The 1984 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active since 1971, though the season was below average in hurricanes and major hurricanes.[nb 1] It officially began on June 1, 1984, and lasted until November 30, 1984. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. Although the first tropical depression developed northeast of the Bahamas on June11, no tropical cyclones intensified into a tropical or subtropical storm until August19, an unusually late date. The final system, Hurricane Lili, dissipated near the north coast of the Dominican Republic on December24. The 1984 season was an active one in terms of named storms, but most of them were weak and stayed at sea. Most of the cyclones tracked through the northwest subtropical Atlantic west of the 50th meridian to near the Eastern coast of the United States between mid-August and early October.
The most intense tropical cyclone of the season was Hurricane Diana, which peaked as a Category4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Meandering erratically offshore the Carolinas, Diana weakened to a Category2 hurricane before making landfall in North Carolina. Diana was the first hurricane to strike a nuclear power plant, but without incident. Hurricane Klaus, the most damaging storm of the season, caused $157million (1984USD) in damage in the Lesser Antilles,[nb 2] with a vast majority of that total in the British Virgin Islands. Also of note, Tropical Storm Fran became the second-deadliest cyclone in the history of the Cabo Verde Islands, killing 29 to 32people. Overall, the systems of the 1984season caused about $233.74million in damage and 41-44fatalities. Unusually, no hurricanes developed directly from tropical waves in 1984, which usually are the source of the strongest storms in an Atlantic hurricane season.
Seasonal forecasts
Predictions of tropical activity in the 1984 season
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU).[4] A normal season, as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the period from 1981 to 2010, has approximately 12named storms, with 6of those reaching hurricane status. About 3hurricanes strengthen into major hurricanes, which are tropical cyclones that reach at least Category3 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[2]
On July 23, 1983, forecasters at CSU predicted an above-average season in 1984 with a total of 11tropical storms developing, 8of which would reach hurricane status, under the assumption that sea-level pressures over the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico would be normal.[4] Early in 1984, the Weather Research Center (WRC) forecast on the other hand called for a below-average season with seven named storms, with four of those strengthening into a hurricane.[5] on May24, 1984, forecasters at CSU revised their prediction downwards to a total of 10tropical storms, 7of which would reach hurricane status, as the easterly Quasi-biennial oscillation cycle had lasted longer than expected and the previously expected La Niña event in 1984 had yet to form and was now not expected until the autumn or winter, On the other hand, sea-level pressures over the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico were more favorable than expected.[4] These numbers were unchanged in CSU's next season outlook, issued on July30.[6] None of these predictions included a forecast for the number of major hurricanes.[5][4][6] Ultimately, the predictions issued by CSU proved to be too high for hurricanes and too low for tropical storms, with 13subtropical or tropical storms forming in 1984 and 5 of those reaching hurricane status.[7] CSU attributed the overforecast of hurricanes to the easterly QBO cycle not changing during the hurricane season as was expected and the sea-level pressures from August to October being less favorable than expected, and the underforecast of tropical storms to the unusual amount of formation in the subtropics from mid-latitude residual frontal activity.[8]
Seasonal summary
The 1984Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June1 and ended on November30.[9] On June11, the first tropical depression developed northeast of the Bahamas. However, no tropical cyclones attained tropical or subtropical storm status until August19,[10] an unusually late date.[11] Of the 20cyclones that formed in the Atlantic basin in 1984,[10] 13strengthened into a tropical or subtropical storm, slightly above-average and the highest number in a season since 1971.[2][1] However, a below-average number intensified into a hurricane or major hurricane,[2] five and three, respectively.[10] Six storms during the season had subtropical characteristics at some point in their track, those being Subtropical Storm One,[12] Tropical Storm Cesar,[13] Hurricane Hortense,[14] Hurricane Josephine,[15]Hurricane Klaus,[16] and Hurricane Lili.[17] Unusually, no hurricanes developed from tropical waves in 1984, which usually are the source of the strongest storms in an Atlantic hurricane season.[11] The last storm of the season, Hurricane Lili, dissipated on December24 near the north coast of the Dominican Republic.[10] Collectively, the cyclones of the 1984 season caused about $233.74million in damage and 41-44fatalities.[18]
