Hurricane Iota

Last updated

Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On 30 October, a low-latitude tropical wave exited the coast of West Africa over the Atlantic Ocean. Disorganized convection east of the wave axis accompanied the wave as it moved west over open waters. On 7–8 November, the wave turned northwest and traversed northern South America, crossing Guyana, Venezuela, and the Windward Islands before emerging over the Caribbean Sea. [8] Largely favorable environmental conditions ahead of the disturbance led to the National Hurricane Center (NHC) issuing outlooks for potential cyclogenesis at this time. [8] [9] Turning back to the west and slowing, interaction with an upper-level trough fostered the development and expansion of convection. Strong wind shear inhibited organization as the system approached Hispaniola on 10–11 November; however, the system made an unusual turn southwest in response to a mid-level ridge over the southwestern Atlantic and a surface low developed by 12:00 UTC on 12 November. Lessening wind shear in this region enabled convection to concentrate around the center of the low and the system became a tropical depression on 13 November, the record-tying thirty-first of the season, [10] approximately 185 mi (298 km) northwest of Aruba. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Iota six hours later, bolstering the already record-breaking number of named storms during the 2020 season to 30. [8] [10] [11]

Throughout the day, minimal intensification occurred due to vertical wind shear as Iota remained a broad system with its surface- and mid-level circulations disjointed. [8] [12] Large-scale environmental conditions consisting of sea surface temperatures of 84 °F (29 °C) and ample low- to mid-level moisture favored significant intensification of the cyclone. [8] However, unexpected localized moderate shear and Iota's proximity to Colombia kept the cyclone disorganized. [13] As Iota moved farther from land on November 14, banding features became more pronounced and deep convection blossomed over a tightening circulation. [8] [14] With Iota becoming more compact and organized within the aforementioned favorable conditions and shear relaxing, the system underwent an exceptional period of explosive intensification [nb 1] from 18:00 UTC on 14 November to 12:00 UTC on 16 November. The environment surrounding Iota was ideal for this to occur: wind shear fell below 5 mph (8 km/h), lower- to mid-level relative humidity values exceeded 70 percent, and SSTs averaged 84–86 °F (29–30 °C). [8] [15] A symmetrical central dense overcast with temperatures averaging −112 °F (−80 °C) and broad outflow developed on 15 November. [16] Data from the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron revealed Iota to have become a hurricane by 06:00 UTC that day, [8] the 14th such storm of the season. This was the second-highest number of hurricanes in a single season since reliable records began, just shy of the 15 in 2005. [17] [nb 2] Iota's core wobbled northwest at the onset of this intensification as the overall trajectory shifted west in response to a strengthening ridge spanning from the western Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico. [8] [16] A ragged eye formed throughout the latter part of 15 November as the system became co-located with an upper-level anticyclone. [8] [16] [20]

A satellite animation of Hurricane Iota reaching its peak strength on November 16 as it struck Providencia and Santa Catalina Satellite Loop of Hurricane Iota 11-16-2020.gif
A satellite animation of Hurricane Iota reaching its peak strength on November 16 as it struck Providencia and Santa Catalina

The most rapid phase of intensification occurred early on 16 November during which a 6-hour pressure drop of 26 mbar (hPa; 0.76 mbar), including a drop of 10 mbar (10 hPa; 0.30 inHg) in a single hour, was observed by aircraft reconnaissance. [8] [21] The now 15 mi (24 km) wide eye featured six mesovortices, [8] intense eyewall lightning, and hail. [21] Though not fully understood, hypotheses at the time proposed that eyewall mesovortices can create intense hot towers with strong updrafts capable of more efficiently transporting mass out of the eye. This in turn hastens the rate of intensification. The mesovortices later degraded into a single, intense cell that remained in the southern eyewall through Iota's landfall in Nicaragua. [8] Between 00:00 and 06:00 UTC, Iota became a major hurricane, the record-tying seventh of the season, [nb 3] [8] [11] and reached Category 4 intensity by 06:00 UTC. Around 10:45 UTC the center of Iota passed less than 5 mi (8 km) north of Providencia and Santa Catalina and its eyewall struck the islands directly. It is estimated the islands experienced sustained winds of at least 130 mph (210 km/h). [8] The hurricane's exceptional intensification ended at 12:00 UTC on 16 November with it acquiring maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (249 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 917 mbar (917 hPa; 27.1 inHg). [8] This made Iota the second-most intense November hurricane on record, only behind the 1932 Cuba hurricane, [23] as well the second-most intense hurricane at Category 4 strength in terms of pressure, behind Hurricane Opal’s 916 mbar. Iota's intensification was one of the fastest on record in the Atlantic basin. During the 42-hour period from 18:00 UTC on 14 November to 12:00 UTC on 16 November, its central pressure fell by 80 mbar (80 hPa; 2.4 inHg) and its maximum sustained winds rose by 105 mph (169 km/h). The pressure fall in this time span was the fourth-greatest on record, only behind 2005's Rita (93 mbar (93 hPa; 2.7 inHg)), Wilma (105 mbar (105 hPa; 3.1 inHg)), and Milton (108 mbar (108 hPa; 3.2 inHg)). [8] [24] [25]

A satellite animation of Hurricane Iota weakening as it moved inland over Nicaragua on November 17 Iota 2020-11-17 440z-1240z.gif
A satellite animation of Hurricane Iota weakening as it moved inland over Nicaragua on November 17

