Hurricane Iota

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On October 30, a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa into the Atlantic. For the next several days, the tropical wave moved westward, while producing disorganized thunderstorms mainly east of the wave's axis. [8] At 18:00 UTC on November 8, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began to monitor the tropical wave in their tropical weather outlooks, as the system was forecasted to enter the area and potentially become a low-pressure area within a few days. [9] The wave subsequently entered the Eastern Caribbean by 06:00 UTC on November 10 and moved westward into a more conducive environment for development. [10] [11] Late on November 11, the wave started to become better organized, and by 15:00 UTC on November 13, it had developed into Tropical Depression Thirty-One in the southern Caribbean, tying 2005 for the most tropical depressions recorded in one season. [11] [12] [13] Six hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Iota. [14] After struggling somewhat due to wind shear and dry air, Iota began to rapidly intensify over warm waters late on November 14, as convection started to wrap around the storm's center. [15] At 06:00 UTC on November 15, Iota reached hurricane status, before strengthening to Category 2 status at 00:00 UTC on November 16. [16] [17]

Hurricane Iota making landfall on northeastern Nicaragua on November 17 Hurricane Iota at landfall over northeastern Nicaragua.gif
Hurricane Iota making landfall on northeastern Nicaragua on November 17

By 06:00 UTC on November 16, hurricane hunters discovered that Iota had become a high-end Category 3 major hurricane, marking the first time that two major hurricanes were recorded in November. [18] They also found intense lightning in Iota's southwest eyewall along with hail, which is extremely rare for a hurricane due to the warm temperatures that are present in those storms. [19] [20] [21] Just 40 minutes later, at 06:40 UTC, Iota reached Category 4 intensity. [22] At 15:00 UTC, Iota intensified further to reach its peak intensity as a high-end Category 4 hurricane, with 1-minute sustained winds of 155 mph (249 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 917 mbar (27.1 inHg). [8] Operationally, the peak winds were estimated at 160 mph (260 km/h), making Iota a Category 5 hurricane. However, in the yearly post-season analysis, Iota was downgraded to a Category 4 hurricane, due to some questionable SFMR readings produced by the reconnaissance flight, as well as a recalibration of the SFMR values. [8] After peaking in intensity, Iota weakened somewhat as it crossed over the cold wake created by Hurricane Eta two weeks prior. [23] At 03:40 UTC November 17, Iota made landfall along the northeastern coast of Nicaragua, near the town of Haulover, with sustained winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) and a central pressure of 921 mbar (27.2 inHg). Iota's landfall location was approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of where Hurricane Eta made landfall on November 3. [24] This also made Iota the strongest hurricane in recorded history to make landfall in Nicaragua within November. [25]

Iota then rapidly weakened as it moved over the mountainous terrain of Central America, falling below Category 3 major hurricane status at 09:00 UTC on November 17, and below Category 1 hurricane status at 18:00 UTC. [26] [27] The inner core of the weakening system was disrupted as it moved through Honduras, and Iota weakened to a tropical depression at 09:00 UTC on November 18, as it entered El Salvador. [28] [29] Six hours after this downgrade, Iota's low-level circulation center dissipated, and the NHC issued their final advisory on Iota. [30] [8]

Preparations

Hurricane Iota rapidly strengthening prior to peak intensity while approaching Nicaragua. Satellite Loop of Hurricane Iota 11-16-2020.gif
Hurricane Iota rapidly strengthening prior to peak intensity while approaching Nicaragua.

Tropical storm warnings were first issued for the Colombian islands of San Andrés and Providencia around midday on November 14. [31] Three hours later, a hurricane watch was issued for Providencia, as well as along the coast of Northern Nicaragua and Eastern Honduras, with a tropical storm watch also issued for Central Honduras. [15] All of the watches were eventually upgraded to warnings, with an additional hurricane watch for San Andrés as well as a tropical storm warning for south central Nicaragua. [32] [33] The rest of the coastline of Honduras, as well as the Bay Islands, were later put under tropical storm warnings on November 16. [34]

Oxfam had to temporarily suspend operations across Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador related to Hurricane Eta to protect relief works. [35]

Nicaragua

With Nicaragua still reeling from Hurricane Eta two weeks prior, many areas remained flooded. Towns around Puerto Cabezas in particular were devastated by Eta and debris remained strewn across the area. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies emphasized the risk of widespread flooding and landslides as soils were completely saturated. [36] The Government of Nicaragua opened 600 shelters and 63,000 people evacuated nationwide. [37] Some residents feared starvation while residing in shelters as Eta largely destroyed the region's crops. [36] The government of Taiwan donated 800 tons of rice to the areas expected to be impacted by the storm. [38] [39]

