Hurricane Edna

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Edna originated in an easterly tropical wave which modern research has estimated to have spawned a tropical depression east of the Caribbean Sea on September 2, 1954. [1] The low pressure area was not observed in real time until several days later, on September 5, while situated between Puerto Rico and The Bahamas. Near the disturbance, a ship reported heavy squalls and wind gusts to 70 mph (110 km/h). Additionally, the island of Puerto Rico experienced torrential rainfall in association with the storm. [2] Operationally, the system was not recognized to have organized into a tropical cyclone until September 6; [3] it is listed in the Atlantic hurricane database as achieving tropical storm intensity early on September 4. Edna proceeded west-northwestward, bypassing Hispaniola to the north, and by September 7 it had strengthened into a minimal hurricane on the present-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. [1]

Initially a rather small storm in terms of physical size, the hurricane steadily intensified throughout the day. Reconnaissance aircraft flew into the storm frequently to take observations on the cyclone's structure. [2] [1] The center of circulation passed near San Salvador Island, [3] and on September 8, Edna further strengthened into a Category 3 major hurricane while broadly curving northward. [2] [1] Reconnaissance flights indicated a maturing and evolving eye, approximately 20 mi (32 km) in diameter. The overall circulation increased in size as banding features became more well-defined. [2] The storm reached its peak winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and maintained them for over two days. [1] However, reconnaissance data was at times inconsistent and inaccurate, leading to suspicious and unlikely jogs in the storm's track. The cause of these errors is attributed to misinterpretation of radar information. [2]

Midday on September 9, while tracking nearly due north, Edna's minimum central barometric pressure fell to 968  mbar (28.6  inHg ), but is believed to have leveled off shortly thereafter. The radius of hurricane-force winds increased, and the storm may have become asymmetrical, with convection concentrated to the right of the center, although this was not confirmed due to a lack of data. An approaching weak frontal boundary spread overcast conditions over the Eastern Seaboard north of North Carolina. [2] By September 10, Edna was located just south of Cape Hatteras, passing east of the Outer Banks early the next day. [1] As the hurricane accelerated to the northeast, it began to deteriorate and weaken. [1] Closely following the recent track of Hurricane Carol, [3] Edna approached New England, but diverged from Carol's track upon skirting the eastern coast instead of moving inland. [1] Weather reporting stations in the Mid-Atlantic States reported rapid clearing as the storm gained latitude, while heavy rain and gusty winds enveloped New England. [2] On September 11, Edna passed directly over Cape Cod after weakening to Category 2 status, although surface weather analysis depicted a central pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg). It subsequently tracked just east of Eastport, Maine. [1] The storm continued northeastward into Atlantic Canada and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, although the exact time of this transition is unknown. The storm's extratropical remnants reemerged into the northern Atlantic after crossing eastern Canada and were last noted on September 15. [2] [3]

Preparations

In advance of the storm, hurricane warnings were issued for parts of The Bahamas and South Florida, as winds of up to hurricane force were expected. [4] Farther to the north, storm warnings were posted from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to Eastport, Maine. Along the coast of North Carolina and the Virginia Capes, where gale-force winds and high tides were expected, residents were advised to take precautions. In New York City, it was to be considered "a miracle" if Edna did not strike the area directly, and the storm was predicted to be one of the most severe hurricanes in the history of the New York Weather Bureau. [5] In the 24 hours before the storm struck, New York Telephone received 361,392 calls, which was the third highest volume the company ever recorded. [6] In the Montauk area, 500 residents evacuated their homes by early September 11, while all businesses closed in Westerly, Rhode Island. [7] Businesses in Providence, which was flooded during Hurricane Carol, prepared sandbags to mitigate flooding. [8] Most beach homes had closed for the summer season, and hundreds of people who lived along the southern New England coast evacuated. [8] Other threatened areas were evacuated, including Milford, Connecticut, where 3,000 families left their homes. Sirens alerted other residents to remain indoors and drivers to stay off the highways. Along the coast of Connecticut, bus and train service was halted. [9] A state of emergency was declared in New London, and mail service was canceled in some areas. [10] On September 10, the Navy ordered the evacuation of hundreds of warships and aircraft. [11] Coast Guard planes evacuated from Rhode Island and Massachusetts. About 40  Red Cross shelters, which were opened during Hurricane Carol 11 days prior, were reopened to provide food. Officers at Fort Devens sent 40 trucks with cots, blankets, and generators to areas expected to be struck by the storm. [8] Advance warning was credited with a lower death toll in Edna than Carol. [12]

