2001 Atlantic hurricane season

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2001 Atlantic hurricane season
2001 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJune 5, 2001
Last system dissipatedDecember 4, 2001
Strongest storm
By maximum sustained winds Iris
 • Maximum winds145 mph (230 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
By central pressure Michelle
 • Maximum winds140 mph (220 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions17
Total storms15
Hurricanes9
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		4
Total fatalities153 total
Total damage$11.94 billion (2001 USD)
Related articles
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003

The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active Atlantic hurricane season that produced 17 tropical cyclones, 15 named storms, nine hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. The season officially lasted from June 1, 2001, to November 30, 2001, dates which by convention limit the period of each year when tropical cyclones tend to form in the Atlantic Ocean basin. The season began with Tropical Storm Allison on June 4, and ended with Hurricane Olga, which dissipated on December 6.

Contents

The most damaging storms of the season were: Allison, which caused extensive flooding in Texas; Hurricane Iris, which struck Belize; and Hurricane Michelle, which left a trail of destruction across Cuba. Three tropical cyclones made landfall in the United States, three directly affected Canada, and three directly affected Mexico and Central America. Overall, the season caused 153 fatalities, and $11.44 billion (2001 USD) in damage. Due to their severe damage, the names Allison, Iris, and Michelle were retired by the World Meteorological Organization.

Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 2001 season
SourceDateNamed
storms		HurricanesMajor
hurricanes
CSU Average (1950–2000) [1] 9.65.92.3
NOAA Average (1950–2005) [2] 11.06.22.7
Record high activity [3] 30 15 7
Record low activity [3] 1 0 0
CSUDecember 7, 2000 [1] 952
CSUApril 5, 2001 [4] 1273
NOAAMay 21, 2001 [5] 8–115–72–3
CSUAugust 7, 2001 [6] 1273
NOAAAugust 8, 2001 [7] 9–126–82–4
Actual activity1594

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts William M. Gray. Philip J. Klotzbach, and their associates at Colorado State University; and separately by NOAA forecasters.

Gray's team defined the average number of storms per season (1950 to 2000) as 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, 2.3 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) and ACE Index 96.1. [8] The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) defines a season as above-normal, near-normal or below-normal by a combination of the number of named storms, the number reaching hurricane strength, the number reaching major hurricane strength and ACE Index. [9]

Pre-season forecasts

On December 7, 2000, Gray's team issued its first extended-range forecast for the 2001 season, predicting above-average activity (13 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and about 4 of Category 3 or higher). It listed a 63 percent chance of at least one major hurricane striking the U.S. mainland. This included a 43 percent chance of at least one major hurricane strike on the East Coast, including the Florida peninsula, and a 36 percent chance of at least one such strike on the Gulf Coast from the Florida Panhandle westward. The potential for major hurricane activity in the Caribbean was forecast to near average. [1]

On April 5, 2001, a new forecast was issued, calling for 12 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. The increase in the forecast was attributed to the warm sea surface temperatures, although the agency noted that the season would likely not be as active as previous ones due to the effect of a weak to moderate El Nino. The estimated potential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S. was upped slightly to 65 percent; the East Coast potential also went up slightly, and from the Florida Panhandle westward to Brownsville, Texas, the probability remained nearly the same. [4]

Mid-season forecasts

On August 7, 2001, Gray's team issued their first mid-season forecast for the 2001 season, keeping the forecast number at 12 named storms, with 7 becoming hurricanes and 3 becoming a major hurricane, noting that sea surface temperatures and sea level pressures continued to be favorable for above-average hurricane activity. The estimated potential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S. was upped slightly once again to 69 percent; the East Coast potential also went up slightly to 50%, and from the Florida Panhandle westward to Brownsville, Texas, the probability was also upped slightly. [6]

On August 8, 2001, NOAA revised its season estimate slightly upwards to nine to twelve named storms, of which 6 to 8 were to be hurricanes, and 2 to 4 major hurricanes. The agency noted that sea surface temperatures continued to be favorable for above-average hurricane activity, and due to the likelihood that El Nino would not develop during the peak of the season, there was a reduced likelihood of a below-average year. [7]

Seasonal summary

Hurricane OlgaNovember 2001 Atlantic Canada storm complexHurricane MichelleHurricane Karen (2001)Hurricane IrisHurricane Humberto (2001)Hurricane Gabrielle (2001)Hurricane Erin (2001)Tropical Storm Dean (2001)Tropical Storm Chantal (2001)Tropical Storm Barry (2001)Tropical Storm AllisonSaffir–Simpson scale2001 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Erin near New York City after the September 11 attacks. The smoke plume from the destroyed Twin Towers can be seen in the upper left corner. 010911.erin.towers.gif
Hurricane Erin near New York City after the September 11 attacks. The smoke plume from the destroyed Twin Towers can be seen in the upper left corner.

The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2001. [10] It was an above-average season in which 17 tropical cyclones formed. Fifteen depressions attained tropical storm status, and nine of these reached hurricane status. Four hurricanes further intensified into major hurricanes. [11] Favorable sea surface temperatures and sea-level pressures were the main factors in the season being above-average. [6] The season would mark the end of a streak of four consecutive above-average seasons, beginning in 1998. This remained a record until six consecutive seasons featured above-average activity from 2016 to 2021. [12] Four tropical cyclones during the season would degenerate in the deep tropics but later re-develop. Four other systems were classified as subtropical cyclones at some point in their duration, though each later became fully tropical systems. [13] Overall, the Atlantic tropical cyclones of 2001 collectively resulted in 153 deaths and around $11.94 billion in damage. [14] The season ended on November 30, 2001. [10]

Tropical cyclogenesis began in June, with Tropical Storm Allison forming just offshore Texas on June 5. After Allison transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on June 17, no further activity occurred until Tropical Depression Two developed on July 11. However, the depression dissipated the following day. Another break in activity ensued, which ended on August 2, when Tropical Storm Barry formed in the Gulf of Mexico. August featured two other tropical storms, Chantal and Dean.