Honduras

Approximately 80,000 people were evacuated from flood-prone areas. [36] An estimated 100,000 people remained isolated across Honduras in the aftermath of Hurricane Eta as Iota made landfall. [40]

El Salvador

The Government of El Salvador opened 1,000 shelters with a capacity for 30,000 people. By November 17, 700 people had relocated from their homes. [36]

Impact

Hurricane Iota
Iota 2020-11-16 1500Z.png
Iota at peak intensity approaching Nicaragua on November 16
IBTrACS OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Deaths and damage by territory
Country/TerritoryFatalitiesMissingDamage
(2020 USD)		Refs
Colombia 108 [41] [42] [43] [44]
Costa Rica 00$16.5 million [8]
El Salvador 20 [8] [1]
Guatemala 22 [3] [45]
Honduras 131 [8] [2]
Mexico 00Unknown [8]
Nicaragua 3929$564 million [8] [5]
Panama 11 [8] [3]
Venezuela 00
Totals:84 [8] 41 [8] $1.4 billion [6]

Total damage from the storm is estimated at US$1.4 billion. [6]

Venezuela

The precursor tropical wave to Iota produced heavy rain across Venezuela's Falcón state, primarily in the Paraguaná Peninsula. In the Silva municipality, flooding affected 288 homes. Damage to homes was reported in El Cayude and El Tranquero. The community of Santa Ana lost electrical service. Civil Protection officials advised residents of possible flooding along the Matícora reservoir in Mauroa, the Barrancas river, and the Quebrada de Uca river. [46] Some flooding occurred in the state of Miranda. [47]

Colombia

Mainland

Rain from Iota in Bogota, the capital city of Colombia Lluvias en Bogota por Iota.jpg
Rain from Iota in Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia

Heavy rains associated with a tropical wave and Iota caused extensive damage in Colombia. [48] The worst damage took place in the Mohán sector of Dabeiba where landslides killed three people, injured 20, and left eight others missing. [49] [48] [44] Eight people were rescued from the rubble. [48] The landslides destroyed 67 homes and damaged 104 others as well as three schools. A total of 497 people were affected in the community. [44] Approximately 100 vehicles were trapped by rockfalls along a road between Dabeiba and Urabá. Flooding affected 10 municipalities within the Chocó Department; the town of Lloró was isolated after the only bridge to the community collapsed. A landslide in Carmen de Atrato killed one person when his home was buried. [49] Across Chocó, an estimated 28,000 people were affected. [44] A van with two occupants disappeared when a landslide dragged the vehicle into the Atrato River. Emergencies were declared for 29 municipalities in the Santander Department where multiple rivers topped their banks. Several families were evacuated from Cimitarra due to rising water along the Carare River. A bridge collapse along the Chicamocha River isolated approximately 1,000 people in Carcasí and Enciso. More than 1,000 homes were damaged in the Atlántico Department: 693 in Malambo, 200 in Candelaria, and 150 in Carreto. [49]

An estimated 70 percent of Cartagena saw flooding due to the direct effects of Iota, [50] affecting an estimated 155,000 people. [51] Numerous homes were damaged or destroyed by floods and landslides. [44] Two people died in the San Pedro neighborhood when the motorcycle they were riding was swept into a canal. [43] City officials converted the Coliseo de Combate into a shelter capable of accommodating 200 people. [52]

Providencia and San Andrés

On November 15–16, Iota passed close to the outlying Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina as a high-end Category 4 hurricane. [41] [53] The center of the hurricane's eye missed Providencia by 11 miles (18 km), but the storm still made a direct hit (rather than a landfall) on the island, causing damage described as "unprecedented" by President Iván Duque Márquez. [54] [42] Communication was lost with the island on November 16, lasting for over 20 hours. [53] [55] An estimated 98–99 percent of structures on the island were damaged or destroyed, [56] [42] [57] [58] including buildings constructed in the 15th century. [59] Every home on the island suffered damage, with 80 percent being destroyed. [41] One person was killed and six were injured on the island. [60] Two shelters were known to have lost their roof before communication was lost. [53] The situation on the island was difficult to ascertain as of November 17, though the island's hospital was assumed destroyed or rendered inoperable. [42] Although debris covered runways at El Embrujo Airport, initially preventing aircraft from arriving or leaving, [42] by November 17 it was operational enough to allow President Duque to visit and assess the damage of the island. [61]

