The 1888 Atlantic hurricane season was significantly less active compared to the previous season, with two tropical storms, four hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. However, in the absence of modern satellites and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.[1]
The first cyclone of the season existed by 00:00UTC on June16 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, based on Brownsville, Texas, recording sustained winds of 28mph (45km/h).[2] Due to sparse observations, the system may have developed prior to this time, but was not detected. Centered about 200mi (320km) southeast of Galveston Island on July16, the cyclone moved west-northwestward and quickly strengthened, becoming a hurricane several hours later. It peaked with sustained winds of 80mph (130km/h) early on June17, and made landfall southwest of Bay City, Texas, over the eastern end of East Matagorda Bay around 06:00UTC. Turning to the northwest after landfall, it quickly degenerated into a tropical storm, gradually turning northward over time. The cyclone weakened into a tropical depression around 06:00UTC, and lost its identity just 12hours later near Waco, Texas.[3]
In Texas, the cyclone produced heavy rain, peaking at 6.4in (163mm) over a 16-hour period at Galveston. The highest measured winds reached 54mph (87km/h) in the city.[4] Along the coast of Texas, the lowest measured pressure was 1,005mbar (29.69inHg) at Corpus Christi, about 120mi (195km) southwest of the landfall location.[5] The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project estimated that the minimum central pressure in the storm was likely close to 985mbar (29.09inHg) at the time of landfall.[6] Operationally, the U.S. Signal Corps—predecessor to the U.S. Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service)—did not classify the system as an area of low pressure, and as such, it did not appear in the June 1888 track map of cyclones in the Monthly Weather Review, the official publication of the Signal Corps.[7] However, as early as June 17, The New York Times noted that a moderate storm was apparently approaching Texas.[8]
Based on a 1993reanalysis led by meteorologist C. J. Neumann,[2] the second tropical storm of the season originated about 200mi (320km) east of the mouth of the Rio Grande, on the Texas–Mexico border. It moved north-northwest, attaining its peak intensity of 60mph (95km/h) by 00:00 UTC on July 5. About 16 hours later, the moderate tropical storm made landfall at that intensity just east of Bay City—impacting the same region as the previous storm. The cyclone turned north and north-northeast after striking land, slowly weakening as it did so. By 12:00 UTC on July 6, the cyclone was last positioned over northwestern Cherokee County, Texas.[3] Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed the removal of this storm from HURDAT, finding "No evidence in land-based reports or from ships".[9]
In Texas, the storm produced peak winds of 42mph (68km/h) in Galveston, and the lowest measured pressure was 1,008mbar (29.78inHg) in the city.[10] Like the preceding storm, the cyclone produced heavy rain over parts of Texas, especially in the Palestine area in Anderson County. In this area, a shower of pebbles, each ranging from 1⁄8–1⁄4in (3.2–6.3mm) in diameter and irregularly shaped, was reported to have occurred,[11] possibly due to a tornado or waterspout that touched down at an unknown distance from Palestine.[12]
This system was first detected by 12:00UTC on August14, while centered about 100mi (160km) north-northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Moving west-northwestward, the storm intensified into a hurricane about 24hours later. It made landfall on Cat Island in The Bahamas and then Andros Island on August16. As it approached southeast Florida, the storm strengthened into the equivalence of a major hurricane—Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale—and peaked with winds of 125mph (205km/h) and a barometric pressure of 945mbar (27.9inHg) by 12:00UTC on August16. Around 19:00UTC, it made landfall just north of present-day Miami Beach at peak intensity. The cyclone weakened over land and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico near Cayo Costa on August17 as a Category1 hurricane. However, the hurricane attained a second peak intensity of 110mph (175km/h) early on August18 as it turned westward. While nearing the Gulf Coast, the storm curved northwestward and then north-northwestward. Around 16:00UTC on August19, the cyclone struck near Cocodrie, as a strong Category2 hurricane. Turning northward after moving inland, the hurricane weakened to a strong tropical storm late on August20, near Greenville, Mississippi, before curving to the northeast. Little more than a day later, it passed over New England before becoming extratropical by 12:00UTC on August22. The extratropical remnants crossed Atlantic Canada before dissipating over the Labrador Sea on August24.[3]