After reaching its peak strength on 16 November, Iota slowly weakened on approach to Nicaragua. Lower sea surface temperatures and ocean heat content, likely the result of upwelling from Hurricane Eta, caused convection to diminish and its eye structure to deteriorate. [8] [15] Around 03:40 UTC on 17 November, Iota made landfall near the small village of Haulover, Nicaragua (about 25 mi (40 km) south-southwest of Bilwi) with estimated winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). [8] This was only 14 mi (23 km) south of where Hurricane Eta made landfall at a similar intensity two weeks prior. [26] In the hours leading up to the hurricane's landfall on 17 November there were no reconnaissance missions and Iota's intensity is uncertain. Furthermore, land-based measurements were nearly non-existent given the devastation wrought by Eta. An unofficial gust of 124 mph (200 km/h) was reported in southern Bilwi two hours prior to landfall while the highest reliable observations at Puerto Cabezas Airport had sustained winds of 83 mph (134 km/h) and peak gusts of 113 mph (182 km/h). [8]

Once inland, Iota rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of Nicaragua and Honduras. [8] Convection dramatically warmed, though the hurricane maintained a small core several hours after landfall. [27] Based on calculations using the SHIPS inland decay model, Iota is estimated to have degraded to a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC near the Nicaragua-Honduras border. [8] [28] By the start of 18 November, the remaining deep convection was confined to a rainband well to the northwest of the storm's core. [29] Scatterometer data indicate the system continued producing tropical storm-force winds off the northern coast of Honduras throughout the morning. [30] After weakening to a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC, the surface circulation of Iota dissipated over east-central El Salvador several hours later; [8] however, its mid-level remnant continued west and soon connected to a monsoon trough. [31] [32] The system was last noted the following day well to the southwest of Guatemala. [33] [34]

Peak intensity analysis

Operationally, Iota was classified as a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) based on stepped-frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) measurements of 165 mph (266 km/h) and aircraft flight-level winds of 169 mph (272 km/h). [8] [35] This would have made it the latest such storm during a calendar year on record in the basin and the only category 5 hurricane of the season. [35] However, in post-analysis, the NHC determined the SFMR values to have a high bias as the highest observations were coupled with lower flight-level winds, a problem that had recently been discovered with other intense hurricanes. The peak SFMR value was co-located with flight-level winds of 148 mph (238 km/h) which would typically reduce to 133 mph (214 km/h) at the surface using flight-level to surface reductions. NHC meteorologists determined that breaking waves along the west side of Providencia and Santa Catalina interfered with the instrument's measurement quality. Accordingly, the peak intensity was revised downward to 155 mph (249 km/h); however, this was within the normal range of uncertainty. Meteorologists noted that research into these errors is ongoing and the peak intensity of Iota could be revised in future analysis. [8]

Preparations

Tropical storm warnings were first issued for the Colombian islands of San Andrés and Providencia around midday on 14 November. [36] Three hours later, a hurricane watch was issued for Providencia, as well as along the coast of Northern Nicaragua and Eastern Honduras, with a tropical storm watch also issued for Central Honduras. [37] All of the watches were eventually upgraded to warnings, with an additional hurricane watch for San Andrés as well as a tropical storm warning for south central Nicaragua. [38] [39] The rest of the coastline of Honduras, as well as the Bay Islands, were later put under tropical storm warnings on 16 November. [40]

Oxfam had to temporarily suspend operations across Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador related to Hurricane Eta to protect relief works. [41]

Nicaragua

With Nicaragua still reeling from Hurricane Eta two weeks prior, many areas remained flooded. Towns around Puerto Cabezas in particular were devastated by Eta and debris remained strewn across the area. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies emphasized the risk of widespread flooding and landslides as soils were completely saturated. [42] The Government of Nicaragua opened 600 shelters and 63,000 people evacuated nationwide. [43] Some residents feared starvation while residing in shelters as Eta largely destroyed the region's crops. [42] The government of Taiwan donated 800 tons of rice to the areas expected to be impacted by the storm. [44] [45]

Honduras

Approximately 80,000 people were evacuated from flood-prone areas. [42] An estimated 100,000 people remained isolated across Honduras in the aftermath of Hurricane Eta as Iota made landfall. [46]

El Salvador

The Government of El Salvador opened 1,000 shelters with a capacity for 30,000 people. By 17 November 700 people had relocated from their homes. [42]

Impact

Hurricane Iota
Iota 2020-11-16 1320Z.jpg
Iota shortly after reaching its peak intensity while approaching Nicaragua on 16 November
IBTrACS OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Deaths and damage by territory
Country/TerritoryFatalitiesMissingDamage
(2020 USD)		Refs
Colombia 108 [47] [48] [49] [50]
Costa Rica 00$16.5 million [8]
El Salvador 20 [8] [1]
Guatemala 22 [3] [51]
Honduras 131 [8] [2]
Mexico 00Unknown [8]
Nicaragua 3929$564 million [8] [5]
Panama 11 [8] [3]
Venezuela 00
Totals:84 [8] 41 [8] $1.4 billion [6]

Total damage from the storm is estimated at US$1.4 billion. [6]

Venezuela

The precursor tropical wave to Iota produced heavy rain across Venezuela's Falcón state, primarily in the Paraguaná Peninsula. In the Silva municipality, flooding affected 288 homes. Damage to homes was reported in El Cayude and El Tranquero. The community of Santa Ana lost electrical service. Civil Protection officials advised residents of possible flooding along the Matícora reservoir in Mauroa, the Barrancas river, and the Quebrada de Uca river. [52] Some flooding occurred in the state of Miranda. [53]

Colombia

Mainland

Rain from Iota in Bogota, the capital city of Colombia Lluvias en Bogota por Iota.jpg
Rain from Iota in Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia

