Atlantic white-sided dolphin

Last updated

Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Atlantic white-sided dolphin.jpg
Atlantic white-sided dolphin size.svg
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Lagenorhynchus
Gray, 1846
Species:
L. acutus
Binomial name
Lagenorhynchus acutus
(Gray, 1828)
Cetacea range map Atlantic White-sided Dolphin.PNG
  Atlantic white-sided dolphin range

The Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) is a distinctively coloured dolphin found in the cool to temperate waters of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Contents

Description

An Atlantic white-sided dolphin off the coast of Cape Ann, Massachusetts Atlantic white-sided dolphin swimming.jpg
An Atlantic white-sided dolphin off the coast of Cape Ann, Massachusetts

The Atlantic white-sided dolphin is built slightly 'thicker' compared to other oceanic dolphins; they are nearly indistinguishable from the Pacific white-sided dolphin, despite the fact that they are only very distantly related phylogenetically. [3] At birth, calves measure just over a meter long; adult males grow to about 2.8 m (9.2 ft), and females to about 2.5 m (8.2 ft), [4] weighing between 180–230 kg (400- 510 lb) once fully grown. [4] Females reach sexual maturity between the ages of 6 and 12 years, and males between 7 and 11 years old. [5] [6] The gestation period is 11 months and lactation lasts for about 18 months — both typical figures for dolphins. [4] Atlantic white-sided dolphins are known to live for at least 17 years. [4]

The key distinguishing feature is the dolphin's coloration—a white to pale-yellow patch is found behind the dorsal fin on both sides of the body. [4] The white-sided dolphin's color variations are unique amongst the standard hues of white, grey, black and blue seen on other pelagic cetaceans. [4] Their body's coloration is well-demarcated, with the chin, throat and belly being white; the flippers, dorsal fin and back are dark-grey to black (with the exception of the yellow patch), and there is a further white patch below the dorsal fin (lying above a lighter, grayish stripe running from the beak, above the eye, down to the tail stock). [4]

Dolphin pod sizes vary by location, with groups averaging 60 in number having been seen close to the Newfoundland coastline, but somewhat smaller east of Iceland. [4] From the analysis of the stomach contents of stranded animals, fishes, such as herring and mackerel, and squid appear to be the species' main prey. [4] The Atlantic white-sided dolphin is fairly acrobatic, and keen to interact with boats; however, it is not as wildly gregarious as the white-beaked, bottlenose or common dolphins. [4]

Geographic range and distribution

The species is endemic to the northern Atlantic Ocean. [4] The distribution limits are the Norwegian Sea in the northeast, the Davis Strait in the northwest, coastal North Carolina in the southwest and the Celtic Sea in the southeast (with possible range extension south to the Azores). [4] Areas of particularly high population density include the shores of Newfoundland and Cape Cod, the triangular area of sea between the United Kingdom, Iceland and Greenland and the northern North Sea. [7] [8] [9] In 2008, sightings of Atlantic white-sided dolphins, as well as the melon-headed whale, were documented off South Carolina after a few strandings had taken place in the area at the time. [10] Along the North American east coast the species tends to occur in continental shelf waters, around 100m in depth, [11] and seem to show a preference toward areas of steep slopes and canyons. [12] [13] They are associated with the colder, slightly less saline waters in the northern Atlantic, compared to for example common dolphins that are found in warmer, slightly more saline waters of the North Atlantic, though it is unclear whether this is due to preferences or if these factors influence prey supply. [14] [15]

Behaviour

Foraging

The diet of Atlantic white-sided dolphins mainly consists of herring, hake and squid. [4] However, as opportunistic carnivores, they consume a large variety of prey, including smaller mackerel and various bottom-dwelling fish. [4] They have been observed cooperatively hunting at the surface. [4] It has been suggested that larger groups split while feeding. [12]