Five systems formed in September, of which four become a hurricane, while one remained a tropical depression. October featured an equal number of systems, of which all five attained at least tropical storm intensity. One, Hurricane Iris, attained the highest sustained winds of any storm in 2001, at 145 mph (230 km/h), and devastated southern Belize on October 9. Another, Hurricane Michelle, attained the lowest barometric pressure of any storm that year, at 933 mbar (27.55 inHg), and cut a path of destruction across Cuba on November 4. Two additional systems developed in November, Hurricane Noel and Hurricane Olga. Olga dissipated on December 4, ending seasonal activity. [11]

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 110, [15] above the 1950–2000 average of 96.1. [8] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm status. [15]

Systems

Tropical Storm Allison

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Allison 2001-06-05 1715Z.jpg   Allison 2001 track.png
DurationJune 5 – June 17
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1000  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico developed into Tropical Storm Allison at 12:00  UTC on June 5 about 140 mi (225 km) south of Galveston, Texas. The cyclone strengthened and peaked with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) six hours later. At 21:00 UTC on June 5, Allison made landfall near Freeport, Texas. It drifted northward through the state, turned to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression on June 10. Allison then transitioned into a subtropical depression. The storm continued towards the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana early on June 11, and briefly became a subtropical storm despite being inland. Crossing the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic, Allison emerged into the Atlantic at the Delmarva Peninsula on June 17. After temporarily re-attaining subtropical storm status, Allison interacted with a cold front offshore New England and became extratropical. Early on June 19, the remnant extratropical low dissipated near Nova Scotia. [16]

Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to affect the northern Texas coastline. [17] A major flood disaster occurred throughout its path from Texas to the Mid-Atlantic. Houston, Texas, and its vicinity suffered the brunt of the impact, as over 35 in (890 mm) of rain fell there when Allison stalled over southeastern Texas. [16] In this area, flooding related to Allison destroyed or severely damaged more than 14,000 homes, [16] while at least 51,430 others experienced some degree of damage. Floodwaters also entered over 95,000 vehicles and 1,700 businesses. [18] The storm killed 41 people, including 27 who drowned. Overall, Allison caused about $8.5 billion in damage (2001 USD), making it the costliest and second-deadliest tropical storm on record in the United States. [16] [19]

Tropical Depression Two

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
02L Jul 12 2001 1420Z.jpg   2-L 2001 track.png
DurationJuly 11 – July 12
Peak intensity30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min);
1010  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on July 7. Moving westward, the system displayed signs of a weak low-level circulation beginning on July 10, and after deep convection formed on the following day, a tropical depression developed around 18:00 UTC about 1,150 mi (1,850 km) east of the Windward Islands. A subtropical ridge north of the depression caused it to move west-northwestward at roughly 17 mph (27 km/h). Vertical wind shear prevented the cyclone from intensifying beyond sustained winds of 30 mph (48 km/h) and an atmospheric pressure of 1,010 mbar (30 inHg), with dissipation occurring late on July 12 approximately 690 mi (1,110 km) east of the Windward Islands. The remnant tropical wave reached the Lesser Antilles on July 13 and July 14. [20]

Tropical Storm Barry

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Tropical Storm Barry (2001).jpg   Barry 2001 track.png
DurationAugust 2 – August 7
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
990  mbar  (hPa)

On July 24, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and tracked westward. The wave entered the Caribbean Sea on July 29 and gained in organization and convection, before reaching the Gulf of Mexico on August 1. By the following day, a tropical depression developed about 200 mi (320 km) west-northwest of Key West, Florida, and soon strengthened into Tropical Storm Barry. After fluctuations in intensity, including when it weakened to a tropical depression on August 4, the system attained peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) in the Gulf of Mexico late on August 5. Around 05:00 UTC on the next day, Barry made landfall near Santa Rosa Beach, Florida, at the same intensity. The storm weakened to a tropical depression over southern Alabama about seven hours later, before degenerating into a remnant low over Mississippi early on August 7. The remnant low continued north-northwestward until dissipating over Missouri on August 8. [21]

The storm affected Florida; rainfall peaked at 8.9 in (230 mm) at Tallahassee, and winds gusts topped out at 79 mph (127 km/h). Three people in Florida were killed by the storm, and total damage is estimated at $30 million (2001 USD). [21]

Tropical Storm Chantal

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Chantal 2001-08-20 1612Z.jpg   Chantal 2001 track.png
DurationAugust 14 – August 22
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
997  mbar  (hPa)

On August 11, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. Moving generally westward, the wave organized into a tropical depression about 1,500 mi (2,400 km) east of the Windward Islands on August 14. The depression moved rapidly westward and degenerated into an open wave sometime on August 16 while still well east of the Windward Islands. However, after reaching the southeast Caribbean, a circulation re-developed while the system was situated 290 mi (470 km) south of Saint Croix on August 17. With tropical storm-force winds, the system was reclassified as Tropical Storm Chantal. The cyclone strengthened to reach sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) twice in the Caribbean. Early on August 21, Chantal made landfall near the Belize–Mexico border at that intensity. The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression over Campeche on August 22, before dissipating over Tabasco several hours later. [22]