Heavy rains associated with a tropical wave and Iota caused extensive damage in Colombia. [54] The worst damage took place in the Mohán sector of Dabeiba where landslides killed three people, injured 20, and left eight others missing. [55] [54] [50] Eight people were rescued from the rubble. [54] The landslides destroyed 67 homes and damaged 104 others as well as three schools. A total of 497 people were affected in the community. [50] Approximately 100 vehicles were trapped by rockfalls along a road between Dabeiba and Urabá. Flooding affected 10 municipalities within the Chocó Department; the town of Lloró was isolated after the only bridge to the community collapsed. A landslide in Carmen de Atrato killed one person when his home was buried. [55] Across Chocó, an estimated 28,000 people were affected. [50] A van with two occupants disappeared when a landslide dragged the vehicle into the Atrato River. Emergencies were declared for 29 municipalities in the Santander Department where multiple rivers topped their banks. Several families were evacuated from Cimitarra due to rising water along the Carare River. A bridge collapse along the Chicamocha River isolated approximately 1,000 people in Carcasí and Enciso. More than 1,000 homes were damaged in the Atlántico Department: 693 in Malambo, 200 in Candelaria, and 150 in Carreto. [55]

An estimated 70 percent of Cartagena saw flooding due to the direct effects of Iota, [56] affecting an estimated 155,000 people. [57] Numerous homes were damaged or destroyed by floods and landslides. [50] Two people died in the San Pedro neighborhood when the motorcycle they were riding was swept into a canal. [49] City officials converted the Coliseo de Combate into a shelter capable of accommodating 200 people. [58]

Providencia and San Andrés

On 15–16 November, Iota passed close to the outlying Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina as a high-end Category 4 hurricane. [47] [59] The center of the hurricane's eye missed Providencia by 11 miles (18 km), but the storm still made a direct hit (rather than a landfall) on the island, causing damage described as "unprecedented" by President Iván Duque Márquez. [60] [48] Communication was lost with the island on 16 November, lasting for over 20 hours. [59] [61] An estimated 98–99 percent of structures on the island were damaged or destroyed, [62] [48] [63] [64] including buildings constructed in the 15th century. [65] Every home on the island suffered damage, with 80 percent being destroyed. [47] One person was killed and six were injured on the island. [66] Two shelters were known to have lost their roof before communication was lost. [59] The situation on the island was difficult to ascertain as of 17 November, though the island's hospital was assumed destroyed or rendered inoperable. [48] Although debris covered runways at El Embrujo Airport, initially preventing aircraft from arriving or leaving, [48] by 17 November it was operational enough to allow President Duque to visit and assess the damage of the island. [67]

On San Andrés, torrential rains and large swells caused extensive flooding. Seawater rose up to 9.8 ft (3 m). Powerful winds uprooted numerous trees, some of which fell on homes, and several homes lost their roof. [59] [68] Communications with San Andrés were temporarily lost during the storm and approximately 60 percent of the island lost power. Flooding reached a depth of 6 in (15 cm) at the Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport, preventing usage of the runways. [68] One person was killed on the island. [65]

Central America

Nicaragua

Nearly 44,000 homes suffered total or partial damage in Nicaragua, said Nicaraguan Finance Minister Iván Acosta, estimating the storms have cost the country $743 million in losses, according to the government media site El 19. [69]

Hurricane Iota shortly after landfall south of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua Iota 2020-11-17 0403Z.jpg
Hurricane Iota shortly after landfall south of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua

Iota made landfall in Nicaragua as a mid-end Category 4 hurricane near the town of Haulover, just south of Puerto Cabezas, on 16 November, only 15 miles (24 km) south of where Hurricane Eta made landfall 13 days prior. [70] As Iota was moving ashore, Puerto Cabezas airport reported sustained winds of 72 knots (83 mph; 133 km/h) with gusts to 98 knots (113 mph; 181 km/h) at 02:53 UTC on 17 November. Damage reports, however, were extremely limited due to damage the area sustained previously from Hurricane Eta. These reports were also limited due to most communications to Puerto Cabezas being knocked out during the storm. [71] An amateur radio from Club de Radio-Experimentadores de Nicaragua (CREN) reported winds of 124 mph (200 km/h) winds and damaged roofs, although it was unclear whether these were sustained winds or wind gusts. [72] The roof was torn off of a makeshift hospital that was serving as a replacement to an older hospital, requiring an evacuation of the patients there. [73]

A total of 160,233 homes lost power in Nicaragua and 47,638 families lost water service. The Instituto Nicaragüense de Telecomunicaciones y Correos|es reported loss of telephone service to 35 communities. [74] Torrential rains on already saturated soils led to extensive flooding and landslides. A storm surge of at least 26 feet (7.9 m) occurred near the town of Haulover and further north near the community of Wawa Bar. [75] At least 28 people died in relation to the hurricane while 29 others are missing. [4] Two children were swept away by a river in Santa Teresa, Carazo, while three other members of their family went missing; a sixth family member was rescued. A landslide killed two people in Wiwilí de Jinotega and another person died in Quilalí. In Wiwilí, fears arose over the safety of residents who evacuated into the mountains to escape flooding as numerous landslides occurred in the region. [43] On 17 November, at least 30 people were buried in a landslide in Macizo de Penas Blancas, and a boy was found buried. The next day, four more bodies were recovered, including one of a baby. [76] On 23 November a passenger truck plunged off a road in a mountainous area that had been devastated by Iota, an accident which caused the deaths of 17 people and 25 injuries. [77] A preliminary damage estimate places the damages at 12.3 billion córdobas (US$352.5 million). [5]

Honduras

British Merlin helicopter on damage survey over Honduras RN Flies crucial disaster relief sorties in Honduras to support the US Military MOD 45167447.jpg
British Merlin helicopter on damage survey over Honduras

Together, Hurricanes Eta and Iota killed around 100 Hondurans, and local analysts estimated the damage would cost the country more than 10 billion dollars (L244.1 billion). [78]

