the 30th parallel north in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the 31st parallel north in the northern Atlantic Ocean. The agency, which is co-located with the Miami branch of the National Weather Service, is situated on the campus of Florida International University in University Park, Miami, Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1914 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1914 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active Atlantic hurricane season on record, with only one known tropical storm. Although hurricane season typically encompasses a much larger time-span, actual activity was confined to the middle of September. The only tropical cyclone of the year developed in the region of The Bahamas on September 15 and drifted northwestward, moving inland over Florida and Georgia. Thorough warnings before the storm prevented any major damage. The 1914 season is one of only two that did not produce any hurricanes. Due to the lack of modern technology such as satellite imagery, information is relatively sparse, and an additional tropical depression may have existed in late October.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1911 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1911 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively inactive hurricane season, with only six known tropical cyclones forming in the Atlantic during the summer and fall. There were three suspected tropical depressions, including one that began the season in February and one that ended the season when it dissipated in December. Three storms intensified into hurricanes, two of which attained Category 2 status on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. Storm data is largely based on the Atlantic hurricane database, which underwent a thorough revision for the period between 1911 and 1914 in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1898 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1898 Atlantic hurricane season marked the beginning of the Weather Bureau operating a network of observation posts across the Caribbean Sea to track tropical cyclones, established primarily due to the onset of the Spanish–American War. A total of eleven tropical storms formed, five of which intensified into a hurricane, according to HURDAT, the National Hurricane Center's official database. Further, one cyclone strengthened into a major hurricane. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. The first system was initially observed on August 2 near West End in the Bahamas, while the eleventh and final storm dissipated on November 4 over the Mexican state of Veracruz.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central dense overcast</span> Large central area of thunderstorms surrounding its circulation center

The central dense overcast, or CDO, of a tropical cyclone or strong subtropical cyclone is the large central area of thunderstorms surrounding its circulation center, caused by the formation of its eyewall. It can be round, angular, oval, or irregular in shape. This feature shows up in tropical cyclones of tropical storm or hurricane strength. How far the center is embedded within the CDO, and the temperature difference between the cloud tops within the CDO and the cyclone's eye, can help determine a tropical cyclone's intensity with the Dvorak technique. Locating the center within the CDO can be a problem with strong tropical storms and minimal hurricanes as its location can be obscured by the CDO's high cloud canopy. This center location problem can be resolved through the use of microwave satellite imagery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclogenesis</span> Development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere

Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere. The mechanisms through which tropical cyclogenesis occur are distinctly different from those through which temperate cyclogenesis occurs. Tropical cyclogenesis involves the development of a warm-core cyclone, due to significant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weather of 2002</span>

The following is a list of weather events that occurred on Earth in the year 2002. There were several natural disasters around the world from various types of weather, including blizzards, cold waves, droughts, heat waves, tornadoes, and tropical cyclones. The deadliest disaster was a heat wave in India in May, which killed more than 1,030 people. The costliest event of the year was a flood in Europe in August, which killed 232 people and caused €27.7 billion (US$27.115 billion) in damage. In September, Typhoon Rusa struck South Korea, killing at least 213 people and causing at least ₩5.148 trillion (US$4.2 billion) in damage.

