Labrador Sea

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Labrador Sea
Labrador-sea-paamiut.jpg
Past sunset at Labrador Sea, off the coast of Paamiut, Greenland
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Red pog.svg
Labrador Sea
Labrador sea map.png
Coordinates 61°N56°W / 61°N 56°W / 61; -56 (Labrador Sea)
Type Sea
Basin  countries Canada and Greenland
Max. lengthc. 1,000 km (621 mi)
Max. widthc. 900 km (559 mi)
Surface area841,000 km2 (324,700 sq mi)
Average depth1,898 m (6,227 ft)
Max. depth4,316 m (14,160 ft)
References [1] [2]

The Labrador Sea (French : mer du Labrador; Danish : Labradorhavet) is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland. The sea is flanked by continental shelves to the southwest, northwest, and northeast. It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait. [3] It is a marginal sea of the Atlantic. [4] [5]

Contents

The sea formed upon separation of the North American Plate and Greenland Plate that started about 60 million years ago and stopped about 40 million years ago. It contains one of the world's largest turbidity current channel systems, the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel (NAMOC), that runs for thousands of kilometers along the sea bottom toward the Atlantic Ocean.

The Labrador Sea is a major source of the North Atlantic Deep Water, a cold water mass that flows at great depth along the western edge of the North Atlantic.

Map showing the Labrador Sea according to the IHO definition Labrador Sea in its region.svg
Map showing the Labrador Sea according to the IHO definition

History

The Labrador Sea formed upon separation of the North American Plate and Greenland Plate that started about 60 million years ago (Paleocene) and stopped about 40 million years ago. [2] A sedimentary basin, which is now buried under the continental shelves, formed during the Cretaceous. [2] Onset of magmatic sea-floor spreading was accompanied by volcanic eruptions of picrites and basalts in the Paleocene at the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay. [2]

Between about 500 BC and 1300 AD, the southern coast of the sea contained Dorset, Beothuk, and Inuit settlements; Dorset tribes were later replaced by Thule people. [6]

Extent

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The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Labrador Sea as follows: [7]

On the North: the South limit of Davis Strait [The parallel of 60° North between Greenland and Labrador].

On the East: a line from Cape St. Francis 47°45′N52°27′W / 47.750°N 52.450°W / 47.750; -52.450 (Cape St. Francis) (Newfoundland) to Cape Farewell (Greenland).

On the West: the East Coast of Labrador and Newfoundland and the Northeast limit of the Gulf of St. Lawrence – a line running from Cape Bauld (North point of Kirpon Island, 51°40′N55°25′W / 51.667°N 55.417°W / 51.667; -55.417 (Cape Bauld) ) to the East extreme of Belle Isle and on to the Northeast Ledge ( 52°02′N55°15′W / 52.033°N 55.250°W / 52.033; -55.250 (Belle Isle) ). Thence a line joining this ledge with the East extreme of Cape St. Charles (52°13'N) in Labrador.

Natural Resources Canada uses a slightly different definition, putting the northern boundary of the Labrador Sea on a straight line from a headland on Killiniq Island abutting Lady Job Harbour to Cape Farewell. [8]

Oceanography

Major North Atlantic currents LabradorCurrentus-coastguard.jpg
Major North Atlantic currents

The Labrador Sea is about 3,400 m (1,859 fathoms ; 11,155 feet ) deep and 1,000 km (621 miles ; 540 nautical miles ) wide where it joins the Atlantic Ocean. It becomes shallower, to less than 700 m (383 fathoms; 2,297 ft) towards Baffin Bay (see depth map) and passes into the 300 km (190 mi; 160 nmi) wide Davis Strait. [2] A 100–200 m (55–109 fathoms; 330–660 ft) deep turbidity current channel system, which is about 2–5 km (1.2–3.1 mi; 1.1–2.7 nmi) wide and 3,800 km (2,400 mi; 2,100 nmi) long, runs on the bottom of the sea, near its center from the Hudson Strait into the Atlantic. [9] [10] It is called the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel (NAMOC) and is one of the world's longest drainage systems of Pleistocene age. [11] It appears as a submarine river bed with numerous tributaries and is maintained by high-density turbidity currents flowing within the levees. [12]