Impact

Comparison of pressure readings between hurricanes Carol and Edna at Jamaica, New York, and Hurricane Hazel in Washington, D.C. 1954 hurricanes pressure.png
Comparison of pressure readings between hurricanes Carol and Edna at Jamaica, New York, and Hurricane Hazel in Washington, D.C.

West Indies

On September 7, a bulletin from San Juan, Puerto Rico reported extensive, flood-inducing rainfall along the western and southern coasts of the island. Over 10 in (250 mm) of precipitation fell within a two-day period. [2] The easternmost islands of The Bahamas, including San Salvador, experienced gale-force winds and high seas. [3]

United States

Edna's path near North Carolina was about 50 mi (80 km) east of Carol. [13] Winds blew at up to 70 mph (110 km/h) along the shore, accompanied by strong surf, although no fatalities or major property damage resulted from the storm. [14] Tides at Norfolk, Virginia were only slightly above normal during the storm's passage to the east, and winds were moderate in strength. [15] Peripheral rainfall in Maryland and Delaware eased drought conditions. [16] In coastal New Jersey, northwesterly winds reached 65 mph (105 km/h), and Long Branch received around 4 in (100 mm) of rainfall. Further north, Long Island also suffered moderate to strong winds, blowing from the north at their peak. A Weather Bureau station in New York City recorded 45 mph (72 km/h) winds midday on September 11. [17] Rainfall reached 4.98 in (126 mm) in the city, becoming the wettest day in 45 years. [18] The storm cut off Montauk Point on eastern Long Island at its height, prompting the Coast Guard to temporarily relocate 500 families. [19] Rainfall in Suffolk County amounted to 9 in (230 mm). [20] Crop damage in New York was estimated at $1.5 million, [16] and six people died in the city due to highway deaths. [12]

When Edna struck New England, it was moving quickly to the northeast at 45 mph (72 km/h). It struck eastern Massachusetts about 100 mi (160 km) east of where Hurricane Carol struck only a week prior. Hurricane-force winds affected much of the coastline, with peak gusts of 120 mph (190 km/h) on Martha's Vineyard offshore Massachusetts, and 110 mph (180 km/h) on Block Island offshore Rhode Island. Along the coast, wind gusts peaked at 100 mph (160 km/h) at Hyannis, Massachusetts. The high winds caused widespread power outages, including for nearly all of Cape Cod. The storm surge reached 6 ft (1.8 m) along the Massachusetts coast, causing flooding and heavy boating damage. Further west, there was lesser coastal flooding, although heavy rainfall after previously wet conditions caused urban and stream flooding; rainfall peaked at around 11 in (280 mm). Damage in Connecticut and Rhode Island was mainly in areas already affected by Hurricane Carol. Several streets were washed out, and rivers rose above flood stage. [21]