The tropical wave associated with Chantal caused two deaths in Trinidad due to a lightning strike. In Belize, abnormally high tides along the coast damaged piers and seawalls. The storm produced a wind gust of 71 mph (114 km/h) in Caye Caulker, although stronger winds were possible in a convective band to the north. Winds and flooding due to heavy rainfall left damage to agricultural and infrastructural sectors. Overall, Belize suffered nearly $4 million in damage. [22] Heavy rain fell in parts of Mexico, particularly in Quintana Roo, with up to 20.03 in (509 mm) observed at Othón P. Blanco. [23] This led to mudslides, leaving some areas isolated. [24]

Tropical Storm Dean

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Dean 2001-08-27 1425Z.jpg   Dean 2001 track.png
DurationAugust 22 – August 28
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
994  mbar  (hPa)

Between August 14 and August 15, a large tropical wave passed over Dakar, Senegal. The wave gradually acquired convection as it moved westward across the Atlantic. While crossing the Leeward Islands on August 22, a reconnaissance aircraft observed tropical storm-force winds and a surface circulation. Thus, Tropical Storm Dean developed at 12:00 UTC near Saint Croix. After crossing the Virgin Islands and entering the Atlantic, strong wind shear caused Dean to degenerate into an open tropical wave near the Bahamas on August 23. The remnants turned northward, and redeveloped on August 26 to the north of Bermuda. Located over warm waters and in an area of favorable conditions, Dean steadily strengthened while moving to the northeast and peaked just below hurricane status on August 28. The storm subsequently weakened over cooler waters, and became extratropical southeast of Newfoundland later that day. A frontal low absorbed the extratropical system on August 29. [25]

The precursor wave associated with Dean dropped heavy rainfall in the Lesser Antilles, particularly in Puerto Rico. There, up to 12.7 in (320 mm) of precipitation fell in Salinas, causing widespread flooding in the eastern and southern portions of the main island. Floodwaters inundated many highways and entered 1,320 homes. [25] Damage in Puerto Rico totaled about $7.7 million. [26] In the U.S. Virgin Islands, winds downed some trees, caused power outages, and damaged a few roads. [25] Later, Dean produced tropical storm-force wind gusts and light to moderate rainfall in Bermuda and Newfoundland. [27] [28]

Hurricane Erin

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Erin 09 sept 2001 1527Z.jpg   Erin 2001 track.png
DurationSeptember 1 – September 15
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
968  mbar  (hPa)

A westward-moving tropical wave quickly organized into a tropical depression about 690 mi (1,110 km) of the Cape Verde Islands around 18:00 UTC on September 1. By early the next day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Erin and reached an initial peak with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) on September 3. However, two days later, wind shear caused Erin to degenerate into a remnant low-pressure area. Erin re-generated into a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC on September 6 and re-intensified into a tropical storm about 24 hours later around 635 mi (1,020 km) north-northeast of the northernmost Leeward Islands. The cyclone strengthened into a hurricane on September 9 while moving northwestward. The hurricane quickly intensified and reached peak winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) later that day. Short-wave troughs turned Erin to the northeast by September 11. After passing just east of Cape Race, Newfoundland, Erin became extratropical on September 15. The extratropical remnant continued northeastward and lost its identity near Greenland on September 17. [29]

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued for Bermuda beginning on September 8, which were discontinued two days later after the storm bypassed the island. Wind gusts on Bermuda reached 41 mph (66 km/h), [29] felling several trees onto power lines. The storm produced large waves along the East Coast of the United States. [30] Later, Erin brushed Newfoundland, producing sustained wind speeds of 53 mph (85 km/h), with a gust of 67 mph (108 km/h) at Cape Race, while rainfall in the province peaked at 5.1 in (130 mm) on Sagona Island. [29] Along the coast, the passage of the storm led to wave heights of up to 30 ft (9.1 m). [31]

Hurricane Felix

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Felix 2001-09-13 1330Z.jpg   Felix 2001 track.png
DurationSeptember 7 – September 19
Peak intensity115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);
962  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave spawned a tropical depression on September 7 near the Cape Verde islands, which degenerated back into a tropical wave the next day due to strong shear. It redeveloped back into a tropical depression on September 10, and intensified into Tropical Storm Felix the next day while tracking generally northward. By September 13, it intensified into a hurricane, and subsequently it underwent rapid deepening, becoming a major hurricane on September 14 with peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). By that time, Felix had turned to the northeast, and subsequently entered an area of unfavorable conditions. The hurricane gradually weakened, deteriorating to a tropical storm on September 17. Cool waters and higher wind shear caused additional weakening while Felix nearly stalled to the southwest of the Azores. Late on September 18, the storm weakened to a tropical depression, and early the next day Felix dissipated. [32]

Hurricane Gabrielle

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Gabrielle 2001-09-18 1525Z.jpg   Gabrielle 2001 track.png
DurationSeptember 11 – September 19
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
975  mbar  (hPa)