The water temperature varies between −1 °C (30 °F) in winter and 5–6 °C (41–43 °F) in summer. The salinity is relatively low, at 31–34.9 parts per thousand. Two-thirds of the sea is covered in ice in winter. Tides are semi-diurnal (i.e. occur twice a day), reaching 4 m (2.2 fathoms; 13 ft). [1]

There is an anticlockwise water circulation in the sea. It is initiated by the East Greenland Current and continued by the West Greenland Current, which brings warmer, more saline waters northwards, along the Greenland coasts up to the Baffin Bay. Then, the Baffin Island Current and Labrador Current transport cold and less saline water southward along the Canadian coast. These currents carry numerous icebergs and therefore hinder navigation and exploration of the gas fields beneath the sea bed. [3] [13] The speed of the Labrador current is typically 0.3–0.5 m/s (0.98–1.64 ft/s), but can reach 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s) in some areas, [14] whereas the Baffin Current is somewhat slower at about 0.2 m/s (0.66 ft/s). [15] The Labrador Current maintains the water temperature at 0 °C (32 °F) and salinity between 30 and 34 parts per thousand. [16]

The sea provides a significant part of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) — a cold water mass that flows at great depth along the western edge of the North Atlantic, spreading out to form the largest identifiable water mass in the World Ocean. [17] The NADW consists of three parts of different origin and salinity, and the top one, the Labrador Sea Water (LSW), is formed in the Labrador Sea. This part occurs at a medium depth and has a relatively low salinity (34.84–34.89 parts per thousand), low temperature (3.3–3.4 °C (37.9–38.1 °F)) and high oxygen content compared to the layers above and below it. LSW also has a relatively low vorticity, i.e. the tendency to form vortices, than any other water in North Atlantic that reflects its high homogeneity. It has a potential density of 27.76–27.78 mg/cm3 relatively to the surface layers, meaning it is denser, and thus sinks under the surface and remains homogeneous and unaffected by the surface fluctuations. [18]

Fauna

The northern and western parts of the Labrador Sea are covered in ice between December and June. This drift ice serves as a breeding ground for several types of pinnipeds (including Atlantic walrus and bearded, grey, harbor, harp, hooded and ringed seals). Several cetacean species feed in these abundant waters in early spring, including blue, fin, humpback, long-finned pilot, minke, North Atlantic right, sei and sperm whales. [19] The sea contains one of the two primary populations of sei whales, the other being the Scotian Shelf. [20] Pods of beluga (white) whales are more common further to the north, west and south (notably in Baffin Bay, where their population reaches around 20,000 animals), and further afield in Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. While somewhat rarer in the Labrador Sea—especially since the 1950s— [21] some sightings still take place. [22] Additionally, pods of orca are drawn to the sea by the large shoals of fish, as well as the many marine mammal species they may hunt (including other cetaceans and pinnipeds), such as harbour porpoise and Atlantic white-sided, common, striped and white-beaked dolphins. [19]

The sea is also a feeding-ground for Atlantic salmon. Shrimp fisheries began in 1978, intensifying by 2000, in addition to cod fishing. However, by the 1990s, the cod fishing had already depleted the fishes' population near the Labrador and West Greenland banks, and was therefore halted in 1992. [13] Other fishery targets include haddock, Atlantic herring, lobster, several species of flatfish, and pelagic fish, such as sand lance and capelin. They are most abundant in the southern parts of the sea. [23]

Close up of a Labrador tea flower Labrador Tea flower.jpg
Close up of a Labrador tea flower

The Labrador duck was a common bird on the Canadian coast until the 19th century, but is now extinct. [24] Other coastal animals include the Labrador wolf (Canis lupus labradorius), [25] [26] woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), moose (Alces alces), black bear (Ursus americanus), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), wolverine (G. gulo), American mink (Neogale vison), North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), grouse (Dendragapus spp.), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), raven (Corvus corax), ducks, geese, swans, partridge and pheasant. [27] [28] Occasionally, coastal polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sightings occur along the sea, mainly further north but sometimes as far south as Conception Bay and the mouth of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. [29]

