Casuarina

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Casuarina
Casuarina equisetifolia 0004.jpg
Casuarina equisetifolia , showing red female flowers and mature fruits
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Casuarinaceae
Genus: Casuarina
L. [1]
Type species
Casuarina equisetifolia [2]
L.
Species

See text

Female cones of C. equisetifolia Casuarina equisetifolia fruits.jpg
Female cones of C. equisetifolia

Casuarina, also known as she-oak, Australian pine [3] [4] [5] and native pine, [6] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Casuarinaceae, and is native to Australia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, islands of the western Pacific Ocean, and eastern Africa.

Contents

Plants in the genus Casuarina are monoecious or dioecious trees with green, pendulous, photosynthetic branchlets, the leaves reduced to small scales arranged in whorls around the branchlets, the male and female flowers arranged in separate spikes, the fruit a cone containing grey or yellowish-brown winged seeds.

Description

Plants in the genus Casuarina are dioecious trees (apart from C. equisetifolia that is monoecious), with fissured or scaly greyish-brown to black bark. They have soft, pendulous, green, photosynthetic branchlets, the leaves reduced to scale-like leaves arranged in whorls of 5 to 20 around the branchlets. The branchlets are segmented at each whorl with deep furrows that conceal the stomates. Male flowers are arranged along branchlets in spikes with persistent bracteoles, female flowers in spikes on short side-branches (effectively "peduncles") that differ in appearance from vegetative branchlets. After fertilisation, the female spikes develop into "cones" with thin, woody bracteoles that extend well beyond the cone body. The cones enclose grey or yellowish-brown winged seed known as samaras. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

Ecology

Casuarina are attacked by a range of herbivorous insects.

Taxonomy

The genus Casuarina was first formally described in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Amoenitates Academicae and the first species he described (the type species) was Casuarina equisetifolia . [2] [18] The generic name is derived from the Malay word for the cassowary, kasuari, alluding to the similarities between the bird's feathers and the plant's foliage. [19]

Species List

The following is a list of Casuarina species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2023: [20]

In 1982, Lawrence Johnson raised the genera Allocasuarina and Gymnostoma in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens , and transferred some species previously included in Casuarina to the new genera. The species of Allocasuarina previously in Casuarina are: A. acuaria , A. acutivalvis , A. campestris , A. corniculata , A. decaisneana , A. decussata , A. dielsiana , A. distyla , A. drummondiana , A. drummondiana , A. fraseriana , A. grevilleoides , A. helmsii , A. huegeliana , A. humilis , A. inophloia , A. lehmanniana subsp. lehmanniana, A. littoralis , A. luehmannii , A. microstachya , A. monilifera , A. muelleriana , A. nana , A. paludosa , A. paradoxa , A. pinaster , A. pusilla , A. ramosissima , A. rigida , A. robusta , A. striata , A. tessellata , A. thuyoides , A. torulosa , A. trichodon and A. verticillata . The species of Gymnostoma previously included in Casuarina are G. chamaecyparis , G. deplancheanum , G. intermedium , G. leucodon , G. nobile , G. nodiflorum , G. papuanum , G. poissonianum , G. rumphianum and G. sumatranum and G. webbianum . [21]

Invasive species

Casuarina on Gold Rock Beach, Grand Bahama A320, Casuarina branch over Gold Rock Beach, Grand Bahama, 2010.JPG
Casuarina on Gold Rock Beach, Grand Bahama

C. cunninghamiana , C. glauca and C. equisetifolia have become naturalized in many countries, including Argentina, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Cuba, China, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Mauritius, Kenya, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, the Bahamas, [22] and Uruguay. They are considered an invasive species [23] [24] in the United States, especially in southern Florida [25] where they have nearly quadrupled in number between 1993 and 2005 and are called the Australian pine. [3] C. equisetifolia is widespread in the Hawaiian Islands where it grows both on the seashore in dry, salty, calcareous soils and up in the mountains in high rainfall areas on volcanic soils.[ citation needed ] It is also an invasive plant in Bermuda, where it was introduced to replace the Juniperus bermudiana windbreaks killed by a scale insect in the 1940s. [26]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Casuarinaceae</span> Family of plants

The Casuarinaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales, consisting of four genera and 91 species of trees and shrubs native to eastern Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, and the Pacific Islands. At one time, all species were placed in the genus Casuarina. Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson separated out many of those species and renamed them into the new genera of Gymnostoma in 1980 and 1982, Allocasuarina in 1982, and Ceuthostoma in 1988, with some additional formal descriptions of new species in each other genus. At the time, it was somewhat controversial. The monophyly of these genera was later supported in a 2003 phylogenetic study of the family. In the Wettstein system, this family was the only one placed in the order Verticillatae. Likewise, in the Engler, Cronquist, and Kubitzki systems, the Casuarinaceae were the only family placed in the order Casuarinales.