References

  1. 1 2 Dorst, Neil; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Subject: G1 – When is hurricane season?". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  2. 1 2 Staff writer (1964-06-01). "Annual Man Against Nature Battle Opens This Morning". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. United Press International. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  3. ↑ Staff writer (1938-06-15). "Hurricane Warning Service Expanded". The Evening Independent. Associated Press. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  4. 1 2 3 Rappaport, Edward N; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose (January 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  5. 1 2 Beven II, John L; National Hurricane Center (December 12, 2012). Tropical storm Beryl (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  6. 1 2 Colón, José A (1955). "On the formation of Hurricane Alice, 1955" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 84 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:1956MWRv...84....1C. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1956)084<0001:OTFOHA>2.0.CO;2 . Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  9. ↑ Colin J. McAdie; Christopher W. Landsea; Charles J. Neumann; Joan E. David; Eric S. Blake; Gregory R. Hammer (August 20, 2009). Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 (PDF) (Sixth ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 18. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chenoweth, Michael (2006). "A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855" (PDF). Climatic Change. 76 (1–2): 169–240. Bibcode:2006ClCh...76..169C. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.693.8761 . doi:10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2. ISSN   0165-0009. S2CID   154932650 . Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  11. 1 2 Chenoweth, Michael; Mock, Cary J (2013). "Hurricane "Amanda": Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (11): 1735–1742. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1735C. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00171.1 . S2CID   123011306.
  12. ↑ Ludlum, David M. "The Early June Hurricane of 1825 – II — June 3 – 5" (PDF). Florida State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2012.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2005). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT – 2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914 (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  14. ↑ "1916 Tropical Storm Not Named (1916135N21280)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  15. ↑ Day, W P (1925). "Tropical Cyclones During 1925" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 53 (December 1925): 540–555. Bibcode:1925MWRv...53..540D. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1925)53<540a:TCD>2.0.CO;2 . Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Four Lives Lost in Storm Off Tampa Coast". Morning Avalanche. December 2, 1925.
  17. ↑ Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1932". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  18. ↑ Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1933". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  19. ↑ Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1935". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  20. 1 2 Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1936". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  21. ↑ Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1938". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  22. ↑ Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1940". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  23. ↑ Norton, Grady (January 1, 1952). "Hurricanes of 1951" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 80 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:1952MWRv...80....1N. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1952)080<0001:HO>2.0.CO;2 . Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  24. ↑ Moore, Paul L; Davis, Walter R. (October 1, 1951). "A Preseason Hurricane of Subtropical Origin" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 79 (10): 189–195. Bibcode:1951MWRv...79..189M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1951)079<0189:APHOSO>2.0.CO;2.
  25. ↑ Norton, Grady (December 1, 1953). "Hurricanes of 1953" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 81 (12): 388–391. Bibcode:1953MWRv...81..388N. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1953)081<0388:HO>2.0.CO;2 . Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  26. ↑ Dunn, Gordon E (December 1, 1959). "The Hurricane Season of 1959" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 87 (12): 441–450. Bibcode:1959MWRv...87..441D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-87.12.441.
  27. 1 2 3 Sandy Delgado; Chris Landsea (December 26, 2019). 1961 Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis (PDF) (Report). Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  28. ↑ "Seven Cubans Drown in Floods of Alma". The Miami News. May 25, 1970. p. 6-A. Retrieved September 28, 2021– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  29. ↑ National Hurricane Center (1970). "Deaths from Hurricane Alma" . Retrieved December 26, 2009.
  30. ↑ "1966–1970 Metadata" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  31. ↑ "Four Drown in Area Mishaps". Palm Beach Post. May 29, 1972. p. C1. Retrieved September 28, 2021– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  32. ↑ "May 1972" (PDF). Storm Data. 14 (5). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  33. ↑ Frank, Neil L (April 1, 1975). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1974". Monthly Weather Review. 103 (4): 294–300. Bibcode:1975MWRv..103..294F. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0294:ATSO>2.0.CO;2 .