Social behaviour

Like all species of the dolphin family, Atlantic white-sided dolphins are very social animals, often traveling in large pods and displaying aerial behaviors as they travel. [16] The pod's size can vary, from several dozen to several hundred individuals, though the average size is around 50. [17] However, studies have shown there to be little familial relation between members of a group, appearing more as a social pod traveling for "safety in numbers". Researchers in different parts of their range have found that individuals were, mostly, unrelated to one another. [18] [19] Juveniles spend at least some time in separate social groups, away from their parents, prior to weaning. [4] Atlantic white-sided dolphins jump and breach more frequently when in larger groups, as this behaviour might have a social context. [16] They have a wide vocal repertoire which includes squeals, whistles, clicks and buzzes. [17] [20] It is suggested that vocalisation is used for communication as noise production increases during socialising. [20]

Despite being docile creatures, even known to interact with various species of cetacean in a nonviolent manner, most notably with the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas), [21] they have also been known to display violent behavior towards harbor porpoises, attacking them until they eventually succumb to their wounds (a similar behavior as observed in bottlenose dolphins). [22] [23]

Migration

Atlantic white-sided dolphins do not undertake specific seasonal migration. [12] However, they do move within their home range following prey distribution. [12] For example, in the waters off eastern North America this species moves southwards in winter and spring. [4] [8]

Reproduction

Most of the calves are born around June and July. [4] The gestation period is 11 months and lactation around 18 months. [4] The birth interval varies between 1–3 years. [11]

Females reach sexual maturity around the age of 6–12 years. [5] Males reach sexual maturity around 7–11 years. [6] The reproduction is most likely seasonal, beginning in February, as some studies have identified dormant testes in some males. [6]

Taxonomy

3d model of skeleton Lagenorhynchus acutus 3d scan Natural History Museum University of Pisa C 290.stl
3d model of skeleton

The Atlantic white-sided dolphin was named by John Edward Gray in 1828. The specific name acutus comes from the Latin for 'pointed' and refers to the sharply pointed dorsal fin. [4] It is traditionally placed in the genus Lagenorhynchus , but there is consistent molecular evidence that supports the Atlantic white-sided dolphin and the white-beaked dolphin as basal members of the family Delphinidae and not closely related. [3] It has therefore been proposed to move the Atlantic white-sided dolphin to its own genus, Leucopleurus. [24]

Population status

The estimations for the U.S. shelf and shelf-edge water suggest that the population size is about 300,000. [4] Additional 120,000 individuals have been estimated to spend summer in the Gulf of St.Lawrence. [4] In the eastern North America waters the numbers increase southwards in winter and spring in association with cold waters from the Gulf of Maine. [4] Two projects attempted to estimate the population trends - multinational Small Cetacean Abundance in the North Sea and Adjacent Waters (SCANS) survey project and the North Atlantic Sightings Survey (NASS). SCANS surveys, however, failed to produce species specific estimation as it combined both white-sided and white-beaked dolphins. NASS surveys did not indicate any population trends.

Threats

Hvalba, Faroe Islands in August 2006 Whaling in the Faroe Islands.jpg
Hvalba, Faroe Islands in August 2006

Whaling

Historically, Atlantic white-sided dolphins were killed in drives conducted from Norway and Newfoundland. [25] These have ceased in recent years, although they still occur to a lesser extent from the Faroe Islands, where the meat and blubber are in high regard as food. [26] Reported catches in the years vary, though individual years suddenly stand out, such as in 2002, where the number reported killed was 773, [27] and in 2017, when 488 were killed. [26] In September 2021, a large pod of 1,428 animals was herded in Skálafjördur and killed. [28]

Annual number taken of white-sided dolphin in the Faroe Islands in the period 1980-2009 [27]
YearNo/yrdrive/yrYearNo/yrdrive/yrYearNo/yrdrive/yr
1980811993377620015467
198310119942637200277310
19853211995157420031865
198618541996357720043335
198776219973501020053124
198860341998438420066228
199055219984384200811
19924732000265320091715