A weak low- to mid-level trough remained nearly stationary offshore the Southeastern United States in early September. A cut-off low developed over Florida on September 9, while an associated surface low formed by late on September 11. The system became a tropical depression around 18:00 UTC about 145 mi (235 km) west-southwest of Naples, Florida. The depression drifted west-southwest and slowly intensified, before doubling-back to the east-northeast and strengthening into Tropical Storm Gabrielle on September 13. Gabrielle curved northeastward and reached sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) before making landfall near Venice, Florida, on the following day. After weakening slightly, Gabrielle emerged into the Atlantic near Titusville on September 15, accelerated to the northeast, and strengthened, becoming a Category 1 hurricane two days later. Colder water temperatures then weakened Gabrielle to a tropical storm on September 18, followed by an extratropical transition on September 19 well south of Newfoundland. The extratropical low was absorbed by a larger extratropical low over the far north Atlantic on September 21. [33]

Hurricane Gabrielle produced moderate winds along coastal areas of western Florida, reaching 58 mph (93 km/h) at Venice. [33] The tide flooded the northern shoreline of Charlotte Harbor and at the entrance to the Peace River, while further to the south a surge of greater than 3 ft (0.91 m) inundated the barrier island at Fort Myers Beach and flooded some cars. [34] Gabrielle brushed the eastern coast of Newfoundland; the rainfall set the all time six-hour precipitation record at St. John's, with a total of 3.54 in (90 mm). [35] Hundreds of homes and buildings were damaged by the passage of Gabrielle, totaling several million Canadian dollars in damage. [36]

Tropical Depression Nine

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
TD9 2001-09-19.jpg   9-L 2001 track.png
DurationSeptember 19 – September 20
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1005  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical depression formed from a tropical wave in the Caribbean on September 19, north-northwest of San Andres Island. It attained a maximum strength of 35 mph (56 km/h), and made landfall near Puerto Cabezas on September 20. After losing its closed circulation over land, it reformed into Hurricane Juliette in the East Pacific. [37]

In El Salvador, heavy rains from the depression helped alleviate drought conditions; however, flooding also inundated 200 homes in San Salvador along the Acelhuate River. [38] Fifteen farms were inundated by flooding, five of which were destroyed. Seventy people evacuated to shelters set up after the storm by the local Red Cross and armed forces. Military crews were quickly deployed to help clean up the damages on September 22. [39]

Hurricane Humberto

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane humberto 2001.jpg   Humberto 2001 track.png
DurationSeptember 21 – September 27
Peak intensity105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min);
970  mbar  (hPa)

Hurricane Humberto formed from an area of low pressure generated by Hurricane Gabrielle. The low formed into a tropical depression on September 21 while south of Bermuda, tracking northwest, and was named Tropical Storm Humberto the next day. It began moving north, and then northeast as it passed Bermuda and strengthened into a hurricane. Humberto headed over the colder waters of the far north Atlantic Ocean, and dissipated quickly on September 27. [40]

Hurricane Iris

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Iris 2001-10-08 1845Z.png   Iris 2001 path.png
DurationOctober 4 – October 9
Peak intensity145 mph (230 km/h) (1-min);
948  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa in late September. The wave moved generally westward across the Atlantic and organized into Tropical Depression Eleven approximately 90 mi (145 km) southeast of Barbados on October 4. It traveled across the Windward Islands, and intensified into Tropical Storm Iris while over the eastern Caribbean on October 5. Iris continued to the west and intensified. After passing just south of Jamaica, Iris reached Category 4 hurricane strength on October 8 to the north of Honduras. Around 02:00 UTC on October 9, the hurricane made landfall near Monkey River Town, Belize, with peak winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). Iris rapidly weakened and dissipated over extreme southeastern Mexico several hours later. [41] Although Iris's circulation dissipated, its remnants contributed to the development of Tropical Storm Manuel in the eastern Pacific Ocean on October 10. [42]

Rainfall from the outerbands of Iris caused flooding in the Dominican Republic, resulting in the evacuation of 35 families after rivers exceeded their banks. Three people died when a landslide destroyed a home in Santo Domingo. [43] Iris destroyed two homes and deroofed two others in Jamaica. The storm produced an 8 to 15 ft (2.4 to 4.6 m) storm surge along the coast of Belize. [41] A total of 3,718 homes were either damaged or destroyed, mostly in the Stann Creek and Toledo districts, rendering about 15,000 people homeless. [44] Severe losses to agriculture was also reported, including the destruction of 5,000 acres (2,000 hectares) of bananas, 3,500 acres (1,400 hectares) of rice, and 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) of corn. [45] Iris caused 24 deaths in Belize – with 20 occurring when the dive boat Wave Dancer capsized near Big Creek – and at least $250 million in damage. [46] [44] Flash floods and mudslides in Guatemala damaged 2,500 homes and 26 schools and killed 8 people. [41] In Mexico, flooding due to heavy rains from Iris damaged 120 homes in Oaxaca and caused 2 deaths. [47]

Tropical Storm Jerry

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Jerry 2001-10-07 1425Z.jpg   Jerry 2001 track.png
DurationOctober 6 – October 8
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1004  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave exited Africa on October 1, moving westward. Rainbands and convection gradually increased, and the NHC designated the system as Tropical Depression Twelve. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Jerry early on October 7, aided by low wind shear. Continuing westward due to a ridge to it north, Jerry strengthened further as it approached the Lesser Antilles, reaching peak winds of around 50 mph (80 km/h). Forecast models indicated the system could reach hurricane status within two to three days under favorable conditions. Jerry passed just south of Barbados at its peak intensity, before its structure began to degrade. Reconnaissance aircraft indicated a possible reformation of the center, as data indicated multiple low-level rotations on a northeast to southwest axis. As Jerry entered the eastern Caribbean Sea early on October 8 after bypassing St. Vincent, its forward speed increased to 25 mph (40 km/h). Moderate vertical wind shear from the northwest developed, disrupting the upper-level outflow. Jerry continued to deteriorate, and later on October 8, aircraft data indicated the system had weakened into a broad area of low pressure with scattered squalls mainly to the east of the remnant center. Jerry then dissipated shortly afterward approximately 230 miles south of Puerto Rico, with the remnants moving westward. [48] [49] [50] [51]

