Hurricane Roxanne

Last updated
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on September 26. It moved westward, producing an area of convection, or thunderstorms, over the central Caribbean Sea by October 4. By two days later, the system had a broad circulation located between the coast of Honduras and the Cayman Islands. An upper-level trough, left behind after Hurricane Opal exited the region, interacted with the tropical wave and the circulation, which gradually became better organized; the origins were complex, but common for disturbances over the western Caribbean. By October 7, banding features developed within the convection. Late that day, the system organized enough for the National Hurricane Center (NHC) to designate it Tropical Depression Nineteen, located off the northeast tip of Nicaragua. A day later, the Hurricane Hunters confirmed the development of the circulation. [1] While in its formative stages, the depression moved northward, steered by a nearby upper-level low, amid weak steering currents caused by a subtropical ridge over the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. [2] Early on October 9, the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Roxanne. [1] Roxanne was the first ever “R” named storm in the Atlantic basin.

Roxanne was initially affected by winds from the north, which dislocated the circulation from the convection. As the nearby upper-level low moved into Central America, Roxanne was able to intensify, developing outflow all around the storm. Initially, the storm threatened western Cuba and the Cayman Islands, steered by a weak trough over Florida, which moved eastward and was replaced by a ridge in the area. This turned Roxanne westward toward the Yucatán Peninsula. At the same time it was turning, Roxanne developed a well-defined eye in the center of its convection. At 06:00  UTC on October 10, the storm intensified to hurricane status. Roxanne intensified further, based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters. Early on October 11, the NHC estimated peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h); this made Roxanne the first hurricane since Hurricane Hattie in 1961 to develop in the western Caribbean and intensify to a major hurricane. Shortly after Roxanne reached peak intensity, the hurricane made landfall just north of Tulum, a small town near Cozumel, Mexico. [1]

Roxanne making landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula Roxanne 1995-10-11 0315Z.png
Roxanne making landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula

Moving westward across the Yucatán Peninsula, Roxanne weakened but maintained hurricane status as it emerged into the Bay of Campeche on October 12. [1] Although the storm remained well-organized, it lost most of its deep convection and intensity. The storm drifted in the body of water, steered by a ridge to the north. [3] [4] On October 12, Roxanne weakened to tropical storm status. [1] The storm continued northwestward and turned more to the north, steered by a cold front. Roxanne redeveloped an eye feature, and it re-intensified into a hurricane on October 14. [5] [6] The hurricane turned to the southeast, after the cold front bypassed the system and the ridge rebuilt. [7] Over the next day, Roxanne stalled off the northwest coast of the Yucatán Peninsula. Drier air, wind shear, and upwelling caused the hurricane to weaken back to a tropical storm. By late on October 17, the circulation had little convection associated with it. [8] [9] The storm moved northwestward for a few days, until an approaching cold front steered Roxanne to the south on October 19; by that time, Roxanne had weakened to tropical depression status. On October 21, the circulation of Roxanne was dissipating as it moved onshore Veracruz. [1]

Preparations

Early in Roxanne's existence, its northward movement presented a threat to the western Caribbean. As a result, the government of the Cayman Islands declared a tropical storm warning for all of the islands on October 9; On the same day, the government of Cuba issued a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning for Pinar del Río and the Isle of Youth. The advisories were canceled after the storm turned away from the area. [1]

Parts of Mexico were under tropical cyclone warnings and watches for ten days. On October 9, the government of Mexico raised hurricane watches for coastal areas between Chetumal, Quintana Roo and Cabo Catoche. Early on October 10, a hurricane warning was declared for areas west of Cabo Catoche to Progreso, Yucatán. By the afternoon, the hurricane watch was extended past Progreso to Ciudad del Carmen, which was upgraded to a hurricane warning the next day. A new tropical storm warning was issued by the government of Belize that evening for areas north of Belize City; however, this warning was discontinued early on October 11 as the center of Roxanne was not expected to pass near the area. With Roxanne maintaining its intensity over the Yucatán, the Mexican government issued a hurricane warning from Coatzacoalcos to Tuxpan, as the storm was initially projected to go more westward. When Roxanne was looping off the northwest Yucatán peninsula, a hurricane warning was issued from Progreso to Tampico. The last warnings were downgraded on October 19, when Roxanne weakened to a tropical depression. [1]