Tropical cyclogenesis began with two short-lived tropical depressions in June, the first of which developed on June11. After the second one dissipated on June20, Tropical Depression Three did not form until July24, more than a month later. August featured five cyclones, a tropical depression,[10] Subtropical Storm One,[12] and tropical storms Arthur,[19] Bertha,[20] and Cesar.[13] Seven systems developed in September, including a tropical depression and six named storms,[10]Diana,[21] Edouard,[22]Fran,[23] Gustav,[24] Hortense,[14] and Isidore.[25] Diana became the most intense tropical cyclone of the season,[10] peaking as a Category4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 130mph (215km/h) and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 949mbar (28.0inHg).[26] A tropical depression and Hurricane Josephine formed in October.[10][15] Similarly, another tropical depression and Hurricane Klaus developed in November.[10][16] The season's final system, Hurricane Lili, developed on December12 and dissipated on December24.[17]
The season's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 84,[1] which is classified as "near normal".[2] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39mph (63km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm strength.[1]
By June 11, an upper-level low caused thunderstorm development off the Florida coast, which caused the formation of a tropical depression. Moving westward, the depression moved into St. Augustine, causing a total of 5.02in (128mm) of rainfall at Jacksonville Beach, Florida, as its main thunderstorm activity was concentrated north of the center. It dissipated as a tropical cyclone on June 14 while moving through the Florida panhandle.[27][28][10] The small remnant low continued moving westward inland of the Gulf coast, causing occasional redevelopment of thunderstorm activity as the system moved into Louisiana, before both the thunderstorm activity and low-pressure area dissipated by June 17.[29][30]
An upper-level low-pressure area traversing the southern Gulf of Mexico spawned convective activity over the Isthmus of Tehuantepec on June16. This convective area waxed and waned somewhat in intensity, until becoming a larger disturbance on June18. A surface low soon formed,[31] and around 12:00UTC that day, the system developed into a tropical depression over the Bay of Campeche.[10] With vertical wind shear preventing significant further intensification,[31] the depression made landfall near Tampico, Tamaulipas, with winds of 35mph (55km/h). The depression quickly dissipated over the mountainous terrain of eastern Mexico.[10] The cyclone and its precursor dropped heavy rainfall in some areas, including a peak total of 11.43in (290mm) of precipitation in San Lucas Ojitlán, Oaxaca.[31]
A tropical depression formed about 800mi (1,285km) east of the Windward Islands on July24. Moving west-northwestward, the depression passed between Martinique and Saint Lucia early on the following day.[10] On the latter, the storm dropped up to 8in (200mm) of precipitation. The Castries River overflowed its banks, washing away three homes in the eastern section of Castries. Two commercial fisherman were reported missing.[32]Barbados recorded up to 6in (150mm) of rainfall in association with the system.[33] The depression entered the Caribbean Sea and failed to intensify further, dissipating about halfway between the Dominican Republic and Venezuela late on July26.[10]
A weak frontal trough generated a low-pressure system that organized into a subtropical depression north of Bermuda on August 18. The depression headed northeast and strengthened to a subtropical storm. It is believed to have merged with a front on August 21. The history of Subtropical Storm One is not entirely certain, as satellite images were largely unavailable due to a failure of the VISSR unit on GOES EAST (then GOES-5), and this system remained at the fringe of the GOES WEST and Meteosat throughout its existence.[12] Wind gusts up to 65mph (105km/h) were reported on the southwest coast of Newfoundland. In addition, a weather office on the island reported rainfall at 2.1in (53mm).[34]
A well-defined tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on August23. Moving westward and later northwestward, the system remained to the south of a persistent shearing pattern that inhibited the development of several tropical waves. A reconnaissance aircraft flight indicated that a tropical depression formed late on August28 roughly 700mi (1,100km) east of Trinidad. On the next day, another reconnaissance flight recorded tropical storm conditions, and thus, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Arthur. The cyclone attained its peak intensity several hours later with maximum sustained winds of 50mph (85km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,004mbar (29.6inHg). Arthur was downgraded to a depression on September 1 after being negatively impacted by vertical wind shear, and dissipated on September5 about halfway between the Bahamas and Bermuda. Despite its close proximity to the Lesser Antilles, Arthur caused no significant impact on land as it was a tropical depression at the time.[19]