The threat of the storm prompted tropical storm warnings and watches in the Lesser Antilles. Jerry caused minimal damage as it moved through the Windward Islands and Lesser Antilles. A station at Martinique reported sustained ten-minute winds of 44 mph (71 km/h) on October 8. [48] Some downpours and high winds were reported. [52] No ships reported tropical storm-force winds, though Barbados reported a minimum pressure of 1007 mb. [48]

Hurricane Karen

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Karen 13 oct 2001 1520Z.jpg   Karen 2001 track.png
DurationOctober 12 – October 15
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
982  mbar  (hPa)

A cold front and an upper level trough interacted on October 10 to the south of Bermuda, and formed an extratropical storm. The storm passed near Bermuda on October 12, producing hurricane-force winds on the island. It then organized, becoming a subtropical cyclone on October 12 and a tropical cyclone on October 13. Karen strengthened to reach 80 mph (130 km/h) winds as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, and after weakening over cooler waters, it made landfall on Nova Scotia as a tropical storm. It quickly became extratropical. [53]

Tropical Storm Karen produced light to moderate winds across Atlantic Canada, peaking at 47 mph (76 km/h) with a gust of 64 mph (103 km/h) in Cape George in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, along with a 26 mph (42 km/h) report in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. [53] Later, in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, the storm system that absorbed Hurricane Noel produced strong winds that downed several trees and power lines which resulted in power outages. [54]

Tropical Storm Lorenzo

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Lorenzo 2001-10-30 1425Z.jpg   Lorenzo 2001 track.png
DurationOctober 27 – October 31
Peak intensity40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min);
1007  mbar  (hPa)

An upper-level tropospheric trough persisted in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, developing a circulation by October 26 which quickly organized. On October 27, it developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen about 865 mi (1,392 km) south-southwest of the western Azores. [55] Moving westward, the depression was forecast to attain winds of at least 60 mph (97 km/h), [56] [57] although it failed to reach that intensity. [55] Banding features developed over the storm, [57] and on October 30 it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lorenzo. [55] By early on October 31, convection had begun to separate from the circulation, [58] [59] and later in the day Lorenzo became extratropical. The remnants of Lorenzo merged with a frontal system about 690 mi (1,110 km) west of the Azores. [55]

Hurricane Michelle

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Michelle 2001.jpg   Michelle 2001 path.png
DurationOctober 29 – November 5
Peak intensity140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min);
933  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on October 16. The wave moved westward across the Atlantic and the Caribbean, before developing into a tropical depression along the east coast of Nicaragua on October 29. Convection increased after the depression entered the Caribbean, and the system intensified into Tropical Storm Michelle on November 1. It strengthened further, becoming a hurricane on November 2 and reaching Category 4 status on November 4, becoming one of only four tropical cyclones on record to reach that intensity in the month of November. Michelle made landfall in Cuba twice, first on Cayo Largo del Sur with peak winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) and then on the mainland near the Bay of Pigs at a slightly weaker intensity. Michelle was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike Cuba since Hurricane Fox in 1952. The storm rapidly weakened and fell to Category 1 intensity as it emerged into the Atlantic early on November 5. Michelle then moved quickly northeastward through the Bahamas and struck Andros and Eleuthera before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. A frontal system absorbed the remnants of Michelle to the south of Bermuda by early on November 7. [60]

The system that eventually became Michelle dropped torrential rains in several countries, causing at least six deaths in Honduras and four deaths in Nicaragua. An additional 26 people were reported missing in Central America. [60] Torrential precipitation was also reported in Jamaica, with 41.7 in (1,058 mm) of rainfall observed at one location. [61] Flooding and mudslides damaged about 500 homes beyond repairs, while 561 others were impacted to some degree. [62] The storm caused five deaths and $18 million in damage in Jamaica. [62] [63] Michelle went on to affect Cuba, where the storm produced 4 to 5 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) waves. Rainfall amounts up to 29.69 in (754 mm) were recorded across the island. [64] Sustained winds peaked at 124 mph (200 km/h) at Cayo Largo del Sur, while wind gusts reached at 130 mph (210 km/h) at the same location and in Jagüey Grande. [60] The hurricane demolished 12,579 homes and damaged 166,515 others. [13] Overall, Michelle caused five deaths and about $2 billion in damage in Cuba. [13] [65] Major damage also occurred in the Bahamas, totaling about $300 million. [66]

Hurricane Noel

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Noel 2001-11-05 1345Z.jpg   Noel 2001 track.png
DurationNovember 4 – November 6
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
986  mbar  (hPa)

A non-tropical frontal low developed from a cold front on November 1 to the west of the Azores. It intensified while moving west-northwestward and gradually dissipated its frontal structure. [67] It became a subtropical storm on November 4 about 890 mi (1,430 km) south of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Operationally, the storm was considered a non-tropical low, and the National Hurricane Center did not begin issuing advisories until it became a tropical cyclone. It moved slowly northward as convection organized into a ring around the center. As a result of a ship reporting hurricane-force winds near the center, and due to the development of a weak mid-level warm core, the subtropical cyclone was reclassified as Hurricane Noel on November 5. Increasing westerly wind shear limited convection near the center, and Noel weakened to a tropical storm early on November 6. [68] Progressively cooler water temperatures contributed to weakening, [69] and Noel became extratropical later on November 6 about 330 mi (530 km) southeast of Newfoundland. The extratropical remnant continued to the northeast and was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm later that day. [68]