In the Bahamas, the hurricane damaged fruit trees, crops, and fences, especially on the Abaco Islands, Harbour Island, and New Providence.[13] Despite South Florida at the time being sparsely-populated, widespread damage occurred as far north as Sebastian.[14] The highest wind reported in South Florida was 60mph (95km/h) at Jupiter,[15] and the heaviest rainfall was 2.02in (51mm) at that location.[16] Farther north, winds at Sebastian Inlet were estimated at 75mph (120km/h), downing trees and telegraph poles, beaching many small boats, and causing local fruit groves "several thousand dollars" in damage.[14][17] Additionally, the hurricane reportedly produced a storm surge of 14ft (4.3m) near Miami.[14] In the Big Bend region of Florida, several yachts to capsized at Cedar Key. Winds in Pensacola peaked at 60mph (95km/h), badly damaging local property.[17] Slightly lesser winds in Mobile, Alabama,[16] prostrated trees and fences, and deroofed a few homes.[18] Flooding from the storm surge inundated the waterfront to a depth of 3ft (0.91m) and areas as far as two to three blocks inland from the Mobile River.[17][18] Along the Mississippi River Delta, the storm produced severe flooding.[14] Rainfall in New Orleans totaled 7.9in (201mm) over a 12-hour period, and winds in the city reached an estimated 90mph (145km/h),[16] unroofing many buildings, felling numerous trees, and blowing down fences. In many areas, strong winds downed at least one-third of the timber, and damage to rice, sugarcane, corn, and cotton crops was significant.[17][18] The storm produced heavy rainfall and high winds along much of its path across the Mississippi Valley, the Mid-Atlantic states, and the Northeastern United States.[16]
The steamship Jamaica first encountered this system on August31 about 150mi (240km) northeast of Sombrero, an outlying island of Anguilla.[2] Initially a tropical storm, the system strengthened to a hurricane later that day. The storm intensified further, reaching Category2 intensity prior to striking the Turks and Caicos Islands around 18:00UTC on September2. About 24hours later, the cyclone peaked as a Category3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 125mph (205km/h). On September4, the storm made landfall along the coast of modern-day Villa Clara Province. Weakening to a Category1 hurricane by early on the following day, the system turned southwestward over Cuba and remained over land until emerging into the Yucatán Channel several hours later. The hurricane then crossed the channel and made landfall near the northeastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula on September6. After weakening to a tropical storm, it briefly re-strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane while moving southwestward in the Bay of Campeche. Thereafter, the storm weakened back to a Category1 prior to its landfall near Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, early on September8 and soon dissipated.[3]
Although the storm remained well north of Puerto Rico, heavy rainfall caused flooding that killed more than 100people, 30of them in Ponce after the Portugués River overflowed. The main bridge in Ponce collapsed, while crops and cattle suffered major impacts. Due to the effects in Puerto Rico, the storm was compared to Hurricane Donna in 1960.[19] On the Turks and Caicos Islands, almost every dwelling experienced some degree of damage, while the hurricane flattened over 250homes owned by peasants. More than 400,000bushels of salt were ruined. A total of 21people died on the Turks and Caicos Islands. Meteorologist Ivan Ray Tannehill stated in 1938 that "Whole towns along coast of Cuba swept out of existence by gigantic waves." generated by this storm. Extreme damage to tobacco plantations, farms, homes,[20] and buildings occurred in the four westernmost provinces, including in major cities.[2] The Vuelta Abajo region alone reported the destruction of virtually all tobacco crops and more than 3,000homes, leaving about 10,000people homeless.[21] In Havana, few public buildings escaped damage and massive trees felled, with some being blown several blocks away, while downed street lamps left most of the city dark. Waves capsized many barges and left the northern sections of Havana inundated and only accessible via boats.[22] Damage in Cuba exceeded $1million,[20] while approximately 800people died on the island. In Mexico, the storm produced heavy rainfall in the vicinity of Veracruz. Three vessels were beached, while a bark and schooner collided.[2] Overall, the hurricane caused 921fatalities.[23]