In the Yucatán Peninsula, thousands of residents and tourists were urged to evacuate from coastal areas. In the city of Cancún, roughly 12,000 tourists and 3,900 residents relocated to safer areas; however, some refused to leave and decided to wait out the storm in hotels. On Cozumel, most hotel guests decided to ride out the storm instead of evacuate. There, most homeowners and businesses stored all loose items indoors and boarded up windows. [10] An emergency alert was issued to hundreds of fishermen off the Yucatán coastline to move to port immediately. [11] In the state of Campeche, 150 shelters were opened and able to accommodate roughly 15,000 people. [12] However, more than 20,000 people sought refuge from the storm throughout the state. [13]

Impact

Roxanne Rainfall across Mexico Roxanne 1995 rainfall.gif
Roxanne Rainfall across Mexico

Roxanne affected the Yucatán Peninsula less than two weeks after Hurricane Opal formed in the area. [1] [14] The combined damage between the two hurricanes was estimated at US$1.5 billion. [1] At least two locations in Mexico reported sustained hurricane-force winds from Roxanne – Mérida, Yucatán and Paraíso, Tabasco. At the former location, an automatic weather station recorded a wind gust of 202 km/h (126 mph) on October 11. Roxanne dropped heavy rainfall along its path. [1] Near Champotón, Campeche, a pluviometer recorded 676 mm (26.61 in) of precipitation, the highest total in the country related to Roxanne. Locations in Veracruz and Tabasco also recorded over 510 mm (20 in) of rainfall. [15] While Roxanne was moving ashore eastern Mexico, it produced an estimated storm surge of 3.0 m (10 ft). Waves washed into hotel lobbies in Cancún and Cozumel. In the Gulf of Mexico, 15 to 20 ft (4.6 to 6.1 m) waves struck the Mexican coast while Roxanne drifted offshore for a few days, pushing water hundreds of yards inland. [1] Waves eroded the eastern portion of Ciudad del Carmen, while the western portion of the island gained sand. [16]

Roxanne caused 29 deaths, with six of them coming from the sinking of the pipelay derrick barge DLB 269 with 245 people on board. [17] Roxanne caused widespread flooding and agriculture damage in eastern Mexico, notably in Campeche, Tabasco, Veracruz. [18] Along the coast, high waves wrecked docks, fishing stalls, and nets while damaging dozens of boats. [18] Across eastern Mexico, Roxanne damaged more than 40,000 homes. [1] Crops were destroyed, cattle drowned, and roads were either washed out or blocked by mudslides. [1] The road between the City of Carmen and Campeche was completely destroyed. [1] Rainfall and storm surge combined with overflowing rivers caused the worst flooding in Campeche since 1927. [1] Floodwaters damaged the aqueduct for Ciudad del Carmen. [18] Throughout the state of Tabasco, nearly half of the highways sustained significant damage. Governor Roberto Madrazo Pintado estimated that it would cost roughly $60 million to repair them. [19]

Roxanne caused the state owned Pemex to shut down 90% of its drilling in the Gulf of Mexico during its pass as well as halt all shipments from three oil terminals in the southeastern region of the gulf. [20] As a result, Mexico lost millions of dollars. [20] Oil production dropped from 2.838 million barrels a day in September to 1.976 million barrels a day in October or 30.4%. [21] (A rough guess using a price of the Maya Crude averaging about $13.77/b, [22] 30 days in September, and 862,000 barrels a day of lost output yields $356 million, which in 2011 dollars equals about $530 million.) Oil production didn't completely recover in November, so there were some additional losses, but did completely return in December. The Mexican government allocated 16 million pesos to people affected by Roxanne, as well as 55 million pesos to fishermen. [18]