<i>Casuarina equisetifolia</i> Species of tree

Casuarina equisetifolia, commonly known as coastal she-oak, horsetail she-oak, ironwood,beach sheoak, beach casuarina, whistling tree or Australian pine is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is native to Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia and India. It is a small to medium-sized, monoecious tree with scaly or furrowed bark on older specimens, drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 7 or 8, the fruit 10–24 mm (0.4–0.9 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina</i> Genus of flowering plants

Allocasuarina, commonly known as sheoak or she-oak, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to Australia. Plants in the genus Allocasuarina are trees or shrubs with soft, pendulous, green branchlets, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth. Allocasuarinas are either monoecious or dioecious, the flowers never bisexual. Male and female flowers are arranged in spikes, the female spikes developing into cone-like structures enclosing winged seeds.

<i>Allocasuarina lehmanniana</i> Species of flowering plant

Allocasuarina lehmanniana, commonly known as dune sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to near-coastal areas of the south-west of Western Australia. It is dioecious or less commonly a monoecious shrub that has its leaves reduced to scales in whorls of six to eight, the mature fruiting cones 12–35 mm (0.47–1.38 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 4.0–5.5 mm (0.16–0.22 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina torulosa</i> Species of tree

Allocasuarina torulosa, commonly known as forest oak, rose sheoak, river oak or Baker's oak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a slender, usually dioecious tree that has drooping branchlets up to 140 mm (5.5 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of four or five, and the fruiting cones 15–33 mm (0.6–1 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 7–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina humilis</i> Species of flowering plant

Allocasuarina humilis, commonly known as dwarf sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect or spreading dioecious or monoecious shrub that has its leaves reduced to scales in whorls of five to seven, the mature fruiting cones 12–22 mm (0.47–0.87 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina distyla</i> Species of flowering plant

Allocasuarina distyla, commonly known as scrub she-oak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern New South Wales. It is a dioecious shrub that has branchlets up to 350 mm (14 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of six to eight, the fruiting cones 13–35 mm (0.51–1.38 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 4.0–8.0 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina luehmannii</i> Species of tree

Allocasuarina luehmannii, commonly known as buloke or bull-oak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a dioecious tree, that has its leaves reduced to scales in whorls of ten to fourteen, and the mature fruiting cones are 5–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina decaisneana</i> Species of plant

Allocasuarina decaisneana, commonly known as desert oak, desert sheoak, or kurkara by the Anangu peoples, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to Central Australia. It is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of 10–16 m (33–52 ft) and has long, drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of four, the mature fruiting cones 28–95 mm (1.1–3.7 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 8.5–17 mm (0.3–0.7 in) long.

<i>Casuarina cunninghamiana</i> Species of tree

Casuarina cunninghamiana, commonly known as river oak, river sheoak or creek oak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is native to Australia and New Guinea. It is a tree with fissured and scaly bark, sometimes drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 6 to 10, the fruit 7–14 mm (0.28–0.55 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long.

<i>Casuarina glauca</i> Species of tree

Casuarina glauca, commonly known as swamp she-oak, swamp buloke, swamp she-oak, marsh sheoak, grey she-oak, grey she-oak, native pine, or guman by the Gadigal people, is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a dioecious tree that often forms root suckers and has fissured and scaly bark, spreading or drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 12 to 20, the fruit 9–18 mm (0.35–0.71 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 3.5–5.0 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina verticillata</i> Species of plant

Allocasuarina verticillata, commonly known as drooping sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a small dioecious tree that has drooping branchlets up to 400 mm (16 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of nine to thirteen, the mature fruiting cones 20–50 mm (0.8–2 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 7–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) long.

<i>Casuarina obesa</i> Species of tree

Casuarina obesa, commonly known as swamp she-oak, swamp oak or western swamp oak, or as goolee, kweela, kwerl and quilinock by the Noongar peoples, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to southern continental Australia. It is a dioecious small tree or shrub that forms root suckers, and has drooping or spreading branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 12 to 16, the fruit 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long.

<i>Casuarina pauper</i> Species of plant

Casuarina pauper, commonly known as black oak, belah or kariku, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to southern continental Australia. It is a dioecious tree with fissured or scaly bark, waxy branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 9 to 13, the fruit 13–18 mm (0.51–0.71 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 5.5–7.0 mm (0.22–0.28 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina nana</i> Species of flowering plant

Allocasuarina nana, commonly known as dwarf she-oak or as stunted sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a low, spreading dioecious, rarely monoecious shrub that has branchlets up to 80 mm (3.1 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of four to six, the fruiting cones 14–24 mm (0.55–0.94 in) long containing winged seeds 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long.