Based on a 1993 reanalysis led by meteorologist C. J. Neumann,[2] the official track begins on September6 about 110mi (175km) north of Turks and Caicos Islands. Trekking west-northwestward, the system passed through the northern Bahamas on September7. Around 00:00UTC the next day, the system made landfall near present-day Palm Beach, Florida, with winds of 50mph (85km/h). After drifting while just north of Tampa, the cyclone turned northeastward.[3] Despite the system moving over land, it peaked with winds of 60mph (95km/h) early on September9 while passing near Cedar Key,[3] which observed a barometric pressure of 999mbar (29.5inHg).[2] The storm reached Maryland before becoming extratropical on September11. Continuing northeastward, the remnants crossed the Northeastern United States and entered Atlantic Canada before dissipating over southern New Brunswick on the next day.[3]
Across the Southeastern United States, the storm deposited heavy rainfall from Florida through southern Virginia, including a peak total of 11.70in (297mm) in Greenwood, South Carolina.[24] In Florida, a few locations observed sustained tropical storm-force winds, including 48mph (75km/h) in Titusville and 60mph (95km/h) in Cedar Key. According to a 1960report by Gordon E. Dunn and Banner I. Miller, the cyclone caused "considerable damage at Micco."[2] Precipitation in Virginia ended a four-month drought in the state's Southside region. However, floodwaters inundated many corn and tobacco fields.[25] Farther east, the storm ruined crops and toppled some trees and buildings in Isle of Wight, Nansemond, and Southampton counties. The East Coast of the United States experienced gales as far north as Boston, Massachusetts.[2]
The track for this storm begins about 30mi (50km) south of Marathon, Florida, on September23,[3] one day before ships first reported a cyclone near the state.[2] Moving northeastward, the storm struck the northern Florida Keys shortly thereafter. By early on September26, the system intensified into a hurricane with sustained winds of 80mph (130km/h),[3] based on Nantucket, Massachusetts, recording a barometric pressure of 985mbar (29.1inHg).[2][26] Around 13:00UTC, the hurricane made landfall near Chatham, Massachusetts, at that intensity. The system weakened to a tropical storm later on September26 and then struck near Roque Bluffs, Maine, shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. On the following day, the extratropical remnants dissipated over eastern New Brunswick.[3]
Parts of coastal New England reported tropical storm-force winds, including sustained winds of 60mph (95km/h) at Block Island, Rhode Island; Boston, Massachusetts; and Eastport, Maine.[2] Several yachts at a club in Providence, Rhode Island, suffered damage, including about $1,000 to the Stilo.[27] A number of vessels also capsized or wrecked along the coasts of Massachusetts and Maine.[28] On land in the former, the storm flooded some homes in Everett and cellars near the Highland branch railway and caused a washout along a railway between Sagamore and Sandwich.[29] Winds downed many telegraph and telephone lines and toppled some trees or stripped many of their foliage in Boston. Heavy rainfalls left roads impassible in many places. However, damage in Boston overall was slight.[30]
A tropical storm existed over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on October8, according to Tannehill's 1938reanalysis.[2] By the following day, the system strengthened into a hurricane and then reached Category2 status on October10. The hurricane then reached peak intensity early on October11 with winds of 110mph (175km/h) and a minimum pressure of 970mbar (29inHg) around the time it struck just north of Cedar Key, Florida,[3] based on local storm surge observations.[26] In less than six hours after landfall, the cyclone traversed the Florida peninsula and emerged into the Atlantic near Jacksonville, albeit as a much weaker storm. Continuing to weaken after reaching the Atlantic, the system fell to tropical storm intensity prior to making another landfall near present-day Oak Island, North Carolina. The storm re-emerged into the Atlantic east of Elizabeth City early on October12 and continued northeastward until curving east-northeastward near the eastern tip of Long Island, New York. Several hours later, the system was last noted near the Gulf of Maine.[3]
Cedar Key, Florida, observed sustained wind speeds as high as 75mph (120km/h). Tides there reportedly rose by 9ft (2.7m) in 30minutes, flooding low-lying streets and forcing many people to evacuate their homes. Damage on Cedar Key was estimated at $5,000,[2] while nine people drowned.[14] Although downtown Jacksonville only reported sustained winds of 38mph (61km/h), the storm destroyed the Beach House Hotel on nearby Fort George Island.[31] Several locations in North Florida and South Georgia reported rainfall amounts up to 2in (51mm).[32] Sustained winds up to 50mph (80km/h) in Savannah, Georgia,[2] caused the streets to be littered with tree branches and downed some electrical wires.[32] In North Carolina, the storm produced 5-minute sustained winds of 60mph (95km/h) at Wilmington.[33] Farther north, at least one location in New England reported tropical storm-force winds –52mph (84km/h) on Block Island, Rhode Island.[2]