On August26, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. Tracking westward, the wave developed into a tropical depression about 1,170mi (1,885km) west-southwest of the southwesternmost islands of Cabo Verde and in close proximity to the east of Arthur. A reconnaissance flight into the depression on August31 indicated that it strengthened into Tropical Storm Bertha.[20] Later that day, Bertha peaked as a minimal tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 40mph (65km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,007mbar (29.7inHg).[10] The system moved northwestward due to a weakening high pressure ridge to the north. Based on observations from reconnaissance flights on September1, Bertha was downgraded to a tropical depression. On September2, Bertha turned north-northeastward into response to an approaching cold front. The cold front then eroded the high pressure ridge, causing the cyclone to accelerate northeastward. Bertha later merged with the cold front on September4.[20]
The National Hurricane Center detected a low-level cloud circulation east of Jacksonville, Florida, on August30. Moving north to northeastward due to a high pressure ridge to the east and a surface high pressure cell to the west,[13] the system organized into a subtropical depression early on August31 approximately 200mi (320km) northwest of Bermuda.[35] Based on a ship report of sustained winds of 40mph (65km/h), the subtropical depression transitioned into a tropical system and intensified into a tropical storm, receiving the name Cesar.[13] On September2, Cesar peaked with winds of 60mph (95km/h) and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 994mbar (29.4inHg),[35] but soon merged with an extratropical low east of Newfoundland.[13]
Tropical Depression Seven
Tropical depression(SSHWS)
Duration
September 6– September 8
Peak intensity
35mph (55km/h) (1-min);
A tropical wave moved across Central America into the far eastern north Pacific Ocean by August 28. The system moved westward with no signs of development until September 1, when an upper-level low to its north across the Gulf of Mexico caused an area of thunderstorms to form just south of the Mexican coastline. An upper trough developed across the southern Plains of the United States, which slowly lured the northern portion of this increasingly large disturbance northward through the Mexican Isthmus. The southern portion moved westward, developing into Hurricane Marie. For a short while, Marie acted as a source of vertical wind shear from the west for this system, halting further development.[36]
By September 6, the disturbance had emerged into the southwest Gulf of Mexico and consolidated into a smaller system which had enough organization to be classified as a tropical depression, the seventh of the season. The depression moved north-northwest into northeast Mexico on the afternoon of September 7, dissipating completely on September 8.[10] Heavy rains fell over parts of Mexico, with a peak total of 34.65in (880mm) in Chicontepec de Tejeda, Veracruz.[36] This precipitation contributed to ongoing floods, especially in Tamaulipas and Veracruz.[37]
On September 8, an extratropical cyclone organized into Tropical Storm Diana north of the Bahamas. Diana proved difficult for meteorologists to forecast, initially moving westward towards Cape Canaveral, but then turned to the north and paralleled the coastline.[21] On September11, the storm reached hurricane strength, and continued to intensify to a Category 4 hurricane, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 130mph (215km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 949mbar (28.0inHg). Diana moved north-northeast, and performed a small anti-cyclonic loop before striking near Cape Fear, North Carolina, as a minimal Category2 hurricane on September13. A weakened Diana curved back out to sea and headed northeast until it became extratropical near Newfoundland on September16.[10]
Severe beach erosion impacted Horry County, South Carolina, damaging 90residences, 40multi-family dwellings, 8mobile homes, and a few businesses.[38]:30 In North Carolina, precipitation peaked at 18.98in (482mm) near Southport.[39] Many areas in southeastern North Carolina reported freshwater flooding, with parts of Duplin, Pender, and Sampson counties experiencing 100-year flood events. High winds damaged some buildings and homes, especially in coastal areas of Brunswick and New Hanover counties.[38]:27–28 Throughout the state, Diana destroyed 68homes and substantially damaged 325others.[40] Damage estimates were set at $65.5million,[41] with about $26.5million of that figure dealt to agriculture.[38]:27 Six deaths, five due to indirect causes, occurred in relation to the storm.[38]:32[41][42] Diana became the first hurricane to strike a nuclear power plant— the Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station, which recorded sustained hurricane-force winds but no damage to the facility.[41]