On San Andrés, torrential rains and large swells caused extensive flooding. Seawater rose up to 9.8 ft (3 m). Powerful winds uprooted numerous trees, some of which fell on homes, and several homes lost their roof. [53] [62] Communications with San Andrés were temporarily lost during the storm and approximately 60 percent of the island lost power. Flooding reached a depth of 6 in (15 cm) at the Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport, preventing usage of the runways. [62] One person was killed on the island. [59]

Central America

Nicaragua

Nearly 44,000 homes suffered total or partial damage in Nicaragua, said Nicaraguan Finance Minister Iván Acosta, estimating the storms have cost the country $743 million in losses, according to the government media site El 19. [63]

Hurricane Iota just prior to landfall south of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua Iota 2020-11-17 0010Z.jpg
Hurricane Iota just prior to landfall south of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua

Iota made landfall in Nicaragua as a high-end Category 4 hurricane near the town of Haulover, just south of Puerto Cabezas, on November 16, only 15 miles (24 km) south of where Hurricane Eta made landfall 13 days prior. [24] As Iota was moving ashore, Puerto Cabezas airport reported sustained winds of 72 knots (83 mph; 133 km/h) with gusts to 98 knots (113 mph; 181 km/h) at 02:53 UTC on November 17. Damage reports, however, were extremely limited due to damage the area sustained previously from Hurricane Eta. These reports were also limited due to most communications to Puerto Cabezas being knocked out during the storm. [64] An amateur radio from Club de Radio-Experimentadores de Nicaragua (CREN) reported winds of 124 mph (200 km/h) winds and damaged roofs, although it was unclear whether these were sustained winds or wind gusts. [26] The roof was torn off of a makeshift hospital that was serving as a replacement to an older hospital, requiring an evacuation of the patients there. [65]

A total of 160,233 homes lost power in Nicaragua and 47,638 families lost water service. The Instituto Nicaragüense de Telecomunicaciones y Correos|es reported loss of telephone service to 35 communities. [66] Torrential rains on already saturated soils led to extensive flooding and landslides. A storm surge of at least 26 feet (7.9 m) occurred near the town of Haulover and further north near the community of Wawa Bar. [67] At least 28 people died in relation to the hurricane while 29 others are missing. [4] Two children were swept away by a river in Santa Teresa, Carazo, while three other members of their family went missing; a sixth family member was rescued. A landslide killed two people in Wiwilí de Jinotega and another person died in Quilalí. In Wiwilí, fears arose over the safety of residents who evacuated into the mountains to escape flooding as numerous landslides occurred in the region. [37] On November 17, at least 30 people were buried in a landslide in Macizo de Penas Blancas, and a boy was found buried. The next day, four more bodies were recovered, including one of a baby. [68] On November 23 a passenger truck plunged off a road in a mountainous area that had been devastated by Iota, an accident which caused the deaths of 17 people and 25 injuries. [69] A preliminary damage estimate places the damages at 12.3 billion córdobas (US$352.5 million). [5]

Honduras

British Merlin helicopter on damage survey over Honduras RN Flies crucial disaster relief sorties in Honduras to support the US Military MOD 45167447.jpg
British Merlin helicopter on damage survey over Honduras

Together, Hurricanes Eta and Iota killed around 100 Hondurans, and local analysts estimated the damage would cost the country more than 10 billion dollars (L244.1 billion). [70]

Iota produced heavy rainfall over portions of Honduras, causing a river to overflow in Tocoa. Mudslides and uprooted trees were also reported in portions of the country. [71] La Ceiba, Honduras reported a wind gust of 58 mph (93 km/h). [72] At least 16 people have died and one other is missing as a result of impacts from Iota in Honduras. [2] Landslides were the primary cause of fatalities; one in San Manuel Colohete killed eight people and another in Los Trapiches killed five people. [2] Teonela Paisano Wood, the mayor of Brus Laguna, stated concerns that continued rainfall pose a large threat to the town. Various concrete and wooden houses were reduced to rubble. [73] As of the morning of November 18, COPECO reported 366,123 people were directly affected by the hurricane. [2] 80% of Copán Ruinas' roads were rendered impassible due to mudslides and flash flooding. The Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport is expected to be remained closed until mid-December. The passenger terminal experienced severe damages, and estimated repair times are more than a month. [74]