Tropical Storm Eight
Tropical storm(SSHWS)
Duration
November 1– November 8
Peak intensity
60mph (95km/h) (1-min);
Based on the 1938reanalysis by Tannehill,[2] this storm was first detected about halfway between Barbados and Tobago on November1. After initially moving northwestward, the storm turned northward, striking or passing near Saint Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, and Guadeloupe throughout that day and into November2. Two days later, the cyclone turned northeastward while located north of the Leeward Islands and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60mph (95km/h). The storm was last noted late on November8 roughly 600mi (965km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland,[3] due to likely being absorbed by an extratropical system.[2]
Although the storm passed through the Lesser Antilles between November1 and November2, only Martinique reported any noteworthy impacts. Heavy rains on the island overflowed rivers and caused rockslides that blocked or damaged some roads. Large waves generated by the storm at Saint-Pierre harbor damaged two barges.[34]
The Spanish brig Concha Ballester immediately after the passing of the vortex of a cyclone, on November 23, 1888, at 4 pm
The steamships Ascania and Mozart first encountered a tropical storm on November17 to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles.[2] Moving generally west-northwestward for about a week, the cyclone intensified into a hurricane by late on November20, before reaching Category2 status on November23. The storm then curved northeastward on the next day and remained just offshore North Carolina.[3] A schooner known as the Morancy recorded a barometric pressure of 982mbar (29.0inHg) on November25, the lowest associated with the storm when it as a tropical cyclone. However, several hours later, the system became extratropical about 115mi (185km) east of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.[2] The extratropical cyclone continued northeastward, striking Nova Scotia at hurricane-equivalent intensity on November28 and then turning east-northeastward, crossing Newfoundland on November30. By December2, the extratropical storm was last noted well north of the Azores.[3]
The hurricane and its extratropical remnants produced high winds across the East Coast of the United States from North Carolina northward.[33] In Virginia, Norfolk and Cape Henry recorded 5-minute sustained wind speeds of 50mph (80km/h) and 72mph (116km/h), respectively, downing telegraph wires in the former. With cold air enveloping the storm as it underwent extratropical transition, snow fell across parts of Virginia and Washington, D.C..[25]The Boston Daily Globe described the storm as "twin brother of the March blizzard" in New Jersey and New York due to rain, sleet, snow, and winds downing many telegraph and telephone wires and impacting shipping.[35] The system produced sustained winds in New England as high as 84mph (135km/h) at Block Island, Rhode Island.[2] In Massachusetts, many downed trees and flooded basements in the suburbs of Boston.[36] A few towns such as Braintree, Gloucester, and Quincy reported structural damage and downed communications lines.[37][38][39] One person died in South Braintree after winds felled a signal mast.[40] Offshore, maritime incidents related to the storm drowned at least 15people.[41] Much of Nova Scotia experienced severe gales, but no major damage.[42]
Other storms
Chenoweth proposed six other storms not currently listed in HURDAT:[9]
June 25 to June 28, peaked as a tropical storm
August 19 to August 24, peaked as a tropical storm
September 5 to September 12, peaked as a tropical storm
September 16 to September 20, peaked as a tropical storm
October 1 to October 8, peaked as a tropical storm
October 13 to October 18, peaked as a subtropical storm
The 1966 Atlantic hurricane season saw the Weather Bureau office in Miami, Florida, be designated as the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and assume responsibility of tropical cyclone forecasting in the basin. The season officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was an above-average season in terms of tropical storms, with a total of 15. The first system, Hurricane Alma, developed over eastern Nicaragua on June 4 and became a rare major hurricane in the month of June. Alma brought severe flooding to Honduras and later to Cuba, but caused relatively minor impact in the Southeastern United States. Alma resulted in 90 deaths and about $210 million (1966 USD) in damage.