The origins of Tropical Storm Edouard are unclear, but an area of persistent organized storms existed over the Gulf of Mexico for six or seven days prior to September14 after a frontal system weakened. A tropical wave that crossed Central America on September9 also enhanced convection. Based on a reconnaissance aircraft investigation,[22] a tropical depression formed at 00:00UTC on September14 about 60mi (95km) east-southeast of Tecolutla, Veracruz.[43] Despite westerly wind shear,[22] the depression strengthened, becoming Tropical Storm Edouard six hours later and peaking with winds of 65mph (100km/h) and a barometric pressure of 998mbar (29.5inHg) early on September15.[43] Additionally, reconnaissance aircraft reported a small well-defined eye.[22] However, Edouard then rapidly weakened, falling to tropical depression and then dissipating later that day about 60mi (95km) northeast of Veracruz, Veracruz. The remnants of Edouard produced heavy rains, sustained winds of 30mph (50km/h), and gusts up to 45mph (70km/h) in the city of Veracruz.[43]
On September14, a well-defined tropical wave exited the coast of Africa. The next day, it had rapidly organized into a tropical depression.[23] At 18:00UTC on September 16, the depression attained tropical storm strength,[44] and it was given the name Fran. It turned to the northwest, and passed very near the Cabo Verde Islands.[23] Fran moved northwest to west-northwest on September 17–18 as it continued to organize. During this period satellite imagery indicated that Fran peaked with maximum sustained winds of 65mph (105km/h) and a minimum surface pressure of 994mbar (29.35inHg). Between September 19 and September20, the cyclone turned westward and encountered strong upper-level wind shear, which caused Fran to dissipate on September 20.[23]
As Fran passed the Cape Verde islands weather stations reported 35mph (55km/h) winds, leading to little wind damage, if any.[23] However, torrential rainfall caused extensive flooding, severely damaging almost 1,100dwellings and leaving at least 2,100people homeless.[45][46] Damage totaled approximately $2.84million and 29-32people died in the Cabo Verde Islands, making it the country's second-deadliest cyclone, behind only Hurricane Debbie in 1961.[45][46]
A tropical wave and an upper cold low interacted over the southwestern Atlantic in mid-September. Satellite and ship data led to the formation of a tropical depression late on September16,[24] then situated about 250mi (400km) south of Bermuda.[47] The depression drifted northward due to an approaching cold front and passed near Bermuda late on September17. About 24hours later, a reconnaissance flight observed a barometric pressure of 1,006mbar (29.7inHg) and a ship recorded sustained winds of 45mph (70km/h), leading the depression to be upgraded to Tropical Storm Gustav,[24] with winds of 50mph (85km/h).[47] Falling pressures to the north and northeast of Gustav caused the storm to accelerate.[24] Around 12:00UTC on September19, Gustav merged with a frontal system about 335mi (540km) northeast of Bermuda.[47][10]
A large frontal system spawned a subtropical depression early on September23, about 385mi (620km) east of Bermuda. Ship and satellite data confirmed its development, and indicated the system intensified into a subtropical storm later on September23. Initially the cyclone moved toward the south-southwest, although on September24 it turned to the west. That day, the hurricane hunters reported that the system transitioned into a tropical cyclone; as such, it was named Tropical Storm Hortense. The newly-tropical storm quickly intensified while turning to the northwest, and late on September25 Hortense attained hurricane status, about 300mi (475km) southeast of Bermuda.[14]
Twelve hours after reaching hurricane status, Hortense began a sharp weakening trend while passing east of Bermuda. By September27 it was a minimal tropical storm, and subsequently it executed a clockwise loop to the southwest. The intensity of Hortense fluctuated slightly over the subsequent few days, although it never regained its former intensity. On September30, after turning to the west and later to the north, the storm passed just 7 miles (11km) west of Bermuda. As the storm was so weak, the island only reported winds of 18mph (29km/h).[14] Hortense accelerated to the northeast, moving rapidly across the North Atlantic before being absorbed by a larger extratropical storm late on October2, northwest of the Azores.[7]
On September24, a disturbance formed along the western periphery of a semi-stationary frontal zone close to the Bahamas. This disturbance developed into a tropical depression around 12:00UTC on September25 near Samana Cay. Moving generally west-northwestward, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Isidore about 24hours later and passed near or over several Bahamian islands.[25] Early on September27, Isidore attained its lowest barometric pressure of 999mbar (29.5inHg) near Andros,[48] shortly before peaking with sustained winds of 60mph (95km/h). Just after 1200UTC that day, the cyclone made landfall near Jupiter, Florida. Retaining tropical storm strength, Isidore curved northeastward, emerging over water near Jacksonville, Florida. The system was absorbed by a front on October 1 about 330mi (530km) northeast of Bermuda.