Flora

Coastal vegetation includes black spruce (Picea mariana), tamarack, white spruce (P. glauca), dwarf birch (Betula spp.), aspen, willow (Salix spp.), ericaceous shrubs ( Ericaceae ), cottongrass (Eriophorum spp.), sedge (Carex spp.), lichens and moss. [28] Evergreen bushes of Labrador tea, which is used to make herbal teas, are common in the area, both on the Greenland and Canadian coasts. [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Atlantic Deep Water</span> Deep water mass formed in the North Atlantic Ocean

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is a deep water mass formed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Thermohaline circulation of the world's oceans involves the flow of warm surface waters from the southern hemisphere into the North Atlantic. Water flowing northward becomes modified through evaporation and mixing with other water masses, leading to increased salinity. When this water reaches the North Atlantic, it cools and sinks through convection, due to its decreased temperature and increased salinity resulting in increased density. NADW is the outflow of this thick deep layer, which can be detected by its high salinity, high oxygen content, nutrient minima, high 14C/12C, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hudson Strait</span> Strait connecting the Atlantic Ocean to Hudson Bay in Canada

Hudson Strait in Nunavut links the Atlantic Ocean and the Labrador Sea to Hudson Bay in Canada. This strait lies between Baffin Island and Nunavik, with its eastern entrance marked by Cape Chidley in Newfoundland and Labrador and Nunavut and Resolution Island, off Baffin Island. The strait is about 750 km (470 mi) long with an average width of 125 km (78 mi), varying from 70 km (43 mi) at the eastern entrance to 240 km (150 mi) at Deception Bay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf of St. Lawrence</span> Outlet of the North American Great Lakes via the St. Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean

The Gulf of St. Lawrence fringes the shores of the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada, plus the islands Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, possessions of France, in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean current</span> Directional mass flow of oceanic water

An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. Ocean currents move both horizontally, on scales that can span entire oceans, as well as vertically, with vertical currents playing an important role in the movement of nutrients and gases, such as carbon dioxide, between the surface and the deep ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baffin Bay</span> Marginal sea between Greenland and Baffin Island, Canada

Baffin Bay, located between Baffin Island and the west coast of Greenland, is defined by the International Hydrographic Organization as a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is sometimes considered a sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is connected to the Atlantic via Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea. The narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean. The bay is not navigable most of the year because of the ice cover and high density of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas. However, a polynya of about 80,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi), known as the North Water, opens in summer on the north near Smith Sound. Most of the aquatic life of the bay is concentrated near that region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Davis Strait</span> Water between Greenland and Canada

The Davis Strait is a southern arm of the Arctic Ocean that lies north of the Labrador Sea. It lies between mid-western Greenland and Baffin Island in Nunavut, Canada. To the north is Baffin Bay. The strait was named for the English explorer John Davis (1550–1605), who explored the area while seeking a Northwest Passage. By the 1650s it was used for whale hunting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Greenland Current</span> Current from Fram Strait to Cape Farewell off the eastern coat of Greenland

The East Greenland Current (EGC) is a cold, low-salinity current that extends from Fram Strait (~80N) to Cape Farewell (~60N). The current is located off the eastern coast of Greenland along the Greenland continental margin. The current cuts through the Nordic Seas and through the Denmark Strait. The current is of major importance because it directly connects the Arctic to the Northern Atlantic, it is a major contributor to sea ice export out of the Arctic, and it is a major freshwater sink for the Arctic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labrador Current</span> Cold current in the Atlantic ocean along the coasts of Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia

The Labrador Current is a cold current in the North Atlantic Ocean which flows from the Arctic Ocean south along the coast of Labrador and passes around Newfoundland, continuing south along the east coast of Canada near Nova Scotia. Near Nova Scotia, this cold water current meets the warm northward moving Gulf Stream. The combination of these two currents produces heavy fogs and has also created one of the richest fishing grounds in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nares Strait</span> Canadian/Danish strait