Iota produced heavy rainfall over portions of Honduras, causing a river to overflow in Tocoa. Mudslides and uprooted trees were also reported in portions of the country. [79] La Ceiba, Honduras reported a wind gust of 58 mph (93 km/h). [80] At least 16 people have died and one other is missing as a result of impacts from Iota in Honduras. [2] Landslides were the primary cause of fatalities; one in San Manuel Colohete killed eight people and another in Los Trapiches killed five people. [2] Teonela Paisano Wood, the mayor of Brus Laguna, stated concerns that continued rainfall pose a large threat to the town. Various concrete and wooden houses were reduced to rubble. [81] As of the morning of 18 November, COPECO reported 366,123 people were directly affected by the hurricane. [2] 80% of Copán Ruinas' roads were rendered impassible due to mudslides and flash flooding. The Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport is expected to be remained closed until mid-December. The passenger terminal experienced severe damages, and estimated repair times are more than a month. [82]

Elsewhere

Officials in Panama said one person was killed in Nole Duima in the Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca. Another person was missing in Soloy, also in the region. [73] In Mexico, the states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and Veracruz all experienced effects from Iota's rainfall. Cumulative total across the three states were nearly 297,000 affected people, as well as almost 59,000 homes being damaged. Blocked roads cut off access to 135 communities. [7]

Aftermath

The spread of disease, ranging from colds and skin rashes to gastrointestinal problems, became much more common. Other illnesses, such as Dengue fever and COVID-19, had increased infection rates as well. Some refugees refused to be tested for COVID due to fears of being refused shelter due to infection. People in need of medication faced shortages and were often not able to acquire them. [83]

Colombia

Following restoration of communication with Providencia on 16 November, President Duque pledged immediate aid to the island. [48] A state of emergency was declared for a year. [66] Rough seas on 17 November prevented the Colombian Navy from reaching the island, though Duque was able to fly by helicopter for an aerial survey. Two field hospitals and 4,000 tents were to be set up on the island. [48] Emphasis was placed on evacuating critical injuries to the mainland before establishing the field hospitals. [42] By 19 November 112 people were airlifted from the island. [66] The Colombian military deployed engineers and 15 tons of food. Duque stated that a plan for the complete reconstruction of Providencia's infrastructure was to be drawn up within 100 days and that all of the destroyed housing would be rebuilt by 2022. [42] Duque pledged 150 billion pesos (US$41 million) for infrastructure repair. [66] The relative lack of casualties in Providencia is attributed to residents adhering to warnings and seeking refuge in sturdy structures or interior bathrooms. [65] Opposition to Duque criticized him for not evacuating Providencia ahead of the storm. [42] On 18 November, the Government of Colombia pledged 500 billion pesos (US$136 million) for recovery efforts in Bolívar and Cartagena. [84]

Nicaragua

Nicaragua's power company, Enatrel, dispatched more than 100 crews to the Caribbean Coast to restore electricity. By 17 November, nearly half of the outages were restored. [74]

Operation USA began preparations for relief efforts on 17 November. [85] Nicaragua's army had sent 100 rescuers to a site where a landslide caused damage. Downed trees blocking the road hampered the effort. [86] About 1,000 food kits will be delivered, as well as recreational activities for sheltered children. The food kits will be available until the government is able to provide adequate food support. 1,000 hygiene kits, which include laundry soap, hand and dish soap, bleach, and toilet paper will be given. Families will also receive purified water, face masks, blankets, buckets, plastic sheets, eggs and beef (the last two for preferred protein sources). [87]

Honduras

British Merlin helicopter takes off from RFA Argus with disaster relief supplies RN Flies crucial disaster relief sorties in Honduras to support the US Military MOD 45167459.jpg
British Merlin helicopter takes off from RFA Argus with disaster relief supplies

As of 25 November, 2.5 million people had limited or no access to health services due to impacts. Officials have reported that more than 4 million people have been affected by Eta and Iota. Project HOPE has given shipments of Personal protective equipment, 50,000 masks, as well as items for the WASH project. 185,000 people have been displaced. Additionally, ten health facilities reported a complete loss of cold chain equipment, which hampered preparations made for distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. [88]

Retirement

Due to the damage and loss of life brought about by the hurricane in Central America, the Greek letter Iota, from the auxiliary storm name list, was retired by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in March 2021, and will never be used again for an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The WMO also decided to discontinue the use of the Greek alphabet auxiliary list, and replaced it with a new 21-name supplemental list for use when a regular naming list is exhausted. [89] [90]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The National Hurricane Center defines explosive intensification as a pressure drop of 42 mbar (42 hPa; 1.2 inHg) or greater within a 24-hour period. [8]
  2. ↑ Operationally, Iota was considered the 13th hurricane of the season; [18] however, this was amended to 14th following the post-analysis upgrade of October's Hurricane Gamma in April 2021. [17] [19]
  3. ↑ Operationally, Iota was considered the sixth major hurricane of the season; however, this was amended to seventh following the post-analysis upgrade of October's Hurricane Zeta in May 2021. [11] [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Mitch</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1998

Hurricane Mitch was the second-deadliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin on record. Mitch caused 11,374 fatalities in Central America in 1998, including approximately 7,000 in Honduras and 3,800 in Nicaragua due to cataclysmic flooding from the slow motion of the storm. It was the deadliest hurricane in Central American history, surpassing Hurricane Fifi–Orlene, which killed slightly fewer people in the same area in 1974. Mitch was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane in the satellite era, and the second-deadliest on record in the Atlantic, only behind the Great Hurricane of 1780 which killed at least 22,000 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Michelle</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