  34. ↑ "Tropical Depression South Of New Orleans". The Spartanburg Herald. Associated Press. May 21, 1974. p. 1. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  35. ↑ Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (July 1, 1982). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1981". Monthly Weather Review. 110 (7): 852–866. Bibcode:1982MWRv..110..852L. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0852:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 .
  36. ↑ Lawrence, Miles B; Clark, Gilbert B (July 1, 1985). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1984". Monthly Weather Review. 113 (7): 1228–1237. Bibcode:1985MWRv..113.1228L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1228:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  37. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos (2003). "Características generales de los factores del régimen hidrológico de Cuba" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
  38. ↑ Avila, Lixion A; Clark, Gilbert B (October 1, 1989). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (10): 2260–2265. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2260A. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2260:ATSO>2.0.CO;2 .
  39. ↑ Case, Bob; Mayfield, Britt M (May 1, 1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. 118 (5): 1165–1177. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 . See p. 1176.
  40. ↑ Avila, Lixion A; Pasch, Richard J (August 1, 1991). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1990". Monthly Weather Review. 119 (8): 2027–2033. Bibcode:1991MWRv..119.2027A. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2027:ATSO>2.0.CO;2 . Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Alt URL
  41. ↑ Mayfield, Britt M; Avila, Lixion A; Rappaport, Edward N (March 1, 1994). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992". Monthly Weather Review. 122 (3): 517–538. Bibcode:1994MWRv..122..517M. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0517:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 .
  42. ↑ Avila, Lixion A; National Hurricane Center (June 30, 1993). Tropical Depression One (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
  43. ↑ Pasch, Richard J.; Avila, Lixion A.; Guiney, John L. (December 2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998". Monthly Weather Review. 129 (12). American Meteorological Society: 3115–3116. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129.3085P. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3085:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 . S2CID   119709886.
  44. ↑ Beven, John L; Stewart, Stacy R; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J (July 1, 2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (7): 1454–1484. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.1454B. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.406.2342 . doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN   1520-0493. S2CID   123028502.
  45. 1 2 3 Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Stewart, Stacy R (June 1, 2005). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2003" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 133 (6): 1744–1773. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133.1744L. doi:10.1175/MWR2940.1.
  46. ↑ DR1 (2003). "Odette damage: RD$294 million". Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ↑ Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Lawrence, Miles B; Stewart, Stacy R; Blake, Eric S (March 1, 2006). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2004". Monthly Weather Review. 134 (3): 981–1025. Bibcode:2006MWRv..134..981F. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.212.5664 . doi:10.1175/MWR3096.1.
  48. 1 2 Beven, John L; Avila, Lixion A; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; Franklin, James L; Knabb, Richard D; Pasch, Richard J; Rhome, Jamie R; Stewart, Stacy R (March 1, 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi: 10.1175/2007MWR2074.1 .
  49. 1 2 Brennan, Michael J; Knabb, Richard D; Mainelli, Michelle; Kimberlain, Todd B (December 1, 2009). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007". Monthly Weather Review. 137 (12): 4061–4088. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.4061B. doi: 10.1175/2009MWR2995.1 .
  50. ↑ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2007). Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical storm Olga – Dec 2007, Dominican Republic: Tropical storm Olga OCHA Situation Report No. 3 (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  51. ↑ Brown, Daniel P; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S (May 1, 2010). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (5): 1975–2001. Bibcode:2010MWRv..138.1975B. doi: 10.1175/2009MWR3174.1 .
  52. ↑ Berg, Robbie; National Hurricane Center (June 12, 2009). Tropical Depression One (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  53. ↑ Pasch, Richard J (December 7, 2012). Tropical Storm Alberto (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  54. ↑ Herndon, Rhonda. "May 2012" (PDF). Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections. 54 (5). ISSN   0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  55. ↑ Blake Eric S; Kimberlain Todd B; Beven II< John L (February 7, 2014). Unnamed Tropical Storm Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  56. ↑ Pasch (May 8, 2015). Subtropical Storm Ana Forecast Discussion Number 1 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  57. ↑ Pasch (January 13, 2016). Hurricane ALEX Public Advisory (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  58. ↑ Pasch. "TROPICAL STORM BONNIE ADVISORY NUMBER 5". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  59. ↑ Beven. "Tropical Storm Arlene Advisory Number 7". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  60. ↑ Robbie Berg (October 18, 2018). Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  61. ↑ Andrew S. Latto (August 6, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Subtropical Storm Andrea (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  62. ↑ Papin, Philippe; Cangialosi, John; Beven, John (July 6, 2023). Unnamed Subtropical Storm (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 6, 2023.

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