Nares Strait is a waterway between Ellesmere Island and Greenland that connects the northern part of Baffin Bay in the Atlantic Ocean with the Lincoln Sea in the Arctic Ocean. From south to north, the strait includes Smith Sound, Kane Basin, Kennedy Channel, Hall Basin and Robeson Channel. Nares Strait has a nearly permanent current from the north, powered by the Beaufort Gyre, making it harder to traverse for ships coming from the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lincoln Sea</span> Body of water in the Arctic Ocean

Lincoln Sea is a body of water in the Arctic Ocean, stretching from Cape Columbia, Canada, in the west to Cape Morris Jesup, Greenland, in the east. The northern limit is defined as the great circle line between those two headlands. It is covered with sea ice throughout the year, the thickest sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, which can be up to 15 m (49 ft) thick. Water depths range from 100 m (330 ft) to 300 m (980 ft). Water and ice from Lincoln Sea empty into Robeson Channel, the northernmost part of Nares Strait, most of the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador</span>

Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province in Canada. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two geographical regions, Labrador and the island of Newfoundland. The province also includes over seven thousand small islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecozone</span> Canadian marine ecozone

The Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecozone, as defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), is a Canadian marine ecozone forming a transitional region between the cold northern waters of the Arctic Ocean and the more temperate waters in its southern extent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of oceanography</span> Hierarchical outline list of articles related to oceanography

The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to Oceanography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arctic Ocean</span> Ocean in the north polar region

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions. It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km2 (5,430,000 sq mi) and is the coldest of the world's oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea. It has also been described as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing world ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bowhead whale</span> Baleen whale endemic to the Arctic

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Spitsbergen Current</span> Warm, salty current that runs poleward just west of Spitsbergen

The West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) is a warm, salty current that runs poleward just west of Spitsbergen,, in the Arctic Ocean. The WSC branches off the Norwegian Atlantic Current in the Norwegian Sea. The WSC is of importance because it drives warm and salty Atlantic Water into the interior Arctic. The warm and salty WSC flows north through the eastern side of Fram Strait, while the East Greenland Current (EGC) flows south through the western side of Fram Strait. The EGC is characterized by being very cold and low in salinity, but above all else it is a major exporter of Arctic sea ice. Thus, the EGC combined with the warm WSC makes the Fram Strait the northernmost ocean area having ice-free conditions throughout the year in all of the global ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borders of the oceans</span> Limits of Earths oceanic waters

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labrador Sea Water</span> Water mass formed by convective processes in the Labrador Sea

Labrador Sea Water is an intermediate water mass characterized by cold water, relatively low salinity compared to other intermediate water masses, and high concentrations of both oxygen and anthropogenic tracers. It is formed by convective processes in the Labrador Sea located between Greenland and the northeast coast of the Labrador Peninsula. Deep convection in the Labrador Sea allows colder water to sink forming this water mass, which is a contributor to the upper layer of North Atlantic Deep Water. North Atlantic Deep Water flowing southward is integral to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The Labrador Sea experiences a net heat loss to the atmosphere annually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estuary of St. Lawrence</span> Body of water at the mouth of the St. Lawrence river, in Quebec, Canada

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Arctic Rift System</span> North American geological structure

The Canadian Arctic Rift System is a major North American geological structure extending from the Labrador Sea in the southeast through Davis Strait, Baffin Bay and the Arctic Archipelago in the northwest. It consists of a series of interconnected rifts that formed during the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Extensional stresses along the entire length of the rift system have resulted in a variety of tectonic features, including grabens, half-grabens, basins and faults.