Hurricane Michelle was the fifth costliest tropical cyclone in Cuban history and the strongest hurricane of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. The thirteenth named storm and seventh hurricane that year, Michelle developed from a tropical wave that had traversed into the western Caribbean Sea on October 29; the wave had initially moved off the coast of Africa 13 days prior. In its early developmental stages, the depression meandered over Nicaragua, later paralleling the Mosquito Coast before intensifying into tropical storm intensity on November 1; Michelle was upgraded to hurricane strength the following day. Shortly after, rapid intensification ensued within favorable conditions, with the storm's central barometric pressure dropping 51 mbar in 29 hours. After a slight fluctuation in strength, Michelle reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 933 mbar. This tied Michelle with 1999's Lenny as the fourth most powerful November hurricane on record in the Atlantic Basin, behind only the 1932 Cuba hurricane and 2020 Hurricanes Iota and Eta. At roughly the same time, the hurricane began to accelerate northeastward; this brought the intense hurricane to a Cuban landfall within the Bay of Pigs later that day. Crossing over the island, Michelle was weakened significantly, and was only a Category 1 hurricane upon reentry into the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over The Bahamas on November 5, before being absorbed by a cold front the following day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Joan–Miriam</span> Category 4 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane in 1988

Hurricane Joan was a long lived and powerful tropical cyclone that caused death and destruction in over a dozen countries in the Caribbean and Central America. Moving on a due west course for nearly two weeks in October 1988, Hurricane Joan caused widespread flooding and over 200 deaths after moving into Central America. Widespread suffering and economic crises were exacerbated by Joan, primarily across Nicaragua, as heavy rains and high winds impacted those near the hurricane's path.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Adrian (2005)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2005

Hurricane Adrian was an early season hurricane which took an unusual southwest to northeast track, bringing it closer to El Salvador than any other hurricane since reliable records began in 1949. The first storm of the 2005 Pacific hurricane season, Adrian developed on May 17, just two days after the official start of the season, several hundred miles south-southeast of Mexico. Tracking in an atypical northwestward direction, the storm gradually intensified. On May 19, the storm reached its peak strength as a minimal hurricane with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Not long after reaching this intensity, the storm abruptly weakened. By the morning of May 20, the system had weakened to a minimal tropical storm and turned due west. Later that day, the storm made landfall along the Gulf of Fonseca in Honduras before dissipating several hours later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Bret (1993)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1993

Tropical Storm Bret was the deadliest natural disaster in Venezuela since the 1967 Caracas earthquake. The third tropical cyclone of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Bret formed on August 4 from a westward-moving, African tropical wave. Bret would later peak as a 60 mph (97 km/h) tropical storm as it neared Trinidad. It took an extremely southerly course through the Caribbean, passing over the coasts of Venezuela and Colombia. High terrain in the northern parts of those countries severely disrupted the circulation of the storm, and Bret had weakened to a tropical depression before emerging over the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea. There, it restrengthened to a tropical storm and made landfall in Nicaragua on August 10, dissipating soon after. Bret's remnants reached the Pacific Ocean, where they would later regenerate into Hurricane Greg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gert</span> Category 2 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane in 1993

Hurricane Gert was a large and deadly tropical cyclone that caused extensive flooding and mudslides throughout Central America and Mexico in September 1993. The seventh named storm and third hurricane of the annual hurricane season, Gert originated as a tropical depression from a tropical wave over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 14. The next day, the cyclone briefly attained tropical storm strength before moving ashore in Nicaragua and proceeding through Honduras. It reorganized into a tropical storm over the Gulf of Honduras on September 17, but weakened back to a depression upon crossing the Yucatán Peninsula. Once over the warm waters of the Bay of Campeche, Gert quickly strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane by September 20. The hurricane made a final landfall on the Gulf Coast of Mexico near Tuxpan, Veracruz, with peak winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The rugged terrain disrupted the cyclone's structure; Gert entered the Pacific Ocean as a depression near the state of Nayarit on September 21, where it briefly redeveloped a few strong thunderstorms before dissipating at sea five days later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Felix</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2007

Hurricane Felix was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone which was the southernmost-landfalling Category 5 storm on record, surpassing Hurricane Edith of 1971. It was the sixth named storm, second hurricane, and second Category 5 hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Felix formed from a tropical wave on August 31, passing through the southern Windward Islands on September 1 before strengthening to attain hurricane status. On the next day, Felix rapidly strengthened into a major hurricane, and early on September 3 it was upgraded to Category 5 status; at 2100 UTC on the same day, the hurricane was downgraded to Category 4 status, but strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane for the second and final time by the morning of September 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Alma</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2008

Tropical Storm Alma was the easternmost forming Pacific tropical cyclone on record. It formed within the monsoon trough just off the coast of Costa Rica on May 29. Initially forecast to remain a weak tropical storm, the cyclone rapidly strengthened and developed an eye, before making landfall on May 29 in Nicaragua, near León, with peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). Alma degenerated into a remnant low on May 30, before merging with another approaching tropical wave in the Gulf of Honduras shortly afterward, which became Tropical Storm Arthur on the next day. Alma was the first tropical storm on record to strike the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, heavy rainfall caused flooding and landslides, killing two and causing $35 million (USD) in damage. Three people were killed in Nicaragua, one from drowning and two others from electrocution. Five others died in Honduras from an aviation accident likely related to the storm and one other was swept away in floodwaters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Beta</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2005

Hurricane Beta was a compact and intense tropical cyclone that impacted the southwestern Caribbean in late October 2005. Beta was the twenty-fourth tropical storm, fourteenth hurricane, and seventh and final major hurricane of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. On October 21, a developing tropical wave entered the eastern Caribbean Sea and spawned Tropical Storm Alpha the following day. As the wave entered the southwestern Caribbean, convection redeveloped and on October 26, the system spawned another low-pressure area which developed into Tropical Depression Twenty-six. The depression intensified into a tropical storm the next morning and was named Beta. By the morning of October 28, the storm intensified into a hurricane, the fourteenth of the season. Beta underwent rapid intensification for several hours to attain its peak intensity with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on October 30. The storm began to deteriorate before landfall, weakening to Category 2 status as it crossed the Nicaraguan coastline. Rapid weakening followed landfall, and the storm dissipated early the next morning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ida (2009)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2009