Elsewhere

Officials in Panama said one person was killed in Nole Duima in the Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca. Another person was missing in Soloy, also in the region. [65] In Mexico, the states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and Veracruz all experienced effects from Iota's rainfall. Cumulative total across the three states were nearly 297,000 affected people, as well as almost 59,000 homes being damaged. Blocked roads cut off access to 135 communities. [7]

Aftermath

Spreading of disease, ranging from colds and skin rashes to gastrointestinal problems became much more common. Other infection rates of illnesses, such as Dengue fever and COVID-19 are increasing as well. Some were refusing to be tested for COVID, due to fears of being refused shelter due to infection. People in need of medications have not been able to get them. [75]

Colombia

Following restoration of communication with Providencia on November 16, President Duque pledged immediate aid to the island. [42] A state of emergency was declared for a year. [60] Rough seas on November 17 prevented the Colombian Navy from reaching the island, though Duque was able to fly by helicopter for an aerial survey. Two field hospitals and 4,000 tents were to be set up on the island. [42] Emphasis was placed on evacuating critical injuries to the mainland before establishing the field hospitals. [36] By November 19, 112 people were airlifted from the island. [60] The Colombian military deployed engineers and 15 tons of food. Duque stated that a plan for the complete reconstruction of Providencia's infrastructure was to be drawn up within 100 days and that all of the destroyed housing would be rebuilt by 2022. [36] Duque pledged 150 billion pesos (US$41 million) for infrastructure repair. [60] The relative lack of casualties in Providencia is attributed to residents adhering to warnings and seeking refuge in sturdy structures or interior bathrooms. [59] Opposition to Duque criticized him for not evacuating Providencia ahead of the storm. [36] On November 18, the Government of Colombia pledged 500 billion pesos (US$136 million) for recovery efforts in Bolívar and Cartagena. [76]

Nicaragua

Nicaragua's power company, Enatrel, dispatched more than 100 crews to the Caribbean Coast to restore electricity. By November 17, nearly half of the outages were restored. [66]

Operation USA began preparations for relief efforts on November 17. [77] Nicaragua's army had sent 100 rescuers to a site where a landslide caused damage. Downed trees blocking the road hampered the effort. [78] About 1,000 food kits will be delivered, as well as recreational activities for sheltered children. The food kits will be available until the government is able to provide adequate food support. 1,000 hygiene kits, which include laundry soap, hand and dish soap, bleach, and toilet paper will be given. Families will also receive purified water, face masks, blankets, buckets, plastic sheets, eggs and beef (the last two for preferred protein sources). [79]

Honduras

British Merlin helicopter takes off from RFA Argus with disaster relief supplies RN Flies crucial disaster relief sorties in Honduras to support the US Military MOD 45167459.jpg
British Merlin helicopter takes off from RFA Argus with disaster relief supplies

As of November 25, 2.5 million people had limited or no access to health services due to impacts. Officials have reported that more than 4 million people have been affected by Eta and Iota. Project HOPE has given shipments of Personal protective equipment, 50,000 masks, as well as items for the WASH project. 185,000 people have been displaced. Additionally, ten health facilities reported a complete loss of cold chain equipment, which hampered preparations made for distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. [80]

Retirement

Due to the damage and loss of life brought about by the hurricane in Central America, the Greek letter Iota, from the auxiliary storm name list, was retired by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in March 2021, and will never be used again for an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The WMO also decided to discontinue the use of the Greek alphabet auxiliary list, and replaced it with a new 21-name supplemental list for use when a regular naming list is exhausted. [81] [82]

