The 1893 Great Charleston hurricane compounded the effects of the deadly Sea Islands hurricane in August and proceeded to impact areas as far north as Ontario. The ninth known tropical cyclone,ninth hurricane,and fourth major hurricane of the season,[nb 1] this system was first observed south of the Cabo Verde Islands on September25. It moved westward and intensified into a hurricane on September 28,before turning northwestward on October 2. By then,the system strengthened into a Category3 hurricane and likely peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120mph (195km/h). The hurricane then moved west-northwestward for several days,beginning on October6. After passing just north of the Abaco Islands on October12,the storm curved northwestward and then north-northwestward,remaining closely offshore Florida and Georgia. The hurricane then turned northeastward,and on October 13,it made landfall near McClellanville,South Carolina,winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). Moving rapidly northward from North Carolina into eastern Canada,the system became extratropical over far southern Quebec on October14 and dissipated over the northeastern portions of the province on the following day.
In the Bahamas,abnormally high tides inundated some streets on New Providence and nearby Hog Island (modern-day Paradise Island),sweeping away the home of the assistant lighthouse keeper. The storm severely damaged pineapple cultivation facilities on Eleuthera and plantations on the Abaco Islands,where many other buildings were destroyed. In Florida,storm surge reached several feet above ground between Palm Beach and Jacksonville,while heavy rains fell,leading to flooding in a number of coastal communities. Coastal flooding impacted South Carolina from Georgetown southward,though the worst occurred between Winyah Bay and Murrells Inlet. The National Hurricane Center lists the combined death toll for Florida and South Carolina at 28. North Carolina reported extensive damage to crops,trees,homes,and shipping,as well as 22fatalities. Many towns across Virginia,the Mid-Atlantic,New England,and Ontario experienced wind damage and some coastal and freshwater flooding. In Maryland,the storm caused two indirect deaths and about $1million in damage in Baltimore alone.[nb 2] Inside the Great Lakes,the storm capsized nearly 40vessels,leading to a loss of 54lives. Four other people died in Buffalo,New York. Overall,110deaths are attributed to the storm.
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity,according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Meteorologist Charles J. Mitchell of the Weather Bureau noted in 1924 that this storm was first observed over the far eastern Atlantic at 11°0′N26°0′W / 11.000°N 26.000°W / 11.000; -26.000 on September25.[2] Consequently, the Atlantic hurricane database begins the track of this cyclone at 06:00UTC on that day at 11°6′N25°0′W / 11.100°N 25.000°W / 11.100; -25.000, approximately 275mi (445km) south-southwest of the westernmost islands of Cabo Verde. Initially a tropical storm, the system moved westward and intensified into a hurricane on September28 and a Category2 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale on October1. By the following day, the cyclone began a northwestward motion. The hurricane is also estimated to have strengthened into a Category3 hurricane on October2 and reached maximum sustained winds of 120mph (195km/h) shortly thereafter. The hurricane then moved west-northwestward for several days, beginning on October6. After passing just north of the Abaco Islands on October12, the storm curved northwestward and then north-northwestward. Remaining closely offshore Florida and Georgia, the cyclone passed only about 25mi (40km) east of Ormond Beach in the former at 00:00UTC on October13.[3]
The hurricane then turned northeastward later on October13 and at around 13:00UTC, it made landfall near McClellanville, South Carolina, winds of 120mph (195km/h) and an atmospheric pressure of 955mbar (28.2inHg).[3] Meteorologist Francis P. Ho estimated both figures in 1989, the latter based on a recorded atmospheric pressure of 959mbar (28.3inHg) and a maximum wind radius of 17mi (27km) and the sustained winds based on these calculations and the storm's latitude.[4] Moved rapidly northward through North Carolina and the Appalachian Mountains, the cyclone was still a Category1 hurricane as it passed 60mi (95km) west of Washington, D.C. The storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over far southern Quebec on October14 after crossing Lake Ontario and continued northeastward until dissipating over the northeastern portions of the province on the following day.[3] Overall, the hurricane achieved an accumulated cyclone energy rating of 63.5,[nb 3] one of the highest values ever recorded.[5]
Impact
Although the storm remained far away from the Lesser Antilles, Antigua reported sustained winds up to 27mph (43km/h).[6] In the Bahamas, abnormally high tides inundated some streets on New Providence and nearby Hog Island, sweeping away the home of the assistant lighthouse keeper. The storm severely damaged pineapple cultivation facilities on Eleuthera and plantations on the Abaco Islands, where many other buildings were destroyed.[2]
In Florida, storm surge reached several feet above ground between Palm Beach and Jacksonville, while heavy rains fell, leading to flooding in a number of coastal communities.[7] The highest known sustained wind speed in Florida was 78mph (126km/h) in Titusville.[6] A report from Sebastian noted 90mph (140km/h).[7] Tides reached their highest heights in St. Augustine since 1824, while the Matanzas and San Sebastian rivers merged for the first time in 22years. The hurricane reportedly downed all telegraph and telephone lines and flooded many homes.[8] Floodwaters covered streets in St. Augustine.[7] Sustained winds in Jacksonville peaked at 48mph (77km/h),[9] and the St. Johns River crested at its highest height there in several years. Some cottages sustained damage in the city. In Georgia, although the "sea ran heaviest for years" at Savannah according to a report by the Weather Bureau, sustained winds there reached 40mph (64km/h) and only minor impact occurred.[8]