Retirement

Due to the scale of the damage The hurricane caused in Mexico, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Roxanne in the spring of 1996, and it will never again be used for a North Atlantic tropical storm. The name was replaced with Rebekah for the 2001 season. [23] [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active Atlantic hurricane season, and is considered to be the start of an ongoing era of high-activity tropical cyclone formation. The season produced twenty-one tropical cyclones, nineteen named storms, as well as eleven hurricanes and five major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Allison, developed on June 2, while the season's final storm, Hurricane Tanya, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 1. The very active Atlantic hurricane activity in 1995 was caused by La Niña conditions, which also influenced an inactive Pacific hurricane season. It was tied with 1887 Atlantic hurricane season with 19 named storms, which was later equalled by the 2010, 2011, and 2012 seasons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1967 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1967 Atlantic hurricane season was an active Atlantic hurricane season overall, producing 13 nameable storms, of which 6 strengthened into hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1967, and lasted until November 30, 1967. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic Ocean. The season's first system, Tropical Depression One, formed on June 10, and the last, Tropical Storm Heidi, lost tropical characteristics on November 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Isidore</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2002

Hurricane Isidore was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused widespread flooding and heavy damage across Mexico, Cuba, and the United States in September 2002. The ninth named storm and the second hurricane in the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season, and the fifth of eight named storms to occur in September of that year, Isidore peaked as a Category 3 hurricane, causing damage, as well as four fatalities in Jamaica, Cuba, Mexico, and the United States. Isidore is also noted for threatening to strike the northern Gulf Coast as a Category 4 hurricane, however, the storm struck the region as a moderately-strong tropical storm, due to a track change that brought the storm over the Yucatán Peninsula for over a day, which significantly weakened the cyclone in the process. The primary impact from the storm was the heavy rainfall, which fell across southeast Mexico, and also from the central United States Gulf coast into the Ohio Valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Diana</span> Category 2 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane in 1990

Hurricane Diana was a deadly tropical cyclone which made landfall in Mexico in August 1990. The fourth named storm and second hurricane of the season, Diana developed from a tropical wave in the southwestern Caribbean on August 4. Forming as a tropical depression, the system brushed Honduras before intensifying into a tropical storm the following day. Continuing to gradually strengthen, Diana made its first landfall in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula as a strong tropical storm late on August 5. The cyclone weakened slightly due to land interaction, before emerging into the Bay of Campeche on August 6. Once over water, warm sea surface temperatures allowed Diana to quickly become a hurricane and later peak as a Category 2 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale on August 7. Shortly thereafter, the storm made landfall near Tampico, Tamaulipas, with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). Rapid weakening ensued once the storm moved over the high terrain of Mexico, with Diana diminishing to a tropical depression roughly 24 hours after moving onshore. The cyclone later emerged into the Gulf of California on August 9 shortly before dissipating. The remnant disturbance was monitored until losing its identity over Arizona on August 14.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1995 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season since 1979, and marked the beginning of a multi-decade period of low activity in the basin. Of the eleven tropical cyclones that formed during the season, four affected land, with the most notable storm of the season being Hurricane Ismael, which killed at least 116 people in Mexico. The strongest hurricane in the season was Hurricane Juliette, which reached peak winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), but did not significantly affect land. Hurricane Adolph was an early-season Category 4 hurricane. Hurricane Henriette brushed the Baja California Peninsula in early September.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1992 Pacific hurricane season is the most active Pacific hurricane season on record, featuring 27 named storms. The season also produced the second-highest ACE value on record in the basin, only surpassed by the 2018 season. The 1992 season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the development of Hurricane Ekeka on January 28, and Tropical Storm Hali two months later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1989 Pacific hurricane season was a near normal season. It officially started on May 15, 1989, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1989, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1989. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. A total of 18 storms and 9 hurricanes formed, which was near long-term averages. Four hurricanes reached major hurricane status on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Stan</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2005