See also

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Hurricane Gamma was a Category 1 hurricane that brought heavy rains, flooding, and landslides to the Yucatán Peninsula in early October 2020. The twenty-fifth depression, twenty-fourth named storm and ninth hurricane of the extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Gamma developed from a vigorous tropical wave that had been monitored as it was entering the Eastern Caribbean on September 29. The wave moved westward and slowed down as it moved into the Western Caribbean, where it began to interact with a dissipating cold front. A low formed within the disturbance on October 1 and the next day, it organized into a tropical depression. It further organized into Tropical Storm Gamma early the next day. It continued to intensify and made landfall as a minimal hurricane near Tulum, Mexico, on October 3. It weakened over land before reemerging in the Gulf of Mexico. Gamma then briefly restrengthened some before being blasted by high amounts of wind shear, causing it to weaken again. It made a second landfall as a tropical depression in Nichili, Mexico on October 6 before dissipating as it was absorbed by the approaching Hurricane Delta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Delta</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Delta was the record-tying fourth named storm of 2020 to make landfall in Louisiana, as well as the record-breaking tenth named storm to strike the United States in that year. The twenty-sixth tropical cyclone, twenty-fifth named storm, tenth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the record-breaking 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Delta formed from a tropical wave which was first monitored by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) on October 1. Moving westward, the tropical wave began to quickly organize. A well-defined center of circulation formed with sufficiently organized deep convection on October 4, and was designated as Tropical Depression Twenty-six and soon thereafter, Tropical Storm Delta. Extremely rapid intensification ensued throughout October 5 into October 6, with Delta becoming a Category 4 hurricane within 28 hours of attaining tropical storm status. The rate of intensification was the fastest in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Wilma in 2005. After peaking in intensity however, an unexpected increase in wind shear and dry air quickly weakened the small storm before it made landfall in Puerto Morelos, Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane with 105 mph (169 km/h) winds. It weakened some more over land before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, where it was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane. After that, it began to restrengthen, regaining Category 3 status late on October 8. It then turned northward and reached a secondary peak intensity of 953 mbar (28.14 inHg) and winds of 120 mph early on October 9. Delta then began to turn more north-northeastward into an area of cooler waters, higher wind shear, and dry air, causing it to weaken back to Category 2 status. Delta then made landfall at 23:00 UTC near Creole, Louisiana with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) and a pressure of 970 mbar (29 inHg). The storm began to weaken more rapidly after landfall, becoming post-tropical just 22 hours later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Zeta</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Zeta was a late-season major hurricane in 2020 that made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula and then in southeastern Louisiana, the latest on record to do so at such strength in the United States. Zeta was the record-tying sixth hurricane of the year to make landfall in the United States. The twenty-seventh named storm, twelfth hurricane and fifth major hurricane of the extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Zeta formed from a broad area of low pressure that formed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 19. After battling wind shear, the quasi-stationary low organized into Tropical Depression Twenty-Eight on October 24. The system strengthened into Tropical Storm Zeta early on October 25 before becoming a hurricane the next day as it began to move northwestward. Hurricane Zeta made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula late on October 26 and weakened while inland to a tropical storm, before moving off the northern coast of the peninsula on October 27. After weakening due to dry air entrainment, Zeta reorganized and became a hurricane again, and eventually a Category 2 hurricane, as it turned northeastward approaching the United States Gulf Coast on October 28. It continued to strengthen until it reached its peak intensity as a major Category 3 hurricane with 115-mile-per-hour (185 km/h) sustained winds and a minimum pressure of 970 mbar (28.64 inHg) as it made landfall at Cocodrie, Louisiana, that evening. Zeta continued on through Mississippi and parts of Alabama with hurricane-force winds. Zeta gradually weakened as it accelerated northeastward, and became post-tropical on October 29, as it moved through central Virginia, dissipating shortly afterwards off the coast of New Jersey. After bringing accumulating snow to parts of New England, the extratropical low-pressure system carrying Zeta's remnant energy impacted the United Kingdom on November 1 and 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Eta</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Eta was a deadly and erratic Category 4 hurricane that devastated parts of Central America in early November 2020. The record-tying twenty-eighth named storm, thirteenth hurricane, and sixth major hurricane of the extremely-active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Eta originated from a vigorous tropical wave in the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 31. The system rapidly organized as it progressed west, with the cyclone ultimately becoming a Category 4 hurricane on November 3. With a peak intensity of 150 mph (240 km/h) and 922 millibars, it was the third most intense November Atlantic hurricane on record, behind the 1932 Cuba hurricane and Hurricane Iota, the latter of which formed just two weeks later in the same area. Some weakening took place as the system made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, late that same day. Eta rapidly weakened to a tropical depression and briefly degenerated to a remnant low as it meandered across Central America for two days, before regenerating into a tropical depression and moving north over water. The storm later reorganized over the Caribbean as it accelerated toward Cuba on November 7, making a second landfall on the next day. Over the next five days, the system moved erratically, making a third landfall in the Florida Keys, on November 9, before slowing down and making a counterclockwise loop in the southern Gulf of Mexico, just off the coast of Cuba, with the storm's intensity fluctuating along the way. After briefly regaining hurricane strength on November 11, the system weakened back to a tropical storm once more, before making a fourth landfall on Florida on the next day, and proceeding to accelerate northeastward. Eta subsequently became extratropical on November 13, before dissipating off the coast of the Eastern United States on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Iota</span>