Damage was heaviest in Maine, estimated at $25 million, [16] which made Edna the costliest hurricane in the state's history. Strong wind gusts, reaching 74 mph (119 km/h), and heavy rainfall, peaking at 7.49 in (190 mm), extended into the state; [22] these were considered the heaviest rains in the state in 58 years. [18] The Androscoggin and Kennebec rivers both reached above-normal levels, causing flooding and washing out roads. [22] In Augusta, the Kennebec River reached 20.5 ft (6.2 m), which was 5 ft (1.5 m) above the peak level after the spring snow melt. [23] Flooding entered basements, affected fields, and covered bridges. In West Peru, the floods washed out a bridge that was under construction. [24] In addition, the winds downed trees, [22] which blocked widespread roads and caused power outages in 18% of the state. [12] Washed out roads and rail lines cut off the state from the rest of New England. [18] In Lewiston, a trapped car in 5 ft (1.5 m) deep waters required rescue by boat. [25] Another stranded family was rescued after seven hours in Unity, in which one child and a rescuer were killed. There were eight deaths in the state, most of whom related to cars being swept away by floods. [12]

There were 21 deaths in New England, [21] including eight drownings in Maine. [22] Throughout the United States, damage was estimated at $42,815,000. Damage was less from Edna than from Carol, primarily due to its strongest winds not occurring at the time of highest tides, and its track farther to the east. [16] Throughout New England, 260,000 people lost power, most of whom in Massachusetts. [26]

Atlantic Canada

While rapidly losing characteristics of a tropical cyclone, Edna traversed central New Brunswick. In contrast with the smaller, more compact Hurricane Juan, which struck Atlantic Canada in 2003, Edna was a much larger storm with strong winds extending hundreds of kilometers from the center. The tightest pressure gradient was focused on the east side of the storm, over mainland Nova Scotia. Edna brought down approximately 700 million board feet of timber, and although the amount of trees the storm destroyed was comparable to that of Juan, its effects were more widespread and not as locally severe. [27] Sustained winds reached 160 km/h (99 mph) at Yarmouth and 95 km/h (59 mph) at Halifax. The intense winds downed power and telephone lines and destroyed many barns; one such structural collapse killed a man, and livestock were lost throughout the region. Other damage to property included several fallen chimneys, a toppled church steeple in Pictou, and roof failures. In Kentville, an apartment building undergoing construction was destroyed. Approximately $3 million CAD in apple crops were decimated, while in Yarmouth, both live lobsters and lobster pots were lost. Debris blocked streets across the province, and at least 800 m (0.50 mi) of road was washed out. Damage in Nova Scotia totaled $6 million CAD: in the aftermath, Yarmouth and Kentville declared states of emergency. [28]

In New Brunswick, the storm dropped 130 mm (5.1 in) of rain and produced winds of 120 km/h (75 mph). Wind damage was less significant than in Nova Scotia, although still evident in structures and utility lines. A theatre in McAdam was destroyed, and several people were injured across the area. The storm flooded streets in St. Stephen. About 400 salmon, valued at $10,000 CAD, were lost in Dalhousie. Total damage in the province is estimated at $1.78 million CAD. Elsewhere, power outages were reported in Montreal. [28]

Aftermath

Throughout New England, 20 counties were declared states of emergency. [22] After the storm, Southern New England Telephone sent a crew of 100 workers in 50 trucks to Maine to assist in restoring power. [29] Power was quickly restored, and in some places the outages were less severe than during Carol. [30] For only the third time in its history, the Portland Evening Express was not delivered due to the storm. [12] Most primary roads were re-opened by two days after the storm, although rural areas and rail lines took longer to repair. [31] There was a temporary travel ban for all but emergency vehicles in Maine due to washed out roads. [23] Affecting densely populated portions of the state, Edna struck the day before the governor race between Republican Burton M. Cross and Democratic Edmund Muskie. Before the election, politicians commented how a suppressed turnout as a result of the storm would benefit Muskie, in a state where no Democrat had won governorship since 1934. [32] Muskie ultimately won the election in a close race, which saw a lower turnout than 1950, due in part to Edna suppressing the rural, Republican turnout. [33]

After a survey from the Federal Civil Defense Administration described damage as "tremendous", President Dwight Eisenhower declared portions of Maine as a disaster area, which allocated federal funding for relief. The president also authorized additional aid to Rhode Island and Massachusetts due to additional damage there from Edna. [31]

Due to the severity of the hurricane, the name Edna was removed from the tropical storm naming list for 10 years. [34] The name was reused in the 1968 season, but was permanently retired in the spring of 1969, as the 1954 hurricane was still an active subject of research. [35] None the less, Edna appeared once again on the 1972 naming list, [36] but ultimately went unused. The name will never be used again for another Atlantic hurricane. [34]

In 1954 E.B. White published in The New Yorker "The Eye of Edna," [37] a witty satire that pokes gentle fun at radio announcers who seem to enjoy the hurricane and make exaggerated predictions of its speed and strength.