References

  1. 1 2 "Labrador" (in Russian). Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, R. C. L; London, Geological Society of (2001). "Non-volcanic rifting of continental margins: a comparison of evidence from land and sea". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 187 (1): 77. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.187...77C. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.187.01.05. ISBN   978-1-86239-091-1. S2CID   140632779.
  3. 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica. "Labrador Sea" . Retrieved 2008-02-03.
  4. ↑ Calow, Peter (12 July 1999). Blackwell's concise encyclopedia of environmental management. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN   978-0-632-04951-6 . Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  5. ↑ Spall, Michael A. (2004). "Boundary Currents and Watermass Transformation in Marginal Seas". J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 (5): 1197–1213. Bibcode:2004JPO....34.1197S. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1197:BCAWTI>2.0.CO;2. S2CID   128436726.
  6. ↑ Grønlands forhistorie, ed. Hans Christian Gulløv, Gyldendal 2005, ISBN   87-02-01724-5
  7. ↑ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  8. ↑ "Noms de lieux - Recherche par nom de toponyme".
  9. ↑ "Ice-sheet sourced juxtaposed turbidite systems in Labrador Sea". Geoscience Canada. 24 (1): 3. 3 March 1997.
  10. ↑ Reinhard Hesse And Allan Rakofsky (1992). "Deep-Sea Channel/Submarine-Yazoo System of the Labrador Sea: A New Deep-Water Facies Model (1)". AAPG Bulletin. 76. doi:10.1306/BDFF88A8-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
  11. ↑ Hesse, R., Klauck, I., Khodabakhsh, S. & Ryan, W. B. F. (1997). Thomas A. Davies (ed.). Glaciated continental margins: an atlas of acoustic images. Springer. p. 286. ISBN   0-412-79340-7.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Einsele, Gerhard (2000). Sedimentary basins: evolution, facies, and sediment budget. Springer. p. 234. ISBN   3-540-66193-X.
  13. 1 2 Kenneth F. Drinkwater, R. Allyn Clarke. "Labrador Sea". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2018-08-02. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
  14. ↑ Petrie, B.; A. Isenor (1985). "The near-surface circulation and exchange in the Newfoundland Grand Banks region". Atmosphere-Ocean. 23 (3): 209–227. doi: 10.1080/07055900.1985.9649225 .
  15. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Baffin Current" . Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  16. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Labrador Current" . Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  17. ↑ Wallace Gary Ernst (2000). Earth systems: processes and issues. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN   0-521-47895-2.
  18. ↑ Talley, L.D.; McCartney, M.S. (1982). "Distribution and Circulation of Labrador Sea Water" (PDF). Journal of Physical Oceanography. 12 (11): 1189. Bibcode:1982JPO....12.1189T. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<1189:DACOLS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN   1520-0485.[ permanent dead link ]
  19. 1 2 "Observations • iNaturalist". 25 October 2024.
  20. ↑ Anthony Bertram Dickinson; Chesley W. Sanger (2005). Twentieth-century shore-station whaling in Newfoundland and Labrador. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 16–17. ISBN   0-7735-2881-4.
  21. ↑ COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Beluga Whale. Dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca (2012-07-31). Retrieved on 2013-03-20.
  22. ↑ "Observations • iNaturalist". 24 October 2024.
  23. ↑ National Research Council (U.S.) (1981). Maritime services to support polar resource development. pp. 6–7.
  24. ↑ Ducher, William (1894). "The Labrador Duck – another specimen, with additional data respecting extant specimens" (PDF). Auk. 11 (1): 4–12. doi:10.2307/4067622. JSTOR   4067622.
  25. ↑ E. A. Goldman (1937). "The Wolves of North America". Journal of Mammalogy. 18 (1): 37–45. doi:10.2307/1374306. JSTOR   1374306.
  26. ↑ G.R. Parker; S. Luttich (1986). "Characteristics of the Wolf (Canis lupus lubrudorius Goldman) in Northern Quebec and Labrador" (PDF). Arctic. 39 (2): 145–149. doi:10.14430/arctic2062. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  27. ↑ Anonymous (2006). The Moravians in Labrador. Echo Library. pp. 9–11. ISBN   1-4068-0512-2.
  28. 1 2 "Eastern Canadian Shield taiga". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  29. ↑ "Observations • iNaturalist". 24 October 2024.
  30. ↑ Ledum groenlandicum Oeder – Labrador Tea. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2013-03-20.
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