Hurricane Stan was the deadliest tropical cyclone of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. A relatively weak system that affected areas of Central America and Mexico in early October 2005, Stan was the eighteenth named storm and eleventh hurricane of the 2005 season, having formed from a tropical wave on October 1 after it had moved into the western Caribbean. The depression slowly intensified, and reached tropical storm intensity the following day, before subsequently making its first landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula. While traversing the peninsula, the tropical storm weakened, but was able to re-intensify once it entered the Bay of Campeche. Under favorable conditions for tropical development, Stan attained hurricane strength on October 4, and later reached peak intensity with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 977 mbar (28.9 inHg). The hurricane maintained this intensity until landfall near Punta Roca Partida, Mexico later the same day. Once over the mountainous terrain of Mexico, however, Stan quickly weakened, and dissipated on October 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Jose (2005)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2005

Tropical Storm Jose was a short-lived tropical storm which made landfall in central Mexico during August 2005. Jose was the tenth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and the fourth of six tropical cyclones to make landfall in Mexico in that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Chantal (2001)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2001

Tropical Storm Chantal was a North Atlantic tropical cyclone that moved across the Caribbean Sea in August 2001. The fourth depression and third named storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season, Chantal developed from a tropical wave on August 14 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It tracked rapidly westward for much of its duration, and after degenerating into a tropical wave, it passed through the Windward Islands. Chantal reached a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h) twice in the Caribbean Sea, and each time it was anticipated to attain hurricane status; however, wind shear and later land interaction prevented strengthening to hurricane status. On August 21 Chantal, moved ashore near the border of Mexico and Belize, before dissipating on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Raymond (1989)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 1989

Hurricane Raymond was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1989 Pacific hurricane season, peaking as a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. Forming out of a tropical wave on September 25, 1989, the tropical depression slowly tracked northwest before becoming nearly stationary the next day. Shortly after, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Raymond and took a general westward track. Gradually intensifying, Raymond attained hurricane-status on September 28 and attained its peak intensity on September 30, with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 935 mbar. Steady weakening then took place and by October 3, Raymond turned northeast towards land. The storm continued to weaken as it accelerated and eventually made landfall on the Baja California Peninsula as a tropical storm late on October 4 and a second landfall in Sonora, Mexico. Shortly after, Raymond weakened to a depression as it tracked inland. The remnants of the system persisted until October 7 when it dissipated over the Central United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Brenda (1973)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1973

Hurricane Brenda of August 1973 was the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in the Mexican state of Campeche. The tropical wave that spawned Brenda moved off the west coast of Africa on August 9, and uneventfully traversed the Atlantic. By August 18, an associated area of low pressure developed sufficient convective activity to be declared a tropical depression. Later that day, the system intensified into a tropical storm before moving inland over the Yucatan Peninsula. Brenda had moved back over water by August 21 and began to quickly intensify, with an eye forming later that day. The storm peaked as an upper-end Category 1 hurricane with winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) before making landfall in Campeche. The hurricane rapidly weakened after moving over land and dissipated the following day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Richard</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2010

Hurricane Richard was a damaging tropical cyclone that affected areas of Central America in October 2010. It developed on October 20 from an area of low pressure that had stalled in the Caribbean Sea. The system moved to the southeast before turning to the west. The storm slowly organized, and the system intensified into a tropical storm. Initially, Richard only intensified slowly in an area of weak steering currents. However, by October 23, wind shear diminished, and the storm intensified faster as it headed toward Belize. The next day, Richard intensified into hurricane status, and further into its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane, reaching maximum winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The hurricane made its only landfall on Belize at peak intensity. Over land, Richard quickly weakened, and later degenerated into a remnant low on October 25.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ernesto (2012)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2012

Hurricane Ernesto was a Category 2 hurricane and a damaging tropical cyclone that affected several Caribbean Islands and areas of Central America during August 2012. The fifth named storm and second hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Ernesto originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa in late July. Moving westward, the system developed into a tropical depression in the central Atlantic, and further into a tropical storm prior to entering the Caribbean Sea. The system encountered high wind shear south of Jamaica but subsequently reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane as it made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula. Ernesto briefly emerged in the Bay of Campeche as a strong tropical storm before dissipating over the mountainous terrain of Mexico. The remnant circulation emerged in the eastern Pacific basin, contributing to the formation of Tropical Storm Hector.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Mitch</span>