Hurricane Olga

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Olga 2001-11-27.jpg   Olga 2001 track.png
DurationNovember 24 – December 4
Peak intensity90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min);
973  mbar  (hPa)

Hurricane Olga formed as a subtropical cyclone on November 24 and meandered westward where it reached hurricane status on November 26. The storm attained peak winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) before turning southeastward and weakening back into a tropical storm. Olga dissipated as a tropical cyclone on December 6 east of the Bahamas. [70]

Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 2001. [71] This is the same list used for the 1995 season, [72] except for Lorenzo, Michelle, Olga, and Rebekah, which replaced Luis , Marilyn , Opal , and Roxanne , respectively. [73] Each new name except for Rebekah was used for the first (and only in the case of Michelle) time in 2001.

  • Olga
  • Pablo (unused)
  • Rebekah (unused)
  • Sebastien (unused)
  • Tanya (unused)
  • Van (unused)
  • Wendy (unused)

Retirement

The World Meteorological Organization retired the names Allison, Iris, and Michelle from the Atlantic hurricane name lists after the 2001 season on account of their destructiveness. They were replaced with Andrea, Ingrid, and Melissa, respectively, for the 2007 season. [74] Allison became the first Atlantic tropical storm to have its name retired. [75]

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2001 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TDTSC1C2C3C4C5
2001 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name		Dates activeStorm category
at peak intensity		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)		Min.
press.
(mbar)		Areas affectedDamage
(USD)		DeathsRef(s)
Allison June 4 – 18Tropical storm60 (95)1000 Gulf Coast of the United States, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada $9 billion41 (14) [19] [13]
TwoJuly 11 – 12Tropical depression30 (45)1010NoneNoneNone
Barry August 2 – 7Tropical storm70 (110)990 Cuba, Florida, Alabama $30 million2 (7)
Chantal August 14 – 22Tropical storm70 (110)997 Windward Islands, Greater Antilles, Yucatan Peninsula, Central America $4 million0 (2)
Dean August 22 – 28Tropical storm70 (110)994 Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Lucayan Archipelago, Eastern Canada $7.7 millionNone
Erin September 1 – 15Category 3 hurricane115 (185)968Bermuda, Canada, East Coast of the United States MinimalNone
FelixSeptember 7 – 19Category 3 hurricane115 (185)962NoneNoneNone
Gabrielle September 11 – 19Category 1 hurricane80 (130)975Florida, Newfoundland > $230 million2 (1)
NineSeptember 19 – 20Tropical depression35 (55)1005Central AmericaUnknownNone
Humberto September 21 – 27Category 2 hurricane105 (165)970BermudaNoneNone
Iris October 4 – 9Category 4 hurricane145 (230)948 Windward Islands, Greater Antilles, Central America, Eastern Mexico $250 million36 [13] [76]
JerryOctober 6 – 8Tropical storm50 (85)1004 Barbados, Windward Islands, Eastern Caribbean Sea NoneNone
Karen October 12 – 15Category 1 hurricane80 (130)982Bermuda, Atlantic Canada $1.4 millionNone
LorenzoOctober 27 – 31Tropical storm40 (65)1007NoneNoneNone
Michelle October 29 – November 5Category 4 hurricane140 (220)933Greater Antilles, Central America, Florida, Lucayan Archipelago, Bermuda $2.43 billion48 [13] [65]
NoelNovember 4 – 6Category 1 hurricane75 (120)986NoneNoneNone
Olga November 24 – December 4Category 1 hurricane90 (150)973Lucayan Archipelago, Greater Antilles, FloridaNoneNone
Season aggregates
17 systemsJune 4 – December 4 145 (230)933$11.94 billion131 (22) 