Isidore produced heavy rains in the Bahamas, but no serious damage.[49] High tides along the east coast of Florida caused beach erosion, damaged segments of State Road A1A, and damaged or destroyed sea turtle nests.[50] Winds mainly only caused scattered power outages.[51] However, one person died near Orlando after a live wire fell on his pickup truck. Total damages in Florida were estimated at over $750,000.[50] Additionally, a tornado in Brunswick, Georgia, caused about $250,000 in damage.[52]
In early October, an old frontal trough interacted with an upper-level low north of Hispaniola,[15] leading to the formation of a subtropical depression about 235mi (380km) northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands on October7.[53] The subtropical depression intensified and transitioned into Tropical Storm Josephine on October 8. The storm intensified into a hurricane on October10 and peaked as a Category2 hurricane with winds of 105mph (165km/h) on October12. Moving generally northward, Josephine briefly jogged to the west,[15] but turned southeastward on October14 when it passed 36°N latitude (roughly level with Norfolk, Virginia).[53] Turning northeast on October15, Josephine's barometric pressure fell to 965mbar (28.5inHg) as it continued on this path until it made a cyclonic loop beginning on October17.[15] The cyclone became extratropical on October19 about 125mi (200km) east of Sable Island, Nova Scotia and lost its identity on October21.[15][53]
While it stayed well away from the U.S. coast, Josephine was a large storm and sustained tropical storm winds were measured at the Diamond Shoals of Cape Hatteras. The hurricane caused wave damage to coastal areas, but primarily posed a threat to the shipping lanes of the North Atlantic.[15] Offshore, a sailboat with six crewmen on it became disabled due to high waves, estimated to have exceeded 15ft (4.6m), produced by the hurricane. All of the people on the ship were quickly rescued after issuing a distress signal by a nearby tanker vessel.[54] In Massachusetts, one man drowned after falling off his boat on the North River amidst large swells produced by the storm. In Long Island, New York and parts of New Jersey, tides between 2 and 4ft (0.61 and 1.22m) above normal resulted in minor coastal flooding.[55]
This system was recognized as the seventeenth tropical depression of the season by the National Hurricane Center after the season ended.[10] A retrograding upper-level low spurred the development of a low east of the Bahamas on October 25. The system tracked westward with limited shower and thunderstorm activity, crossing Florida on October 26 before moving into the Gulf of Mexico. Once the system moved into the north-central Gulf, deep convection began to develop near its center, expanding in intensity and coverage near and after landfall in extreme southeast Mississippi. The small system accelerated rapidly to the north and northeast ahead of an approaching cold front, moving across the Tennessee Valley and central Appalachians before linking up with the front and becoming a weak extratropical cyclone. The non-tropical cyclone then moved through coastal New England.[10][56] The depression dropped rains across the eastern United States, though precipitation peaked at 4.83in (123mm) near Pascagoula, Mississippi.[56]
A broad low formed over the eastern Caribbean on November1, which developed into a tropical depression north of Curaçao on November5. The cyclone maintained a northeast movement throughout much of its path and intensifed into Tropical Storm Klaus on the following day. After making landfall on extreme eastern Puerto Rico, it passed to the north of the Leeward Islands, resulting in strong southwesterly winds and rough seas. Klaus attained hurricane status on November8 and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90mph (150km/h) that day.[16] The hurricane's barometric pressure decreased to 971mbar (28.7inHg) on November11, before becoming extratropical over cooler waters two days later,[57] then situated about 430mi (690km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[58]
The storm dropped heavy rainfall in Puerto Rico, causing numerous landslides, drowning one person, and damaging some homes and crops.[59]:19 Klaus inflicted heavy marine damage in the Leeward Islands, including wrecking at least three ships.[7] Dominica reported two deaths and about $2million in damage.[60] Heavy damage occurred in the British Virgin Islands, totaling $152million,[61] while the United States Virgin Islands had about $3million in damage.[59]:19