Hurricane Mitch's meteorological history began with its origins over Africa as a tropical wave and lasted until its dissipation as an extratropical cyclone north of the United Kingdom. Tropical Depression Thirteen formed on October 22, 1998, over the southwestern Caribbean Sea from a tropical wave that exited Africa on October 10. It executed a small loop, and while doing so intensified into Tropical Storm Mitch. A weakness in a ridge allowed the storm to track slowly to the north. After becoming disorganized due to wind shear from a nearby upper-level low, Mitch quickly intensified in response to improving conditions which included warm waters and good outflow. It became a hurricane on October 24 and developed an eye. After turning to the west, Mitch rapidly intensified, first into a major hurricane on October 25 and then into a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Franklin (2017)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2017

Hurricane Franklin was the first hurricane to make landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz since Hurricane Karl in 2010. The sixth named storm, first hurricane and the first of ten consecutive hurricanes of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Franklin formed on August 7 out of a tropical wave that was first tracked in the southeastern Caribbean Sea on August 3. The storm strengthened within a favorable environment and made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula as a moderate tropical storm early on August 8 north of Belize. Weakening occurred as it crossed the peninsula, but Franklin re-emerged into the Bay of Campeche later that day, restrengthening quickly to become the season's first hurricane. It made landfall near Lechuguillas, Veracruz, on August 10 as a Category 1 hurricane, before rapidly weakening over the mountainous terrain of Mexico and dissipating shortly afterwards. On August 12, the storm's remnant mid-level circulation combined with a developing low in the Eastern Pacific to form Tropical Storm Jova.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Katia (2017)</span> Category 2 hurricane in North Atlantic in 2017