See also

Related Research Articles

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The 1960 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active season since 1952. The season officially began on June 15, and lasted until November 15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first system, an unnamed storm, developed in the Bay of Campeche on June 22. It brought severe local flooding to southeastern Texas and was considered the worst disaster in some towns since a Hurricane in 1945. The unnamed storm moved across the United States for almost a week before dissipating on June 29. In July, Hurricane Abby resulted in minor damage in the Leeward Islands, before impacting a few Central American counties — the remnants of the storm would go on to form Hurricane Celeste in the East Pacific. Later that month, Tropical Storm Brenda caused flooding across much of the East Coast of the United States. The next storm, Hurricane Cleo, caused no known impact, despite its close proximity to land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1962 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1962 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active since 1946, with only seven named storms. The season officially began on June 15, while the first tropical storm developed on June 30. No further activity occurred until late August, when Hurricane Alma brushed the Outer Banks before becoming extratropical southeast of New England, destroying hundreds of boats and producing beneficial rainfall. Around that time, Tropical Storm Becky developed unusually far east in the Atlantic Ocean, becoming the easternmost storm on record to recurve to the northeast. Celia followed in the September, forming east of the Lesser Antilles and executing a loop near Bermuda before dissipating. Hurricane Daisy was the costliest of the season, leaving about $1.1 million in damage in New England (1962 USD). The storm dropped the highest rainfall total on record in Maine, and its precipitation caused 22 traffic fatalities. Ella, the strongest storm of the season, remained offshore of the eastern United States but caused two deaths. The final system, an unnamed hurricane, formed on November 28 and meandered eratically off the Southeastern United States before becoming extratropical on December 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1965 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1968 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1968 Atlantic hurricane season was a below average hurricane season during which only nine nameable storms developed. The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. Of the named storms, five strengthened into hurricanes; none however intensified into a major hurricane. Only four other seasons since the start of the satellite era—1972, 1986, 1994, and 2013—did not feature a major hurricane. The first system, Hurricane Abby, developed in the northwestern Caribbean on June 1. Abby moved northward and struck Cuba, bringing heavy rainfall and flooding to western portions of the island. Making landfall in Florida on June 4, Abby caused flooding and spawned four tornadoes, but left behind little damage. Overall, the hurricane resulted in six deaths and about $450,000 (1968 USD) in damage. In late June, Tropical Storm Candy brought minor flooding and spawned several tornadoes across portions of the Southern United States. Overall damage from the cyclone reached approximately $2.7 million. 1968 featured two simultaneously active tropical storms during the month of June, a phenomenon that would not occur again until 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gloria</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1985

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1954 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1953 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Carol</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 1954

Hurricane Carol was among the worst tropical cyclones on record to affect the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island in the United States. It developed from a tropical wave near the Bahamas on August 25, 1954, and slowly strengthened as it moved northwestward. On August 27, Carol intensified to reach winds of 105 mph (169 km/h), but weakened as its motion turned to a northwest drift. A strong trough of low pressure turned the hurricane northeastward, and Carol later intensified into a major hurricane. While paralleling the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States, the storm produced strong winds and rough seas that caused minor coastal flooding and slight damage to houses in North Carolina, Virginia, Washington, D.C., Delaware, and New Jersey. The well-organized hurricane accelerated north-northeastward and made landfall on eastern Long Island, New York, and then over eastern Connecticut on August 31 with sustained winds estimated at 110-mph and a barometric pressure near 956 mb. Carol later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over New Hampshire, on August 31, 1954.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ginny</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1963