Entanglement and by catch

Atlantic white-sided dolphins have also been killed in incidental catch situations in the fishing industry. Such occurrences have been reported in Canada, United States, United Kingdom and Ireland. [1] Between 1977 and 1988, 13 Atlantic white-sided dolphins were reported as being incidentally caught in the Northeastern United States by U.S fisheries observers, 11 of these in Mackerel fisheries. [29] They have also been reported to get caught in pelagic or near surface trawl or drift nets. [12] [17]

Noise

Anthropogenic underwater noise is a potential disturbance to Atlantic white-sided dolphins as they use sounds to communicate and catch prey. [20] A survey done in the UK showed that the sighting rate of Atlantic white-sided dolphins declines when airguns were firing compared to when they were not. [20]

Pollution

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (e.g. DDT, DDE) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been identified in body tissues of Atlantic white-sided dolphins throughout their range. [7] [30] [31] [32] Males had higher levels of PCBs suggesting that females pass some of the contamination to offspring during lactation[30]. Similarly to other species, studies have identified heavy metals in Atlantic white-sided dolphins including cadmium levels higher than in other dolphin species in southern latitudes. [33] The full effect of this contamination is currently unknown.

Conservation status

The International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently classifies Atlantic white-sided dolphins as Least Concern. [1]

The North and Baltic Sea populations of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin are listed on Appendix II [34] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). They are listed on Appendix II [34] as they have an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. [35] These species of dolphin are known to fall victims to in a polluted environment, a study from 1997 confirmed that the British and Irish populations of Atlantic white-sided dolphins to succumb to these effects. [7] [36] [ clarification needed ]

In addition, the Atlantic white-sided dolphin is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS). [37]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-beaked dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The white-beaked dolphin is a marine mammal belonging to the family Delphinidae in the suborder Odontoceti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusky dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The dusky dolphin is a dolphin found in coastal waters in the Southern Hemisphere. Its specific epithet is Latin for "dark" or "dim". It is very closely genetically related to the Pacific white-sided dolphin, but current scientific consensus holds they are distinct species. The dolphin's range is patchy, with major populations around South America, southwestern Africa, New Zealand, and various oceanic islands, with some sightings around southern Australia and Tasmania. The dusky dolphin prefers cool currents and inshore waters, but can also be found offshore. It feeds on a variety of fish and squid species and has flexible hunting tactics. The dusky dolphin is known for its remarkable acrobatics, having a number of aerial behaviours. The status of the dolphin is unknown, but it has been commonly caught in gill nets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blainville's beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

Blainville's beaked whale, or the dense-beaked whale, is believed to be the widest ranging mesoplodont whale. The French zoologist Henri de Blainville first described the species in 1817 from a small piece of jaw — the heaviest bone he had ever come across — which resulted in the name densirostris. Off the northeastern Bahamas, the animals are particularly well documented, and a photo identification project started sometime after 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Short-finned pilot whale</span> Species of mammal

The short-finned pilot whale is one of the two species of cetaceans in the genus Globicephala, which it shares with the long-finned pilot whale. It is part of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arnoux's beaked whale</span> Species of whale

Arnoux's beaked whale, also called the southern four-toothed whale, southern beaked whale, New Zealand beaked whale, southern giant bottlenose whale and southern porpoise whale is one of the species of Berardius. Arnoux's and Baird's beaked whales are so similar that researchers debated whether or not they are simply two populations of the same species, until genetic evidence and their wide geographical separation led them to be classified as separate. Little is known about their behavior due to infrequent encounters with live individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rough-toothed dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The rough-toothed dolphin is a species of dolphin that can be found in deep warm and tropical waters around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">False killer whale</span> Species of oceanic dolphin in the genus Pseudorca

The false killer whale is a species of oceanic dolphin that is the only extant representative of the genus Pseudorca. It is found in oceans worldwide but mainly in tropical regions. It was first described in 1846 as a species of porpoise based on a skull, which was revised when the first carcasses were observed in 1861. The name "false killer whale" comes from having a skull similar to the orca, or killer whale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pygmy killer whale</span> Species of mammal