Hurricane Ida was the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone during the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season, crossing the coastline of Nicaragua with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). The remnants of the storm became a powerful nor'easter that caused widespread damage along coastal areas of the Mid-Atlantic States. Ida formed on November 4 in the southwestern Caribbean, and within 24 hours struck the Nicaragua coast with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). It weakened significantly over land, although it restrengthened in the Yucatán Channel to peak winds of 105 mph (170 km/h). Hurricane Ida weakened and became an extratropical cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico, before spreading across the southeastern United States. The remnants of Ida contributed to the formation of a nor'easter that significantly affected the eastern coast of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Matthew (2010)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2010

Tropical Storm Matthew was a weak but deadly and destructive tropical cyclone which made landfall in Central America during the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. The fifteenth tropical cyclone and thirteenth named storm of the year, Matthew formed on September 23 and lost its tropical characteristics in the morning of September 26. However, its remnants continued to produce life-threatening rain over parts of Central America as it dissipated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record, in terms of the number of systems. It featured a total of 31 tropical and subtropical cyclones, with all but one cyclone becoming a named storm. Of the 30 named storms, 14 developed into hurricanes, and a record-tying seven further intensified into major hurricanes. It was the second and final season to use the Greek letter storm naming system, the first being 2005, the previous record. Of the 30 named storms, 11 of them made landfall in the contiguous United States, breaking the record of nine set in 1916. During the season, 27 tropical storms established a new record for earliest formation date by storm number. This season also featured a record ten tropical cyclones that underwent rapid intensification, tying it with 1995, as well as tying the record for most Category 4 hurricanes in a singular season in the Atlantic Basin. This unprecedented activity was fueled by a La Niña that developed in the summer months of 2020, continuing a stretch of above-average seasonal activity that began in 2016. Despite the record-high activity, this was the first season since 2015 in which no Category 5 hurricanes formed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Otto</span> Category 3 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane in 2016

Hurricane Otto was a strong late-season tropical cyclone that impacted parts of Central America in November 2016. It was the first Atlantic hurricane since Cesar–Douglas in 1996 to survive the crossover from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Forming late on November 20 in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, Otto was the fifteenth and final named storm, seventh hurricane and fourth major hurricane of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season. It quickly intensified into a strong tropical storm the next day, and on November 23–24, rapidly strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane, the first in the month of November since Hurricane Paloma in 2008, and the latest date an Atlantic hurricane attained such intensity on record. Otto made landfall in Nicaragua at peak intensity on November 24, thus becoming the latest hurricane to make landfall in the Atlantic basin since 1851 when records began. Traveling along the Nicaragua–Costa Rica border, the system rapidly weakened to a tropical storm before emerging over the eastern Pacific Ocean, becoming the final storm of the 2016 Pacific hurricane season as well. Hostile environmental conditions inhibited reorganization, and Otto subsequently degenerated into an elongated trough on November 26.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Selma (2017)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2017

Tropical Storm Selma was the first tropical storm on record to make landfall in El Salvador, and only the second Pacific tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm strength east of 90°W, the other being Alma of 2008. The twentieth tropical cyclone and eighteenth named storm of the 2017 Pacific hurricane season, Selma formed from a Central American gyre on October 27. The storm tracked northeastward and reached its peak intensity as a minimal tropical storm before making landfall east of San Salvador, El Salvador early on October 28. Selma rapidly weakened after making landfall, and its remnant circulation dissipated overland at 18:00 UTC on the same day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Nana (2020)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane

Hurricane Nana was a small, short-lived tropical cyclone that caused relatively minor damage in Belize and Mexico in early September 2020. The sixteenth tropical cyclone, fourteenth named storm, and fifth hurricane of the record-breaking 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Nana originated from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of West Africa on August 23. The system progressed westward with little development for the next week before crossing into the Caribbean Sea. The wave gradually developed organized convection and a defined surface low on September 1, signifying the formation of Tropical Storm Nana as it approached Jamaica. Persistent wind shear stifled development of the storm, though following repeated bursts of deep convection, it intensified into a minimal hurricane on September 3. Nana attained peak winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 994 mbar shortly before striking Belize. Once onshore, the hurricane rapidly degraded and its surface low dissipated over Guatemala on September 4. The mid-level remnants of Nana later reorganized over the Gulf of Tehuantepec and became Tropical Storm Julio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Eta</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Eta was a deadly and erratic tropical cyclone that devastated parts of Central America in early November 2020. The record-tying twenty-eighth named storm, thirteenth hurricane, and sixth major hurricane of the extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Eta originated from a vigorous tropical wave in the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 31. The system rapidly organized as it progressed west, with the cyclone ultimately becoming a Category 4 hurricane on November 3. With a peak intensity of 150 mph (240 km/h) and 922 millibars, it was the third most intense November Atlantic hurricane on record, behind the 1932 Cuba hurricane and Hurricane Iota, the latter of which formed just two weeks later in the same area. Some weakening took place as the system made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, late that same day. Eta rapidly weakened to a tropical depression and briefly degenerated to a remnant low as it meandered across Central America for two days, before regenerating into a tropical depression and moving north over water. The storm later reorganized over the Caribbean as it accelerated toward Cuba on November 7, making a second landfall on the next day. Over the next five days, the system moved erratically, making a third landfall in the Florida Keys, on November 9, before slowing down and making a counterclockwise loop in the southern Gulf of Mexico, just off the coast of Cuba, with the storm's intensity fluctuating along the way. After briefly regaining hurricane strength on November 11, the system weakened back to a tropical storm once more, before making a fourth landfall on Florida on the next day, and proceeding to accelerate northeastward. Eta subsequently became extratropical on November 13, before dissipating off the coast of the Eastern United States on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Julia (2022)</span> Category 1 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane

Hurricane Julia was a deadly tropical cyclone that caused significant impacts in Central America as a Category 1 hurricane in October 2022. The tenth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season, Julia formed from a tropical wave over the southern Caribbean Sea on October 7, just off the coast of South America. Only one storm on record, Tropical Storm Bret in 1993, has tracked further south over South America.