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Helene (1958)</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1958

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Dot (1959)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 1959

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1933

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Doria</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1971

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Carrie (1972)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Carrie was a strong tropical storm that affected the East Coast of the United States in early September 1972. The third tropical cyclone of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season, Carrie formed on August 29 from a complex sequence of meteorological events starting with the emergence of a tropical wave into the Atlantic in the middle of August.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Daisy (1962)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1962

Hurricane Daisy brought the worst flooding to New England since Hurricane Diane in 1955. The fourth named storm and second hurricane of the 1962 Atlantic hurricane season, Daisy developed from a tropical disturbance located well east of the Leeward Islands on September 29. Initially a tropical depression, it headed west-northwestward and failed to strengthen significantly. While located a short distance from the Leeward Islands, the depression curved northwestward and began intensifying. On October 2, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Daisy. Around that time, the storm turned back to the west-northwest and continued to deepen. Daisy reached hurricane status late on October 3. Two days later, it became a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, but briefly weakened back to a Category 1 on October 6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane How</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1951

Hurricane How was the only tropical cyclone to make landfall on the United States in 1951. It was the eighth storm of the season, forming on September 28 in the northwest Caribbean and, after entering the Gulf of Mexico, turned eastward and became a tropical storm. The storm brought heavy rainfall to Florida, causing flooding and $2 million in damage. Tropical Storm How later became a hurricane, passing near the Outer Banks of North Carolina where it produced strong winds and high tides. A ship called the "Southern Isles" capsized off Cape Hatteras, killing 17 out of the crew of 23. Rains and high tides occurred in southeastern New England, before the hurricane moved out to sea and became extratropical.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Able (1952)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1952

Hurricane Able was the only hurricane to make landfall in the United States in the 1952 season. Forming on August 18 off the west coast of Africa, Able moved generally west- to west-northwestward for much of its duration. It was first observed by the Hurricane Hunters on August 25 to the north of the Lesser Antilles. Two days later, Able attained hurricane status, and on August 30 it turned sharply to the north-northwest in response to a cold front. The hurricane reached peak winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) just prior to moving ashore near Beaufort, South Carolina on August 31. Although it quickly weakened below hurricane force, Able maintained tropical storm force for almost two days over land, eventually dissipating over Maine on September 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Carol (1953)</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1953

Hurricane Carol was the strongest storm of the 1953 Atlantic hurricane season and the first Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin since the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane. Carol was also the first named storm to attain Category 5 status. Carol developed on August 28 off the west coast of Africa, although the Weather Bureau did not initiate advisories until five days later. On September 2, Carol attained hurricane status, based on a ship report. It moved northwestward, attaining peak winds of 160 mph (260 km/h), based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters. After weakening, it brushed Bermuda and turned northeastward near New England, passing west of Nova Scotia before making landfall near Saint John, New Brunswick on September 7. While crossing Atlantic Canada, Carol became an extratropical cyclone, which dissipated on September 9 southwest of Greenland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1869 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1869 Atlantic hurricane season was the earliest season in the Atlantic hurricane database in which there were at least ten tropical cyclones. Initially there were only three known storms in the year, but additional research uncovered the additional storms. Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates up to six storms may remain missing from the official database for each season in this era, due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines. All activity occurred in a three-month period between the middle of August and early October.