Hurricane Iota was the second-most powerful November tropical cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin, behind only the 1932 Cuba hurricane. It was also the strongest and most intense hurricane of the hyperactive 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. At the end of October, a tropical wave emerged off Africa and traversed the Atlantic Ocean with little note. The system later impacted northern South America and the Lesser Antilles before becoming more organized, eventually becoming a tropical depression on November 13 over the Caribbean Sea. Initially stymied by adverse environmental conditions the system, which soon became Tropical Storm Iota, struggled to organize as it took an atypical southwest track. After developing a small, well-organized core, Iota entered a region exceptionally favorable for explosive intensification and dramatically developed. Within a 42-hour period from November 15 to 16, Iota strengthened from a tropical storm to a high-end Category 4 hurricane with peak winds of 155 mph (249 km/h). The hurricane's eyewall impacted the Colombian islands of Providencia and Santa Catalina around this time. Moving along a westward course, Iota slowly weakened and eventually made landfall in Nicaragua with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) in nearly the same location as Hurricane Eta two weeks prior. Once inland, interaction with the region's mountainous terrain caused the system to rapidly deteriorate and its surface circulation dissipated on November 18. Its remnants persisted another day before last being noted southwest of Guatemala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Enrique (2021)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Enrique was a Category 1 Pacific hurricane that brought heavy rainfall and flooding to much of western Mexico in late June 2021. The fifth named storm and first hurricane of the 2021 Pacific hurricane season, Enrique developed from a tropical wave the entered the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Nicaragua on June 22. In an environment conducive for intensification, the disturbance moved west-northwestward and developed into a tropical storm by 6:00 UTC on June 25, as it was already producing winds of 40 mph (65 km/h), and received the name Enrique. Enrique strengthened steadily within an environment of warm waters and low-to-moderate wind shear while continuing its northwestward motion. By 12:00 UTC on June 26, Enrique had intensified into a Category 1 hurricane as the storm turned more northwestward. Nearing the coast of Mexico, Enrique reached its peak intensity around 6:00 UTC the following day, with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 972 mbar (28.7 inHg). Enrique, passing closely offshore west-central Mexico, maintained its intensity for another 24 hours as it turned northward toward the Gulf of California. Turning back to the northwest on June 28, increasing wind shear and dry air caused the hurricane to weaken. Enrique dropped to tropical storm status at 18:00 UTC that day, and further weakened to a tropical depression on June 30 just to the northeast of Baja California. The depression was absorbed into a larger low pressure area to the southeast later that day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Grace</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Grace was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Grace impacted much of the Leeward Islands and Greater Antilles as a tropical storm, before causing more substantial impacts in the Yucatán Peninsula and Veracruz as a hurricane. It was the seventh named storm, second hurricane, and first major hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season. Originating from a tropical wave in the Main Development Region, the primitive system tracked west-northwest across the Atlantic Ocean towards the Antilles, becoming a tropical depression on August 14. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Grace later the same day, but weakened back to a depression due to an unfavorable environment. After moving near Haiti as a tropical depression, it strengthened back to a tropical storm and became a hurricane on August 18, reaching an initial peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a pressure of 986 mbar (29.12 inHg). It weakened back to a tropical storm after its landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula and emerged into the Bay of Campeche, entering a very favorable environment for intensification hours later. Grace then rapidly intensified into a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) in about 24 hours. The storm made its final landfall in the state of Veracruz at peak intensity and quickly degenerated into a remnant low over mainland Mexico on August 21; however, its remnants later regenerated into Tropical Storm Marty in the Eastern Pacific on August 23.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Julia (2022)</span> Category 1 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane in 2022

Hurricane Julia was a deadly tropical cyclone that caused significant impacts in Central America as a Category 1 hurricane in October 2022. The tenth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season, Julia formed from a tropical wave over the southern Caribbean Sea on October 7, just off the coast of South America. Only one storm on record, Tropical Storm Bret in 1993, has tracked further south over South America.

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Ariel Trigueros (November 18, 2020). "A la fecha se registran 16 hondureños muertos tras paso de Iota". La Prensa (in Spanish). Retrieved November 18, 2020.
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  10. ↑ "NHC Graphical Outlook Archive". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
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  81. ↑ "WMO Hurricane Committee retires tropical cyclone names and ends the use of Greek alphabet". Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. March 17, 2021. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
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