References

  1. 1 2 Digital, Por Edición (18 November 2020). "EN VIVO | Iota deja al menos 16 muertos en Nicaragua, según fuentes oficiales". La Prensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Ariel Trigueros (18 November 2020). "A la fecha se registran 16 hondureños muertos tras paso de Iota". La Prensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 Andrea Sosa Cabrios (19 November 2020). "Death toll from storm Iota rises past 45 in Central, South America". bakersfield.com. Retrieved 19 November 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  4. 1 2 "Monitoreo Azul y Blanco reporta 28 muertos por el huracán Iota en Nicaragua". Confidencial (in Spanish). 21 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 "Pérdidas por huracanes superan los 18 mil millones de córdobas". La Gente | Radio La Primerísima (in Spanish). 19 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. 1 2 3 "Global Catastrophe Recap November 2020" (PDF). Aon. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  7. 1 2 "Latin America & The Caribbean: 2020 Hurricane Season Situation Report No. 4". ReliefWeb. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Stewart, Stacy (18 May 2021). "Hurricane Iota (AL312020)" (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  9. ↑ Zelinsky, David (8 November 2020). "Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook" (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  10. 1 2 Mario Pedersen, Joe; Tribou, Richard; Harris, David (14 November 2020). "Tropical Storm Iota, record 30th storm, forecast to become major hurricane". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 Cappucci, Matthew (12 May 2021). "2020 tied a record for the most major hurricanes in the Atlantic, after further review". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  12. ↑ Brown, Daniel (13 November 2020). Tropical Storm Iota Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  13. ↑ Brown, Daniel (14 November 2020). Tropical Storm Iota Discussion Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  14. ↑ Brown, Daniel (14 November 2020). Tropical Storm Iota Discussion Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  15. 1 2 Bachmeier, Scott (15 November 2020). "Hurricane Iota in the Caribbean Sea". Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  16. 1 2 3 Stewart, Stacy (15 November 2020). Hurricane Iota Discussion Number 8 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  17. 1 2 Erdman, Jonathan (20 April 2021). "14 Hurricanes Occurred in the 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season After an Upgrade of Gamma, NHC Says". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  18. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (15 November 2020). Hurricane Iota Intermediate Advisory Number 7A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  19. ↑ Latto, Andrew (17 April 2021). Hurricane Gamma (AL252020) (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Brown, Daniel (15 November 2020). Hurricane Iota Discussion Number 10 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  21. 1 2 Stewart, Stacy (16 November 2020). Hurricane Iota Discussion Number 12 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  22. ↑ Blake, Eric; Berg, Robbie; Hagen, Andrew (10 May 2021). Hurricane Zeta (AL282020) (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  23. ↑ Sojda, Jake (16 November 2020). "Category 5 Hurricane Iota forecast to deliver catastrophic blow to Central America". WCNC. AccuWeather. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  24. ↑ "Tropical Storm MILTON". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  25. ↑ "Hurricane MILTON". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  26. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (17 November 2020). Hurricane Iota Discussion Number 16 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  27. ↑ Blake, Eric (17 November 2020). Hurricane Iota Discussion 17 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  28. ↑ Blake, Eric (17 November 2020). Tropical Storm Iota Discussion 18 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  29. ↑ Beven, Jack (18 November 2020). Tropical Storm Iota Discussion 19 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  30. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (18 November 2020). Tropical Depression Iota Discussion 20 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  31. ↑ Pasch, Richard (18 November 2020). Remnants Of Iota Discussion Number 21 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  32. ↑ Aguirre-Echevarria, Jorge (18 November 2020). Tropical Weather Discussion (.TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  33. ↑ Ramos, Nelsie (19 November 2020). Tropical Weather Discussion (.TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  34. ↑ Stripling, Scott (20 November 2020). Tropical Weather Discussion (.TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  35. 1 2 Blake, Eric (16 November 2020). Hurricane Iota Discussion Number 13 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  36. ↑ "Tropical Storm Iota Advisory Number 5". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  37. ↑ "Tropical Storm Iota Intermediate Advisory Number 5A". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  38. ↑ "Tropical Storm Iota Advisory Number 6". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  39. ↑ "Tropical Storm Iota Advisory Number 7". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  40. ↑ "Hurricane Iota Advisory Number 13". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  41. ↑ Hurricane Iota lands a new blow onto Central America, Oxfam ready to respond (Report). ReliefWeb. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020– via Oxfam.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iota: los destrozos y el impacto del huracán convertido en tormenta a su paso por el Caribe y Centroamérica" (in Spanish). BBC News. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  43. 1 2 Shiffman, Goeovanny; Álvarez, Leonor; Quintero, Lésber (17 November 2020). "Seis muertos y 63 mil evacuados en Nicaragua por Iota". La Prensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  44. ↑ CBS, AP (17 November 2020). "Hurricane Iota makes landfall over Nicaragua as an "extremely dangerous" Category 4 storm". cbsnews.com. CBS News. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  45. ↑ Anthony Harrup (17 November 2020). "Hurricane Iota Tears Across Nicaragua". wsj.com. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  46. ↑ Hurricane Eta & Iota Situation Report #2 (Report). ReliefWeb. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020– via Project HOPE.