A 2006reanalysis of cyclones in South Carolina concluded that the hurricane was likely compact. Therefore, Charleston probably experienced not much worse than tropical storm conditions,[10]:73 with impact mainly limited to toppled power, telegraph, and telephone lines and downed trees blocking a road.[10]:71The Battery and some western parts of the city were inundated with about 1 to 2ft (0.30 to 0.61m) of ocean water. Extensive storm surge damage occurred between South Island – at the south end of Winyah Bay– and Murrells Inlet.[10]:73 Near the latter, the community of Magnolia Beach reported the loss of many coastal homes, while those that remained suffered substantial damage. Tides on Pawleys Island rose at least 5ft (1.5m), leaving about 2ft (0.61m) of water inside homes.[10]:75 Storm surge and abnormally high tides in Georgetown, exceeded the heights of those measured in the August hurricane.[8] Consequently, the entire waterfront flooded and merchandise stored in warehouses were damaged.[11] Also in that city, sustained winds reached about 90mph (140km/h),[8] the highest recorded in South Carolina even though the storm struck the state as a Category3 hurricane.[3] At least 15deaths occurred in the state,[8] while the National Hurricane Center lists the combined toll for Florida and South Carolina at 28.[12] However, other sources note that 19fatalities occurred along the coast of South Carolina.[10]:73[11]
North Carolina suffered "great destruction ... to forests, crops and property, and to shipping.", according to a 2000 report by National Weather Service meteorologist James E. Hudgins. Sustained winds in the state peaked at 93mph (150km/h) at Southport.[13]The Southport Leader noted that "from one of town to the one the harbor front presents a desolate appearance strewn as it with timber, boats, and the wreckage of wharves, fish houses, and other buildings." Although many other instances of damage occurred throughout the town, that newspaper estimated that only small monetary losses occurred overall.[14] Waves reached the then-record highest height in Wilmington, causing about $150,000 in damage to the waterfront.[13] Although sustained winds reached only 36mph (58km/h) in Raleigh, the atmospheric pressure fell to about 970.5mbar (28.66inHg), then the lowest ever recorded in North Carolina. Significant agricultural losses occurred in the vicinity of Raleigh, but many crops had already been harvested. The area also reported many downed trees and power lines and badly damaged some buildings.[15] A total of 22fatalities were reported in North Carolina.[13]
Strong winds in Virginia partially deroofed homes and downed several trees in Richmond. Two trains struck fallen trees between Richmond and Danville.[16] Heavy rainfall caused the Roanoke River to rise to its highest level within the memory of residents and expand to a width of about 0.75mi (1.21km). At the West End, several families evacuated from a row of cottages after floodwaters began entering the first floors. Overall, 40homes in the West End suffered flood damage. Near Elliston, approximately 1,000ft (300m) of Norfolk and Western Railway was washed out.[17] Stone Gap observed 2.98in (76mm) during the course of one day, the highest 24-hour total in the month of October at that location. Many residences within the city washed away. The storm destroyed barns and outhouses and toppled many electrical lines in Petersburg. High tides destroyed the wharves at Alexandria, causing about $25,000 in damage, and capsized the Edward Ewing. Gale-force winds downed trees, limbs, and a church wall in Washington, D.C. The toppling of the church wall resulted in about $3,000 in damage. Four vessels suffered damage or capsized. The Potomac River rose to 6ft (1.8m) above high tide, submerging the Anacostia Bridge. Henry B. Brown, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, suffered a serious injury after a plate glass window shattered at his house. Winds also downed a number of trees and limbs throughout the city.[16]
In Maryland, a fire ignited at the electrical plant in Baltimore when a downed wire made contact with a wooden section of the building, ultimately destroying the facility for a loss of about $125,000. Two prisoners died after the fire spread to the jail. Along the coast, tides swept away several bridges and wharves.[8] Dozens of warehouses flooded and numerous low-lying streets were submerged. Baltimore's canning district suffered about $50,000 in damage.[18] Throughout the city, damage totaled about $1million.[19] Winds downed fences and partly deroofed some residences in Bladensburg,[16] while Cumberland,[20]Solomons and Woodstock also experienced severe property damage.[8] Well east of Cumberland, a train ran into a section of track where a landslide had occurred. Initial reports indicated that two engineers died as a result of this incident, but both survived.[21] In Delaware, the Christina River overflowed at Wilmington, flooding southern parts of the city. Residents in that section of Wilmington had to be rescued from the second floors of their homes.[22]