The pygmy killer whale is a poorly known and rarely seen oceanic dolphin. It is the only species in the genus Feresa. It derives its common name from sharing some physical characteristics with the orca, also known as the killer whale. It is the smallest cetacean species that has the word "whale" in its common name. Although the species has been known to be extremely aggressive in captivity, this aggressive behavior has not been observed in the wild.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melon-headed whale</span> Species of mammal

The melon-headed whale, also known less commonly as the electra dolphin, little killer whale, or many-toothed blackfish, is a toothed whale of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). The common name is derived from the head shape. Melon-headed whales are widely distributed throughout deep tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, but they are rarely encountered at sea. They are found near shore mostly around oceanic islands, such as Hawaii, French Polynesia, and the Philippines.

<i>Lagenorhynchus</i> Genus of mammals

Lagenorhynchus is a genus of oceanic dolphins in the infraorder Cetacea, presently containing six extant species. However, there is consistent molecular evidence that the genus is polyphyletic and several of the species are likely to be moved to other genera. In addition, the extinct species Lagenorhynchus harmatuki is also classified in this genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern right whale dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The northern right whale dolphin is a small, slender species of cetacean found in the cold and temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean. Lacking a dorsal fin, and appearing superficially porpoise-like, it is one of the two species of right whale dolphin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern right whale dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The southern right whale dolphin is a small and slender species of cetacean, found in cool waters of the Southern Hemisphere. It is one of two species of right whale dolphin. This genus is characterized by the lack of a dorsal fin. The other species, the northern right whale dolphin, is found in deep oceans of the Northern Hemisphere and has a different pigmentation pattern than the southern right whale dolphin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hourglass dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The hourglass dolphin is a small dolphin in the family Delphinidae that inhabits offshore Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters. It is commonly seen from ships crossing the Drake Passage but has a circumpolar distribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peale's dolphin</span> Species of mammal

Peale's dolphin is a small dolphin found in the waters around Tierra del Fuego at the foot of South America. It is also commonly known as the black-chinned dolphin or even Peale's black-chinned dolphin. However, since Rice's work Peale's dolphin has been adopted as the standard common name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spinner dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The spinner dolphin is a small dolphin found in off-shore tropical waters around the world. It is famous for its acrobatic displays in which it rotates around its longitudinal axis as it leaps through the air. It is a member of the family Delphinidae of toothed whales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific white-sided dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The Pacific white-sided dolphin, also known as the hookfin porpoise, is an active dolphin found in the cool or temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cetacean surfacing behaviour</span> Cetacean movement types

Cetacean surfacing behaviour is a grouping of movement types that cetaceans make at the water's surface in addition to breathing. Cetaceans have developed and use surface behaviours for many functions such as display, feeding and communication. All regularly observed members of the order Cetacea, including whales, dolphins and porpoises, show a range of surfacing behaviours.