See also

Notes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active Atlantic hurricane season, and is considered to be the start of an ongoing era of high-activity tropical cyclone formation. The season produced twenty-one tropical cyclones, nineteen named storms, as well as eleven hurricanes and five major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Allison, developed on June 2, while the season's final storm, Hurricane Tanya, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 1. The very active Atlantic hurricane activity in 1995 was caused by La Niña conditions, which also influenced an inactive Pacific hurricane season. It was tied with 1887 Atlantic hurricane season with 19 named storms, which was later equalled by the 2010, 2011, and 2012 seasons.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2004 Atlantic hurricane season was a very deadly, destructive, and active Atlantic hurricane season, with over 3,200 deaths and more than $61 billion in damage. More than half of the 16 tropical cyclones brushed or struck the United States. Due to the development of a Modoki El Niño – a rare type of El Niño in which unfavorable conditions are produced over the eastern Pacific instead of the Atlantic basin due to warmer sea surface temperatures farther west along the equatorial Pacific – activity was above average. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, though the season's last storm, Otto, dissipated on December 3, extending the season beyond its traditional boundaries. The first storm, Alex, developed offshore of the Southeastern United States on July 31, one of the latest dates on record to see the formation of the first system in an Atlantic hurricane season. It brushed the Carolinas and the Mid-Atlantic, causing one death and $7.5 million (2004 USD) in damage. Several storms caused only minor damage, including tropical storms Bonnie, Earl, Hermine, and Matthew. In addition, hurricanes Danielle, Karl, and Lisa, Tropical Depression Ten, Subtropical Storm Nicole and Tropical Storm Otto had no effect on land while tropical cyclones. The season was the first to exceed 200 units in accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) since 1995, mostly from Hurricane Ivan, which produced the highest ACE out of any storm this season. Ivan generated the second-highest ACE in the Atlantic, only behind the 1899 San Ciriaco Hurricane.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2003 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2003 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active season with tropical cyclogenesis occurring before and after the official bounds of the season—the first such occurrence since the 1970 season. The season produced 21 tropical cyclones, of which 16 developed into named storms; seven of those attained hurricane status, of which three reached major hurricane status. The strongest hurricane of the season was Hurricane Isabel, which reached Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale northeast of the Lesser Antilles; Isabel later struck North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane, causing $3.6 billion in damage and a total of 51 deaths across the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2002 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-average Atlantic hurricane season. It officially started on June 1, 2002, and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally limit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic Ocean. The season produced fourteen tropical cyclones, of which twelve developed into named storms; four became hurricanes, and two attained major hurricane status. While the season's first cyclone did not develop until July 14, activity quickly picked up: eight storms developed in the month of September. It ended early however, with no tropical storms forming after October 6—a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions. The most intense hurricane of the season was Hurricane Isidore, a Category 3 storm with a minimum central pressure of 934 mbar; however, Hurricane Lili, with a minimum pressure of 938 mbar, attained higher winds and peaked at Category 4.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2000 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active hurricane season, but featured the latest first named storm in a hurricane season since 1992. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was slightly above average due to a La Niña weather pattern although most of the storms were weak. It was also the only season to have two of the storms affect Ireland. The first cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed in the southern Gulf of Mexico on June 7 and dissipated after an uneventful duration. However, it would be almost two months before the first named storm, Alberto, formed near Cape Verde; Alberto also dissipated with no effects on land. Several other tropical cyclones—Tropical Depression Two, Tropical Depression Four, Chris, Ernesto, Nadine, and an unnamed subtropical storm—did not impact land. Five additional storms—Tropical Depression Nine, Florence, Isaac, Joyce, and Leslie—minimally affected land areas.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1998 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season was a catastrophic and deadly Atlantic hurricane season, which had the highest number of storm-related fatalities in over 218 years and some of the costliest ever at the time. The season had above average activity, due to the dissipation of an El Niño event and transition to La Niña conditions. It officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean. The season had a rather slow start, with no tropical cyclones forming in June. The first tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Alex, developed on July 27, and the season's final storm, Hurricane Nicole, became extratropical on December 1.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1996 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season had the most major hurricanes since 1950, which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The season was above-average, featuring a total of thirteen named storms, nine hurricanes, and six major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1996 and ended on November 30, 1996, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season's first tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Arthur, developed on June 17, while the final cyclone, Hurricane Marco dissipated on November 26. The most intense hurricane, Edouard, was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that affected portions of the Mid-Atlantic states and New England. The season featured nine tropical cyclone landfalls, including six hurricanes, one of which was a major hurricane. In total, six major hurricanes formed during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season—the highest number produced in a single season since 1950.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1963 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1963 Atlantic hurricane season was a slightly below average season in terms of tropical cyclone formation, with a total of ten nameable storms. Even so, it was also a notoriously deadly and destructive season. The season officially began on June 15, 1963, and lasted until November 15, 1963. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first system, an unnamed tropical storm, developed over the Bahamas on June 1.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1969 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season since the 1933 season, and was the final year of the most recent positive Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) era. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30. Altogether, 12 tropical cyclones reached hurricane strength, the highest number on record at the time; a mark not surpassed until 2005. The season was above-average despite an El Niño, which typically suppresses activity in the Atlantic Ocean, while increasing tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean. Activity began with a tropical depression that caused extensive flooding in Cuba and Jamaica in early June. On July 25, Tropical Storm Anna developed, the first named storm of the season. Later in the season, Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine caused severe local flooding in the Florida Panhandle and southwestern Georgia in September.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1970 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1970 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season was fairly average, with 14 named storms forming, of which seven were hurricanes. Two of those seven became major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Also, this was the first season in which reconnaissance aircraft flew into all four quadrants of a tropical cyclone.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1977 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1977 Atlantic hurricane season was a very inactive Atlantic hurricane season, with only six named storms. The season officially began on Wednesday, June 1, 1977 and lasted until Wednesday, November 30, 1977. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic basin. The first tropical cyclone of the season developed over the western Caribbean Sea on June 13, 12 days after the start of the season. Three more organized during July and early August. Then, on August 29, the first named storm, Hurricane Anita formed and rapidly intensified to a Category 5 hurricane on September 1, before weakening slightly and striking Mexico as a high-end Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, bringing strong winds and heavy rainfall, causing 11 fatalities and leaving at least 25,000 people homeless.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1989 Atlantic hurricane season was an average hurricane season with 11 named storms. The season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. The first tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed on June 15, and dissipated two days later without any effects on land. Later that month, Tropical Storm Allison caused severe flooding, especially in Texas and Louisiana. Tropical Storm Barry, Tropical Depressions Six, Nine, and Thirteen, and Hurricanes Erin and Felix caused negligible impact. Hurricane Gabrielle and Tropical Storm Iris caused light effects on land, with the former resulting in nine fatalities from rip currents offshore the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada, while the latter produced minor flooding in the United States Virgin Islands.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1955 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season was, at the time, the costliest season ever recorded, just ahead of the previous year. The hurricane season officially began on June 15, 1955, and ended on November 15, 1955. It was an extremely active season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), but only slightly above average in terms of storm formation, with 13 recorded tropical cyclones.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1937 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 1937 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average hurricane season, featuring eleven tropical storms; of these, four became hurricanes. One hurricane reached major hurricane intensity, equivalent to a Category 3 or higher on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale. The United States Weather Bureau defined the season as officially lasting from June 16 to October 16. Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes, especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration, may have remained undetected. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable. As a result of a reanalysis project which analyzed the season in 2012, a tropical storm and a hurricane were added to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT). The official intensities and tracks of all storms were also revised by the reanalysis. The year's first storm formed on July 29 in the Gulf of Mexico, and the final system, a hurricane, dissipated over open ocean on October 21.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season since 2003 to feature tropical activity both before and after the official bounds of the season. There were an above-average number of named storms during the season – 15, however many storms were weak and short-lived. Despite the predominance of weak systems, this was the first season on record to feature more than one Category 5 landfalling hurricane. This would not happen again until 2017. It produced 17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean, although as shown by Subtropical Storm Andrea and Tropical Storm Olga in early May and early December, respectively, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. The first system, Subtropical Storm Andrea, developed on May 9, while the last storm, Tropical Storm Olga, dissipated on December 13. The most intense hurricane, Dean, was, at the time, the third most intense landfalling Atlantic storm on record. It was the second on record in which an Atlantic hurricane, Felix, and an eastern Pacific hurricane, Henriette, made landfall on the same day. September had a then record-tying eight storms, until it was surpassed in 2020. However, the strengths and durations of most of the storms were low.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was the most destructive Atlantic hurricane season since 2005, causing over 1,000 deaths and nearly $50 billion in damage. The season ranked as the third costliest ever at the time, but has since fallen to tenth costliest. It was an above-average season, featuring sixteen named storms, eight of which became hurricanes, and five which further became major hurricanes. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur caused the season to start one day early. It was the only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November in the North Atlantic. Bertha became the longest-lived July tropical cyclone on record for the basin, the first of several long-lived systems during 2008.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was an above-average Atlantic hurricane season in which fifteen named storms formed. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season's first tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Allison, formed on June 5 while the season's final system, Hurricane Olga, dissipated on December 6.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2011 Atlantic hurricane season was the second in a group of three very active Atlantic hurricane seasons, each with 19 named storms, tied with 1887, 1995, 2010, and 2012. The above-average activity was mostly due to a La Niña that persisted during the previous year. Of the season's 19 tropical storms, only seven strengthened into hurricanes, and four of those became major hurricanes: Irene, Katia, Ophelia, and Rina. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during each year in which most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic Ocean. However, the first tropical storm of the season, Arlene, did not develop until nearly a month later. The final system, Tropical Storm Sean, dissipated over the open Atlantic on November 11.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2018 Atlantic hurricane season was the third in a consecutive series of above-average and damaging Atlantic hurricane seasons, featuring 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, which caused a total of over $50 billion in damages and at least 172 deaths. More than 98% of the total damage was caused by two hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 2018, and ended on November 30, 2018. These dates historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Tropical Storm Alberto on May 25, making this the fourth consecutive year in which a storm developed before the official start of the season. The season concluded with Oscar transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on October 31, almost a month before the official end.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