The 1976 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly average Atlantic hurricane season in which 21 tropical or subtropical cyclones formed. 10 of them became nameable storms. Six of those reached hurricane strength, with two of the six becoming major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the first system, a subtropical storm, developed in the Gulf of Mexico on May 21, several days before the official start of the season. The system spawned nine tornadoes in Florida, resulting in about $628,000 (1976 USD) in damage, though impact was minor otherwise.
The 1947 Atlantic hurricane season was the first Atlantic hurricane season to have tropical storms labeled by the United States Air Force. The season officially began on June 16, 1947, and ended on November 1, 1947. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the first tropical cyclone developed on June 13, while the final system was absorbed by a cold front on December 1. There were 10 tropical storms; 5 of them attained hurricane status, while two became major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. Operationally, the third tropical storm was considered two separate tropical cyclones, resulting in the storm receiving two names. The eighth tropical storm went undetected and was not listed in HURDAT until 2014.
The 1946 Atlantic hurricane season resulted in no fatalities in the United States. The season officially began on June 15, 1946, and lasted until November 15, 1946. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the first storm, developed in the Gulf of Mexico on June 13, while the final system dissipated just offshore Florida on November 3. There were seven tropical storms; three of them attained hurricane status, while none intensified into major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. This had not occurred since 1940 and would not again until 1968. Operationally, the fifth tropical storm, which existed near the Azores in early October, was not considered a tropical cyclone but was added to HURDAT in 2014.
The 1942 Atlantic hurricane season was one of seven seasons to feature multiple hurricane landfalls in Texas. The season officially lasted from June 16, 1942, to October 31, 1942. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. A total of 11 tropical storms from 1943 are listed in the Atlantic hurricane database, with two additional tropical depressions. The first system of the year, a tropical depression, developed over the central Gulf of Mexico on June 3, while the last system, the Belize hurricane, dissipated over the Yucatán Peninsula on November 11. After the depression dissipated on June 3, the season remained dormant until the next system developed two months later. In mid-August, a hurricane struck Texas, causing about $790,000 (1942 USD) in damage.
The 1935 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-normal hurricane season. Altogether, ten tropical cyclones developed, eight of which intensified into tropical storms. Five of those tropical storms strengthened into hurricanes, while three of those reached major hurricane intensity. The season ran from June 1 through November 15, 1935.
The 1932 Atlantic hurricane season featured several powerful storms, including the Cuba hurricane, which remains the deadliest tropical cyclone in the history of Cuba and among the most intense to strike the island nation. It was a relatively active season, with fifteen known storms, six hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. However, tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes, especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration, may have remained undetected. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable. The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project discovered four new tropical cyclones, all of which were tropical storms, that occurred during the year. Two storms attained Category 5 intensity, the first known occurrence in which multiple Category 5 hurricanes formed in the same year. The season's first cyclone developed on May 5, while the last remaining system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by November 13.
The 1929 Atlantic hurricane season was a near average season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy, but is among the least active Atlantic hurricane seasons on record in terms of storms forming, with only five tropical cyclones forming. Three of them intensified into a hurricane, with one strengthening further into a major hurricane. The first tropical cyclone of the season developed in the Gulf of Mexico on June 27. Becoming a hurricane on June 28, the storm struck Texas, bringing strong winds to a large area. Three fatalities were reported, while damage was conservatively estimated at $675,000 (1929 USD).
The 1927 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively inactive season, with eight tropical storms, four of which became hurricanes. One of these became a major hurricane – Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on August 13, while the final cyclone, a tropical storm, merged with a cold front on November 21. No hurricane made landfall in the United States, in contrast to the four that struck the U.S. in the previous season.
The 1921 Atlantic hurricane season was an active hurricane season, with 12 tropical cyclones forming. Among them, seven became tropical storms, of which five strengthened into hurricanes. Furthermore, two of these strengthened into a major hurricane, Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, the most since the 1917 season. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on June 1, while the last, a tropical storm, dissipated on November 25. Of note, three tropical cyclones co-existed with another during the season.