Sagmatias was a genus of dolphins, defined in 1866 by Edward Drinker Cope with Peale's dolphin as type species, described as Sagmatias amblodon. It has been proposed to resurrect the genus to include four species of oceanic dolphins currently classified in the genus Lagenorhynchus. Mitochondrial DNA studies have indicated that Pacific white-sided dolphin, Peale's dolphin, dusky dolphin and hourglass dolphin are more closely related to dolphins in the Lissodelphininae subfamily, than to the two other members of the genus: Atlantic white-sided dolphin and white-beaked dolphin. This phylogenetic relationship is further supported by cladistic analysis of morphological characters. However, resurrection of the genus Sagmatias has not been accepted by the Society for Marine Mammalogy's taxonomic Committee, because the finer details of the phylogenetic relationships between the four species in the proposed Sagmatias genus and the four species of dolphins in the genus Cephalorhynchus remains to be resolved. Genetic and bioacoustical evidence suggest that Peale's dolphin and hourglass dolphin are closer related to the Cephalorhynchus species than to the Pacific white-sided dolphin and dusky dolphin, which, if true, would make the genus Sagmatias paraphyletic.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Braulik, G. (2019). "Lagenorhynchus acutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T11141A50361160. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11141A50361160.en . Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  2. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. 1 2 McGowen, Michael R; Tsagkogeorga, Georgia; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; dos Reis, Mario; Struebig, Monika; Deaville, Robert; Jepson, Paul D; Jarman, Simon; Polanowski, Andrea; Morin, Phillip A; Rossiter, Stephen J (21 October 2019). "Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture". Systematic Biology. 69 (3): 479–501. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz068. ISSN   1063-5157. PMC   7164366 . PMID   31633766.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Reeves, Randall (2008). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: National Audubon Society. pp. 398–401. ISBN   978-0375411410.
  5. 1 2 Sergeant (1980). "Life history and northwest Atlantic status of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus". Cetology. 37: 1–12.
  6. 1 2 3 Neuenhagen (2007). "Histology and morphometrics of testes of the white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in bycatch samples from the Northeastern Atlantic". Mammalian Biology. 72 (5): 283–298. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.10.008.
  7. 1 2 3 Mckenzie, C.; Rogan, E.; Reid, R.; Wells, D. (1997). "Concentrations and patterns of organic contaminants in Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from Irish and Scottish coastal waters". Environmental Pollution. 98 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(97)00109-7. PMID   15093341.
  8. 1 2 Weinrich, Mason T.; Belt, Cynthia R.; Morin, David (April 2001). "Behavior and Ecology of the Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in Coastal New England Waters". Marine Mammal Science. 17 (2): 231–248. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01268.x. ISSN   0824-0469.
  9. ↑ Schevill, William E. (February 1956). "Lagenorhynchus acutus off Cape Cod". Journal of Mammalogy. 37 (1): 128–129. doi:10.2307/1375559. ISSN   0022-2372. JSTOR   1375559.
  10. ↑ Powell, J.W.; Rotstein, D.S.; Mcfee, W.E. (2012). "First Records of the Melon-Headed Whale (Peponocephala electra) and the Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in South Carolina". Southeastern Naturalist. 11 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1656/058.011.0102. S2CID   83544895.
  11. 1 2 Waring (2006). "U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments – 2005". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE. 194: 346.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Gaskin (1992). "Status of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, in Canada". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 106: 64–72.
  13. ↑ Palka (1997). "Summary of knowledge of white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from US and Canadian Atlantic waters". Report of the International Whaling Commission. 47: 729–734.
  14. ↑ Selzer (1988). "The distribution of white-sided (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) vs. environmental features of the continental shelf of the northeastern United States". Marine Mammal Science. 4 (2): 141–153. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00194.x.
  15. ↑ Doksæter (2008). "Distribution and feeding ecology of dolphins along the Mid-Atlantic ridge between Iceland and the Azores". Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 55 (1–2): 243–253. Bibcode:2008DSRII..55..243D. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.09.009.