On November20, a quasi-stationary cold front extended from the northern Yucatán Peninsula to Grand Bahama. Several low pressure areas formed along the front,[62] including one that developed into a tropical depression at 12:00UTC on November23 about 35mi (55km/h) east of Boynton Beach, Florida. The depression crossed the northern Bahamas and then moved out to sea, dissipating about 880mi (1,415km) east of Bermuda on November28.[10] There has been evidence that the November storm may have become a subtropical cyclone east of Bermuda. The cyclone contributed to the formation of a potent nor'easter.[63]
Strong winds and abnormally high tides impacted the east coast of Florida from North Miami Beach to Fernandina Beach.[62] Numerous homes, piers, and seawalls were damaged or destroyed,[59]:19 and at least 600people were ordered to evacuate due to erosion. Heavy rains also fell, with West Palm Beach recording 7.41in (188mm) on November22, a record for that calendar day. About 100people evacuated from low-lying areas in Palm Beach County.[62] Overall, the system caused at least $7.4million in damage and one fatality.[59]:12[64]
In the second week of December, a frontal trough stalled south of Bermuda. An upper-level disturbance moved over the area on December9, and produced widespread convection along the frontal wave. The system moved to the northeast, and based on a developing circulation within the convection, the NHC classified it as a subtropical cyclone on December12 while located 275mi (445km) northeast of Bermuda. A day later, a ridge forced the storm to the southeast and later to the south for a few days. A break in the ridge allowed the storm to turn back to the northeast on December16, followed by a turn northwestward a day later. Another ridge halted the storm's movement, turning it back to the southwest on December18, and later to the south.[17] During this time, the subtropical storm intensified, with satellite-estimated hurricane-force winds by December19. On the next day, a nearby ship recorded winds of 72mph (117km/h), along with a minimum pressure of 982mbar (29.0inHg). Based on the observations,[65] as well as the appearance of a well-defined eye, the NHC reclassified the storm as Hurricane Lili on December20, estimating peak winds of 80mph (130km/h) and a pressure of 980mbar (29inHg). At the time, Lili was located about 730mi (1,175km) east of Bermuda.[65][66] Lili was only one of six Atlantic hurricanes on record during the month of December.[67]
After becoming a tropical cyclone, Lili accelerated to the southwest, completing a large cyclonic loop by December22, after crossing over the same location one week prior. That day, a hurricane watch was issued for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands on December 22. However, Lili weakened due to increased wind shear, degrading to a tropical storm on December23 while 430mi (690km) northeast of Antigua. The storm rapidly lost organization as it approached the Leeward Islands, dissipating near the northern coast of the Dominican Republic on December24.[65][68] The storm brought light rainfall to the region.[69]
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1984.[70] Most names were used for the first time, except for Bertha[71] and Fran,[72] which were previously used under previous naming conventions. No names were retired following the season,[73] so the list was used again in the 1990 season.[74]
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1984 USD.
↑ Jim Brady; Julie Gilberto (September 16, 1984). "Diana left some vivid memories". Greensboro News and Record. p.A1. Retrieved September 14, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
↑ "Post-Season Atlantic Hurricane Stalls". Martinsville Bulletin. United Press International. December 21, 1984. p.7-A. Retrieved November 19, 2025– via Newspapers.com.
↑ National Hurricane Operations Plan(PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 1984. p.3-9. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
↑ National Hurricane Operations Plan(PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 1990. p.3-6. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
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