The 1916 Atlantic hurricane season was an extremely active Atlantic hurricane season, featuring eighteen tropical cyclones, of which nine made landfall in the United States, the most in one season until 2020, when eleven struck. The first storm appeared on May 13 south of Cuba, while the final tropical storm became an extratropical cyclone over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on November 15. Of the 18 tropical cyclones forming that season, 15 intensified into a tropical storm, the second-most at the time, behind only 1887. Ten of the tropical storms intensified into a hurricane, while five of those became a major hurricane. The early 20th century lacked modern forecasting tools such as satellite imagery and documentation, and thus, the hurricane database from these years may be incomplete.
The 1915 Atlantic hurricane season was an active Atlantic hurricane season in which six tropical storms developed. The first storm, which remained a tropical depression, appeared on April 29 near the Bahamas, while the final system, also a tropical depression, was absorbed by an extratropical cyclone well south of Newfoundland on October 22. Of the six tropical storms, five intensified into a hurricane, of which three further strengthened into a major hurricane. Four of the hurricanes made landfall in the United States. The early 20th century lacked modern forecasting and documentation, and thus, the hurricane database from these years may be incomplete.
The 1912 Atlantic hurricane season was an average hurricane season that featured the first recorded November major hurricane. There were eleven tropical cyclones, seven of which became tropical storms; four of those strengthened into hurricanes, and one reached major hurricane intensity. The season's first cyclone developed on April 4, while the final dissipated on November 21. The season's most intense and most devastating tropical cyclone was the final storm, known as the Jamaica hurricane. It produced heavy rainfall on Jamaica, leading to at least 100 fatalities and about $1.5 million (1912 USD) in damage. The storm was also blamed for five deaths in Cuba.
The 1904 Atlantic hurricane season featured no tropical cyclones during the months of July and August. The season's first cyclone was initially observed in the southwestern Caribbean on June 10. After this storm dissipated on June 14, the next was not detected until September 8. The sixth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone offshore South Carolina on November 4. Two of the six tropical cyclones existed simultaneously.
The 1903 Atlantic hurricane season featured seven hurricanes, the most in an Atlantic hurricane season since 1893. The first tropical cyclone was initially observed in the western Atlantic Ocean near Puerto Rico on July 21. The tenth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone well northwest of the Azores on November 25. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Six of the ten tropical cyclones existed simultaneously.
The 1901 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active season without a major hurricane – tropical cyclones that reach at least Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – until 2013. The first system was initially observed in the northeastern Caribbean on June 11. The fourteenth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone near Bermuda on November 5. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Eight of the fourteen tropical cyclones existed simultaneously.
The 1893 Atlantic hurricane season featured the only known instance of more than one tropical cyclone causing at least 1,000 deaths in the United States. It was a fairly active season, with 12 tropical storms forming, 10 of which became hurricanes. Of those, five became major hurricanes. The season is considered hyper-active in terms of accumulated cyclone energy, achieving a total of 231 units, which remains the third-highest ever recorded in the Atlantic basin. Additionally, 1893 became one of two seasons on record to see four Atlantic hurricanes active simultaneously, along with 1998. In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. The first system was initially observed on June 12 in the Bay of Campeche, while the twelfth and final storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 9 over the northwestern Atlantic.
The 1889 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively quiet season, with nine tropical storms and six hurricanes and no major hurricanes. However, due to scarce technology and the fact that only storms that affected populated land or ships were recorded, the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.
The 1880 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and fall of 1880. This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. In the 1880 Atlantic season there were two tropical storms, seven hurricanes, and two major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1880 cyclones, Hurricane Six was first documented in 1995 by José Fernández-Partagás and Henry Díaz. They also proposed large changes to the known tracks of several other storms for this year and 're-instated' Hurricane Ten to the database. A preliminary reanalysis by Michael Chenoweth, published in 2014, found thirteen storms, nine hurricanes, and four major hurricanes.
The 1885 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1885. This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. In 1885 there were two tropical storms and six hurricanes in the Atlantic basin. However, in the absence of modern satellite monitoring and remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.
References
↑ Landsea, C. W. (2004). "The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database". In Murname, R. J.; Liu, K.-B. (eds.). Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.177–221. ISBN978-0-231-12388-4.
↑ United States Army Corps of Engineers (1945). Storm Total Rainfall In The United States. War Department. p.SA 3–2.
1 2 Roth, David M.; Cobb, Hugh (July 16, 2001). "Late Nineteenth Century Virginia Hurricanes". Virginia Hurricane History. Weather Prediction Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
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