Hurricane Katia was a strong Atlantic hurricane which became the most intense storm to hit the Bay of Campeche since Karl in 2010. The eleventh named storm and sixth hurricane of the exceptionally active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Katia originated on September 5, out of a broad low-pressure area that formed in the Bay of Campeche. Located in an area of weak steering currents, Katia meandered around in the region, eventually intensifying into a hurricane on September 6. The nascent storm eventually peaked as a 105 mph (165 km/h) Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale while it began to move southwestward. However, land interaction began to weaken the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Early on September 9, Katia made landfall near Tecolutla at minimal hurricane intensity. The storm quickly dissipated several hours later, although its mid-level circulation remained intact and later spawned what would become Hurricane Otis in the Eastern Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Marco (2020)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Marco was the first of two tropical cyclones to threaten the Gulf Coast of the United States within a three-day period. The thirteenth named storm and third hurricane of the record-breaking 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Marco developed from a fast-moving tropical wave west of the Windward Islands and south of Jamaica on August 20. The fast motion of the wave inhibited intensification initially, but as the wave slowed down and entered a more favorable environment, the system developed into a tropical depression, which in turn rapidly intensified into a strong tropical storm. Due to strong wind shear, Marco's intensification temporarily halted. However, after entering the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico on August 23, Marco briefly intensified into a hurricane, only to quickly weaken later that evening due to another rapid increase in wind shear. Marco subsequently weakened to a tropical depression before degenerating into a remnant low early the next morning. Marco's remnants subsequently dissipated on August 26.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gamma</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Gamma was a Category 1 hurricane that brought heavy rains, flooding, and landslides to the Yucatán Peninsula in early October 2020. The twenty-fifth depression, twenty-fourth named storm and ninth hurricane of the extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Gamma developed from a vigorous tropical wave that had been monitored as it was entering the Eastern Caribbean on September 29. The wave moved westward and slowed down as it moved into the Western Caribbean, where it began to interact with a dissipating cold front. A low formed within the disturbance on October 1 and the next day, it organized into a tropical depression. It further organized into Tropical Storm Gamma early the next day. It continued to intensify and made landfall as a minimal hurricane near Tulum, Mexico, on October 3. It weakened over land before reemerging in the Gulf of Mexico. Gamma then briefly restrengthened some before being blasted by high amounts of wind shear, causing it to weaken again. It made a second landfall as a tropical depression in Nichili, Mexico on October 6 before dissipating as it was absorbed by the approaching Hurricane Delta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Grace</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Grace was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Grace impacted much of the Leeward Islands and Greater Antilles as a tropical storm, before causing more substantial impacts in the Yucatán Peninsula and Veracruz as a hurricane. It was the seventh named storm, second hurricane, and first major hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season. Originating from a tropical wave in the Main Development Region, the primitive system tracked west-northwest across the Atlantic Ocean towards the Antilles, becoming a tropical depression on August 14. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Grace later the same day, but weakened back to a depression due to an unfavorable environment. After moving near Haiti as a tropical depression, it strengthened back to a tropical storm and became a hurricane on August 18, reaching an initial peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a pressure of 986 mbar (29.12 inHg). It weakened back to a tropical storm after its landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula and emerged into the Bay of Campeche, entering a very favorable environment for intensification hours later. Grace then rapidly intensified into a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) in about 24 hours. The storm made its final landfall in the state of Veracruz at peak intensity and quickly degenerated into a remnant low over mainland Mexico on August 21; however, its remnants later regenerated into Tropical Storm Marty in the Eastern Pacific on August 23.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Lixion A. Avila (November 29, 1995). "Hurricane Roxanne Preliminary Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  2. ↑ Ed Rappaport (October 9, 1995). Tropical Storm Roxanne Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  3. ↑ Ed Rappaport (October 12, 1995). Hurricane Roxanne Discussion Number 13 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  4. ↑ Max Mayfield (October 12, 1995). Hurricane Roxanne Discussion Number 14 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  5. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (October 13, 1995). Tropical Storm Roxanne Discussion Number 21 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  6. ↑ Lixion Avila (October 14, 1995). Tropical Storm Roxanne Discussion Number 22 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  7. ↑ Ed Rappaport (October 15, 1995). Hurricane Roxanne Discussion Number 22 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  8. ↑ Max Mayfield (October 16, 1995). "Tropical Storm Roxanne Discussion Number 33". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  9. ↑ Richard Pasch (October 17, 1995). "Tropical Storm Roxanne Discussion Number 37". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  10. ↑ "Tourists flee coast in Roxanne's path". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Associated Press. October 11, 1995. p. 58. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  11. ↑ Staff Writer (October 10, 1995). "Hurricane Roxanne still gaining strength". Daily News. p. 4. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  12. ↑ "Hurricane Roxanne sweeps across Mexico". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. October 12, 1995. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Relentless Roxanne 'Rain on top of rain'". Beaver County Times . Associated Press. October 13, 2005. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  14. ↑ Mayfield, Max. Hurricane Opal (PDF) (Preliminary Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  15. ↑ David M. Roth (March 6, 2013). "Hurricane Roxanne - October 9-21, 1995". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  16. ↑ José Luis Palacio Prieto; Mario Arturo Ortíz Perez; Arturo Garrido Pérez (May 7, 1999). "Cambios morfológicos costeros en lsla del Carmen, Campeche, por el paso del huracán "Roxanne"" (PDF). Instituto de Geografia Bulletin (in Spanish). 40. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  17. ↑ Michael Krieger (2003): All the Men in the Sea. The Untold Story of One of the Greatest Rescues in History, Simon and Schuster
  18. 1 2 3 4 Daniel Bitrán Bitrán (October 2001). Characteristics of the Socioeconomic Impact of the Main Disasters Occurring in Mexico in the Period of 1980-1999 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). National Civil Protection System. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Crops, cattle added to Mexico's woes from Hurricane Roxanne". The Victoria Advocate. Associated Press. October 19, 1995. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  20. 1 2 HighBeam
  21. ↑ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)".
  22. ↑ "Weekly Mexico Maya Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel)". Archived from the original on 2010-07-06.
  23. ↑ Maher, Brian; Beven, Jack (August 10, 1997). "World-wide Tropical Cyclone Names". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on December 10, 1997. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  24. ↑ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2001. p. 3-7. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
Hurricane Roxanne
10-10-1995-Roxanne-Remake.png
Roxanne shortly before landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula, at peak intensity, on October 10
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.