  16. 1 2 Weinrich, M.T.; Belt, C.R.; Dorin, D. (2001). "Behavior And Ecology Of The Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) In Coastal New England Waters". Marine Mammal Science. 17 (2): 231–248. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01268.x.
  17. 1 2 3 Reeves (1999). "Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray, 1828). In S. H. Ridgway and R. Harrison (eds.)". Handbook of Marine Mammals. 6: 31–56.
  18. ↑ Mirimin (2011). "Insights into genetic diversity, parentage, and group composition of Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) off the West of Ireland based on nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers". Journal of Heredity. 102 (1): 79–87. doi:10.1093/jhered/esq106. hdl: 10379/12915 . PMID   21059883.
  19. ↑ Fernández (2016). "A genomewide catalogue of single nucleotide polymorphisms in white-beaked and Atlantic white-sided dolphins". Molecular Ecology Resources. 16 (1): 266–276. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12427. PMID   25950249. S2CID   8129929.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Hamran (2014). "Distribution and vocal behavior of Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in northern Norway". University of Nordland.
  21. ↑ Baraff, L. S.; Asmutis-Silvia, R. A. (1998). "Long-Term Association of an Individual Long-Finned Pilot Whale and Atlantic White-Sided Dolphins". Marine Mammal Science. 14 (1): 155–161. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00700.x.
  22. ↑ Larrat, S.; Measures, L.; Stephane, L. (2012). "Short Note Rake Marks on a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Calf Suggestive of a Fatal Interaction with an Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)". Aquatic Mammals. 38 (1): 86–91. doi:10.1578/am.38.1.2012.86.
  23. ↑ Ross, H.M.; Wilson, B. (1996). "Violent interactions between Bottlenose dolphins and Harbour porpoises". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 263 (1368): 283–286. Bibcode:1996RSPSB.263..283R. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0043. S2CID   85372260.
  24. ↑ Vollmer, Nicole L.; Ashe, Erin; Brownell, Robert L.; Cipriano, Frank; Mead, James G.; Reeves, Randall R.; Soldevilla, Melissa S.; Williams, Rob (2019). "Taxonomic revision of the dolphin genus Lagenorhynchus". Marine Mammal Science. 35 (3): 957–1057. doi:10.1111/mms.12573. ISSN   1748-7692. S2CID   92421374.
  25. ↑ NOAA. "Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  26. 1 2 Corcoran, Kieran (13 May 2019). "Eco-campaigners took these grisly photos of whale and dolphin hunts in the Faroe Islands". Insider Inc. Business Insider. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  27. 1 2 Bloch, Dorete; Mikkelsen, Bjarni (26 February 2017). "Catch history and distribution of white- sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) of the Faroe Islands / Veiðisøga og útbreiðsla av skjórutum springara (Lagenorhynchus acutus) í Føroyum". Fróðskaparrit - Faroese Scientific Journal. 57: 190–198. doi: 10.18602/fsj.v57i0.82 .
  28. ↑ "Grindamenn: Drápið gekk ikki so illa".
  29. ↑ Waring, Gordon. "Incidental Take of Marine Mammals in Foreign Fishery Activities Off the Northeast United States, 1977-88" (PDF). NOAA. Fishery Bulletin. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  30. ↑ Weisbrod (2001). "Species, tissue and gender-related organochlorine bioaccumulation in white-sided dolphins, pilot whales and their common prey in the northwest Atlantic". Marine Environmental Research. 51 (1): 29–50. Bibcode:2001MarER..51...29W. doi:10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00032-5. PMID   11125702.
  31. ↑ Tuerk (2005). "Factors influencing persistent organic pollutant concentrations in the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 24 (5): 1079–1087. doi: 10.1897/04-120R.1 . PMID   16110985. S2CID   23781649.
  32. ↑ Montie (2009). "Organohalogen contaminants and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and cerebellum gray matter in short-beaked common dolphins and Atlantic white-sided dolphins from the western North Atlantic". Environmental Pollution. 157 (8–9): 2345–2358. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.024. hdl: 1912/2815 . PMID   19375836.
  33. ↑ Gallien (2001). "Cadmium-containing granules in kidney tissue of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus acutus) off the Faroe Islands" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 130 (3): 389–395. doi:10.1016/s1532-0456(01)00265-4. PMID   11701395. S2CID   20729337.
  34. 1 2 "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine " of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
  35. ↑ "Convention on Migratory Species page on the Atlantic white-sided dolphin". Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  36. ↑ Tuerk, K. J. S.; Kucklick, J. R.; McFee, W. E.; Pugh, R. S.; Becker, P. R. (2005). "Factors influencing persistent organic pollutant concentrations in the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)†". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 24 (5): 1079–1087. doi: 10.1897/04-120r.1 . PMID   16110985. S2CID   23781649.
  37. ↑ Official website of the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.