  47. 1 2 3 "Dos muertos y un desaparecido, el balance del paso de Iota por Providencia". El País (in Spanish). 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Huracán Iota: devastación en Providencia, daños en Nicaragua y alto riesgo en Honduras y Guatemala" (in Spanish). CNN Español. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  49. 1 2 Laura Vanessa Rosales Castro (17 November 2020). "Dos muertos dejó el paso del huracán Iota en Cartagena" (in Spanish). RCN Radio. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 "Las torrenciales lluvias del huracán Iota causan desastres en Colombia". La Tribuna (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  51. ↑ Carlos Mario Marquez (18 November 2020). "La tempête tropicale Iota s'affaiblit après avoir fait 38 morts". La Presse (in French). Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  52. ↑ Mariana Souquett Gil (15 November 2020). "Lluvias generaron inundaciones en la población de Santa Ana en Falcón" (in Spanish). Effect Cocuyo. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  53. ↑ "Fuertes lluvias causaron inundación en el sector Los Lagos de Los Teques". El Nacional (in Spanish). 14 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  54. 1 2 3 "Ola invernal en Colombia: Lluvias en 25 departamentos por 'La Niña' y el huracán Iota". El País (in Spanish). Colprensa. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  55. 1 2 3 "Inundaciones, muertos y cientos de afectados dejan las lluvias en Colombia" (in Spanish). Noticias RCN. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  56. ↑ "Inundaciones en Colombia: 3 muertos" (in Spanish). Turkish Radio. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  57. ↑ "Declaran calamidad pública en Cartagena: Iota deja hasta ahora 155.000 damnificados" (in Spanish). Infobae. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  58. ↑ "Cartagena declara calamidad pública por lluvias e inundaciones". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  59. 1 2 3 4 "El huracán Iota deja incomunicada a la isla colombiana de Providencia" (in Spanish). Yahoo! News. EFE. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  60. ↑ "Ojo del huracán Iota estuvo a 18 kilómetros de Providencia: Ideam". El País (in Spanish). 17 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  61. ↑ "Por un baño: así se salvó un hombre durante el paso de Iota por Providencia". RCN Radio (in Spanish). 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  62. ↑ "Twitter". mobile.twitter.com.
  63. ↑ "Huracán: Un muerto y 98% de infraestructura de Providencia, afectada". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  64. ↑ "Confirman que hay deterioro del 98% en infraestructura de Providencia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  65. 1 2 3 Daniel Pardo (18 November 2020). "Huracán Iota: cómo se salvaron los habitantes de Providencia pese a que la tormenta lo "destruyó todo"" (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  66. 1 2 3 4 "$150 mil millones invertirán inicialmente para atender emergencia en Providencia". Vanguardia (in Spanish). 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  67. ↑ "El presidente Iván Duque logró llegar al aeropuerto El Embrujo de la isla Providencia". La Repúblicas (in Spanish). 17 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  68. 1 2 "Tragedia en San Andrés: así fueron las peores 24 horas de su historia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  69. ↑ "Hurricanes Eta, Iota hit Nicaragua with $743 million in economic losses". The Jakarta Post.
  70. ↑ Stacy Stewart and Andrew Latto (16 November 2020). Hurricane Iota Tropical Cyclone Update. www.nhc.noaa.gov (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  71. ↑ Holcombe, Madeline; Vera, Amir; McLaughlin, Elliot C. (17 November 2020). "Iota considered the strongest hurricane in history to hit Nicaragua, government says". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  72. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (17 November 2020). "Hurricane Iota Discussion Number 16". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  73. 1 2 "Hurricane Eta Tears Off Roofs". The Weather Channel. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  74. 1 2 "Sin agua, sin energía eléctrica, ni redes de comunicación. Costa Caribe Norte queda aislada por Iota". La Prensa (in Spanish). 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  75. ↑ NHC, NOAA (18 May 2021). "NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT HURRICANE IOTA" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  76. ↑ TV, Vos. "Vos TV". Vostv.com.ni.
  77. ↑ "Passenger truck crash kills at least 17 in Nicaragua". CTVNews. 23 November 2020.
  78. ↑ Daniel Bellamy (21 November 2020). "Hurricanes Iota and Eta deal Honduras a catastrophic double-blow". euronews.com. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  79. ↑ EFE (17 November 2020). "Llueve en todo Honduras por Iota que entrará por oriente del país". radioamerica.hn (in Spanish). Honduras: Radio America. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  80. ↑ "Tropical Storm IOTA". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  81. ↑ "Hurricane Iota blasts Nicaraguan coast, floods parts of Honduras". Associated Press – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  82. ↑ Cappucci, Matthew. "Scenes of flooding, devastation lie in wake of monstrous Hurricane Iota". The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  83. ↑ "In pictures: Hurricanes leave Hondurans homeless and destitute". BBC. 29 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  84. ↑ "Bolívar y Cartagena recibirán inversiones por más de $500 mil millones". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 18 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  85. ↑ Hurricane Iota response (Report). ReliefWeb. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020– via Operation USA.
  86. ↑ Herrera, Carlos (19 November 2020). "Iota's devastation comes into focus in storm-weary Nicaragua". Associated Press . Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  87. ↑ Updated Emergency Appeal: Hurricanes Eta and Iota in Central America (Report). ReliefWeb. 26 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020– via Church World Service.
  88. ↑ Hurricane Eta & Iota Situation Report #3 (Report). ReliefWeb. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020– via Project HOPE.
  89. ↑ "WMO Hurricane Committee retires tropical cyclone names and ends the use of Greek alphabet". Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. 17 March 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  90. ↑ Masters, Jeff (19 March 2021). "WMO: Atlantic hurricanes no longer to receive names from Greek alphabet". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.