    The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record, in terms of number of systems. It featured a total of 31 tropical and subtropical cyclones, with all but one cyclone becoming a named storm. Of the 30 named storms, 14 developed into hurricanes, and a record-tying seven further intensified into major hurricanes. It was the second and final season to use the Greek letter storm naming system, the first being 2005, the previous record. Of the 30 named storms, 11 of them made landfall in the contiguous United States, breaking the record of nine set in 1916. During the season, 27 tropical storms established a new record for earliest formation date by storm number. This season also featured a record ten tropical cyclones that underwent rapid intensification, tying it with 1995, as well as tying the record for most Category 4 hurricanes in a singular season in the Atlantic Basin. This unprecedented activity was fueled by a La Niña that developed in the summer months of 2020, continuing a stretch of above-average seasonal activity that began in 2016. Despite the record-high activity, this was the first season since 2015 in which no Category 5 hurricanes formed.

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    54. ↑ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (November 8, 2001). "Thousands without power after storm rips Maritimes". CBC News. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
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    58. ↑ Jack Beven (October 30, 2001). "Tropical Storm Lorenzo – Discussion Number 13". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
    59. ↑ Jack Beven (October 30, 2001). "Tropical Storm Lorenzo – Discussion Number 14". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
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    61. ↑ Rafi Ahmad; Lawrence Brown (January 1, 2010). Assessment of Rainfall Characteristics and Landslide Hazards in Jamaica (PDF). Jamaica National Meteorological Service (Report). University of Wisconsin. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
    62. 1 2 Caribbean Development And Cooperation Committee (December 7, 2001). Jamaica: Assessment Of The Damage Caused By Flood Rains And Landslides In Association With Hurricane Michelle, October 2001 (PDF) (Report). Economic Commission For Latin America and the Caribbean. p. 15. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
    63. ↑ Dartmouth Flood Observatory (January 25, 2002). "2001 Global Register of Extreme Flood Events". Dartmouth Flood Observatory's Active Archive of Large Floods. Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
    64. ↑ "Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos. 2003. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
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