References

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  4. ↑ "Storm Warning Over Bahamas". Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune. Associated Press. September 7, 1954.
  5. ↑ "Hurricane Hears Carolina Coast, Virginia Capes". Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune. Associated Press. September 10, 1954.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. ↑ "Telephone Business Really Booms". Spokane Daily Chronicle. United Press. September 11, 1954. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  7. ↑ "Hew England Braces For Full Fury of Hurricane Edna". Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune. Associated Press. September 11, 1954.
  8. 1 2 3 "New England Ready for Date with Edna". The New London Day. Associated Press. September 11, 1954. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Hurricane Buffets East Coast". Albuquerque Tribune. Associated Press. September 11, 1954.
  10. ↑ Deane C. Avery (September 11, 1954). "Barometer Still Falling But Area Losing Slight". The New London Sun. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  11. ↑ Staff Writer (September 10, 1954). "Navy Evacuates Warships, Planes; Fleet Units at Norfolk Are Sent to Sea – Aircraft Ordered to Safe Havens". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "8 Lose Lives in Maine Storm". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Associated Press. September 12, 1954. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  13. ↑ Joseph T. Kelley; Orrin H. Pilkey; J. A. G. Cooper (2009). America's most vulnerable coastal communities. Geological Society of America. p. 84. ISBN   978-0-8137-2460-7.
  14. ↑ "North Carolina Suffers Little in New Storm". Lewiston Evening Journal. Associated Press. September 11, 1954. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Unpredictable Hurricane Edna Rages Along Atlantic Coast". Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. September 11, 1954. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
  16. 1 2 3 4 C.E. Rhodes (1955). North Atlantic Hurricanes and Disturbances – 1954. United States Weather Bureau. pp. 74, 170. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ U.S. Weather Bureau (October 26, 1954). "The Storm of September 11, 1954" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 "Northeast U.S. Grazed By 'Cane Edna". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press. September 12, 1954. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  19. ↑ United Press (September 11, 1954). "Hurricane Edna Pummels Areas Along East Coast; At Least 9 Persons Dead". The Bulletin. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Section 5.4.4: Risk Assessment — Hurricane". Suffolk County, New York. October 2008. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
  21. 1 2 David R. Vallee; Michael R. Dion. Hurricane Edna. Southern New England Tropical Storms and Hurricanes, A Ninety-eight Year Summary 1909–1997 (Report). Taunton, Massachusetts National Weather Service. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Wayne Cotterly (2002). "Hurricane Edna (1954)". Archived from the original on December 20, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  23. 1 2 "Railroad Tracks, Roads Crops Hit by Hurricane Edna". The Free Lance-Star. Associated Press. September 13, 1954. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Central Maine Gets More Rain Than Wind When Hit By Hurricane". The Lewiston Daily Sun. September 13, 1954. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  25. ↑ Emery W. Stevens (September 12, 1954). "Lewiston Gets Road Washouts". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  26. ↑ "260,000 N.E. Phones Knocked Out by Edna". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Associated Press. September 12, 1954. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  27. ↑ Chris Fogarty (March 2, 2004). "A Comparison of the Wind Fields in Hurricane Edna (1954) and Hurricane Juan (2003)" (PDF). Canadian Hurricane Centre . Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  28. 1 2 "1954-Edna". Environment Canada. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  29. ↑ "100 Conn. Phonemen Sent to Aid Maine". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Associated Press. September 12, 1954. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  30. ↑ "Edna Easier than Carol on Power and Telephone Lines". Lewiston Daily Sun. September 14, 1954. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  31. 1 2 "Maine Termed Disaster Area by President". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Associated Press. September 14, 1954. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  32. ↑ Bill Langzettel (September 12, 1954). "Cross-Muskie Main Battle Fight Today". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  33. ↑ Bill Langzettel (September 14, 1954). "Muskie Defeats Governor Cross". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Associated Press. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  34. 1 2 "Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  35. ↑ Report of the 1969 Interdepartmental Hurricane Warning Conference (Combined - Atlantic and Pacific) (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 1969. p. 17. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  36. ↑ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 1972. p. 101. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  37. ↑ White, E.B. (1954-09-25). "The Eye of Edna". The New Yorker. ISSN   0028-792X . Retrieved 2021-08-22.
Hurricane Edna
Edna 1954 surface weather analysis.png
Surface weather analysis of the storm nearing New England
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