<i>Gymnostoma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Gymnostoma is a genus of about eighteen species of trees and shrubs, constituting one of the four genera of the plant family Casuarinaceae. The species grow naturally in the tropics, including at high elevations having temperate climates, in forests in the region of the western Pacific Ocean and Malesia. In New Caledonia, published botanical science describes eight species found growing naturally, which botanists have not found anywhere else (endemics). Other species are native to Borneo, Sumatra, Maluku, and New Guinea, and one endemic species each in Fiji and the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia.

<i>Allocasuarina paludosa</i> Species of plant

Allocasuarina paludosa, commonly known as swamp she-oak or scrub sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a monoecious or dioecious shrub that has branchlets up to 200 mm (7.9 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of six to eight, the fruiting cones 10–18 mm (0.39–0.71 in) long containing winged seeds 3.5–5.0 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina muelleriana</i> Species of plant

Allocasuarina muelleriana, commonly known as slaty sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to southern continental Australia. It is a dioecious, rarely a monoecious shrub that has branchlets up to 120 mm (4.7 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of five to eight, the fruiting cones 14–30 mm (0.55–1.18 in) long containing winged seeds 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina monilifera</i> Species of flowering plant

Allocasuarina monilifera, commonly known as necklace sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to Tasmania. It is usually a monoecious, low-growing shrub that has branchlets up to 150 mm (5.9 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of six to nine, the fruiting cones 15–30 mm (0.59–1.18 in) long containing winged seeds 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long.

<i>Allocasuarina pusilla</i> Species of plant

Allocasuarina pusilla, commonly known as heath oak-bush or dwarf sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a spreading, dioecious shrub with branchlets up to 120 mm (4.7 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of five to seven, the fruiting cones 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long containing winged seeds about 5 mm (0.20 in) long.

References

  1. ↑ "Casuarina". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Casuarina". APNI. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  3. 1 2 IFAS: SRFer Mapserver Archived 2007-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
  4. 1 2 "Evaluating Biological Control Agents of Australian Pine : USDA ARS". www.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  5. ↑ "FIELD GUIDE TO IDENTIFY THE COMMON CASUARINA (AUSTRALIAN PINE) SPECIES IN FLORIDA". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences . University of Florida . Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  6. ↑ "Casuarina glauca prostrate forms". Australian National Botanic Gardens . Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  7. ↑ Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. George, Alex S. (ed.). "Casuarina". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  8. ↑ "Casuarina". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  9. ↑ Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. Wilson, Karen L. (ed.). "Genus Casuarina". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  10. ↑ Entwisle, Timothy J.; Walsh, Neville. "Casuarina". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  11. ↑ "Casuarina". Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  12. ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN   0-333-47494-5.
  13. 1 2 3 Wheeler, G. S.; Taylor, G. S.; Gaskin, J. F.; Purcell, M. F. (2011-05-01). "Ecology and Management of Sheoak (Casuarina spp.), an Invader of Coastal Florida, U.S.A." (PDF). Journal of Coastal Research. 27 (3): 485–492. doi:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00110.1. ISSN   0749-0208. S2CID   55348868.
  14. ↑ Fisher, Nicole; Moore, Aubrey; Brown, Bradley; Purcell, Matthew; Taylor, Gary S.; Salle, John La (2014-04-23). "Two new species of Selitrichodes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) inducing galls on Casuarina (Casuarinaceae)". Zootaxa. 3790 (4): 534–542. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3790.4.2 . ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   24869885.
  15. ↑ Taylor, Gary S.; Austin, Andy D.; Jennings, John T.; Purcell, Matthew F.; Wheeler, Gregory S. (2010-09-02). "Casuarinicola, a new genus of jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: Triozidae) from Casuarina (Casuarinaceae)". Zootaxa. 2601 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2601.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334.
  16. ↑ Hodgson, Chris; Mille, Christian; CazèRes, Sylvie (2014-03-05). "A new genus and species of felt scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from New Caledonia". Zootaxa. 3774 (2): 152–164. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3774.2.3. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   24871412.
  17. ↑ Kolesik, Peter; Brown, Bradley T; Purcell, Matthew F; Taylor, Gary S (2012). "A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Casuarina trees in Australia: New gall midge from Casuarina". Australian Journal of Entomology. 51 (4): 223–228. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2012.00860.x.
  18. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1759). Amoenitates academicae, seu, Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae. p. 143. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  19. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. I A-C. CRC Press. p. 456. ISBN   978-0-8493-2675-2.
  20. ↑ Govaerts R. "CasuarinaL.". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  21. ↑ Johnson, Lawrence A. (1982). "Note on Casuarinaceae II". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 6 (1): 73–86. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  22. ↑ BEST Commission (March 2003). "The National Invasive Species Strategy for The Bahamas". Nassau, The Bahamas: BEST. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06.
  23. ↑ USFS FEIS: Casuarina
  24. ↑ USDA Forest service: Casuarina Archived 2013-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
  26. ↑ "Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia)". Department of Conservation. Government of Bermuda. Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
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