Several Pennsylvania towns reported downed trees, unroofed dwellings, disrupted telegraph service, and delayed traffic on railroads, including in Bethlehem, Carlisle, Chambersburg, Chester, Columbia, Easton, Erie, Harrisburg, Huntingdon, Kilmer, Lewisburg, Mifflintown, Norristown, Pine Grove, Pittsburgh, Reading, Stroudsburg, West Chester, and Westtown. Philadelphia observed sustained winds of 50mph (80km/h) and gusts of 60mph (97km/h), causing minor damage.[8] A fire ignited in Allentown after sustained winds of about 40mph (64km/h) caused telephone and electric wires to become crossed. The blaze, described by the Boston Sunday Post as "the most disastrous fire in the history of Allentown" caused approximately $300,000 in damage.[23] A fire ignited under similar circumstances in Wilkes-Barre, leading to about $30,000 in damage after burning several floors of a telephone exchange.[24] In New Jersey, the storm washed out several parts of the West Jersey Railroad, downed many telegraph wires, and beached several vessels.[8] The hurricane downed nearly all telegraph and telephone wires at Asbury Park.[25] Many wires fell in Jersey City area, where the hurricane also toppled a number of signs and trees and capsized many vessels, including yachts at Greenville Shore.[26] Four buildings were destroyed in Belvidere, including a factory, causing about $25,000 in losses.[27] In Cape May, the storm downed many trees and the ocean pier pavilion. Hundreds of acres along the Maurice River south of Millville flooded.[28]
In New York, sustained winds reached 47mph (76km/h) in New York City, cutting off communications by telegraph and telephone. Stormy conditions left the streets mostly deserted.[29] Waves swept away parts of the beach accessways at Coney Island. The storm downed several trees and fences and destroyed a few homes in Brooklyn.[30] The Monthly Weather Review of October1893 noted, however, that within the state, the cyclone "did little damage except in the western portion and on the lakes."[8]Ulster and Wayne counties both reported significant losses to fruit crops, including grapes and peaches. In the latter, winds also demolished or deroofed some buildings. The Hudson River rose enough in Ulster County to flood the docks of Rondout.[31] Strong winds in the Great Lakes region prevented many people from standing, downed many lines, unroofed a number of structures, and destroyed four cottages and a railroad depot in Buffalo, causing three deaths.[32] Hundreds of signs and trees were knocked over, while the storm blew around approximately 400,000 to 500,000ft (120,000 to 150,000m) of lumber.[33] A large retort house at a gas company completely collapsed, leaving at least $20,000 in damage.[34] The center crossed Lake Ontario, sinking 10ships and stranding 29others, leading to the loss of 54lives and about $700,000 in damage. Another person died after being blown into the Niagara River.[32]
In Connecticut, wind gusts reached 63mph (101km/h) in New London.[8] Communications companies reported downed telegraph wires throughout the state. The Waterbury Evening Democrat reported coastal flooding along the shore of Long Island Sound and the beaching of many small boats, "but the wreckage is slight compared with the August storms."[35]Rhode Island's capital city of Providence observed sustained winds of 38mph (61km/h). Two scows owned by a dredging company capsized there, but little other damage occurred in the city.[36] Many trees and fences fell on the outskirts of Providence, while many Western Union telegraph poles toppled at Dodgeville.[37] In Massachusetts, heavy crop damage occurred in the vicinity of Amesbury, where the storm also knocked down numerous trees and telegraph and telephone lines.[38] Recorded wind gusts along coastal Massachusetts reached 50mph (80km/h), snapping telegraph wires between Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.[39] In Maine, Portland had "one of the wildest days ever known here" according to The Boston Globe. Extensive damage occurred to schooners in Portland and nearby islands.[40]Bangor experienced interruptions to communications and damage to awnings, trees, and signs.[41]
The extratropical remnants of the hurricane entered Canada on October14, first crossing the province of Ontario.[3] Wind gusts reached about 60mph (97km/h) in Niagara Falls, levelling trees, fences, and telegraph and telephone wires.[42]Toronto observed more than 3in (76mm) of rain in a 24-hour period. Telegraph communications experienced significant interruptions. Some vessels capsized, including six yachts at the Royal Canadian Yacht Club, and many others were driven ashore.[43] In Hamilton, several homes flooded and three yachts capsized. About 100barrels were swept off a dock in the nearby city of Burlington.[44] The barge Hecla went ashore at Wellington for a loss of approximately $75,000. Farther east, the storm downed trees and fences and disrupted shipping somewhat in Kingston.[42]
↑ All damage figures are in 1893USD, unless otherwise noted
↑ Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have higher values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity.[1]
Related Research Articles
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The 1903 Atlantic hurricane season featured seven hurricanes, the most in an Atlantic hurricane season since 1893. The first tropical cyclone was initially observed in the western Atlantic Ocean near Puerto Rico on July 21. The tenth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone well northwest of the Azores on November 25. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Six of the ten tropical cyclones existed simultaneously.
The 1895 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly inactive one, featuring only six known tropical cyclones, although each of them made landfall. Of those six systems, only two intensified a hurricane, while none of those strengthened into a major hurricane. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.
The 1894 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1894. The 1894 season was a fairly inactive one, with seven storms forming, five of which became hurricanes.
The 1893 Atlantic hurricane season featured the only known instance of more than one tropical cyclone causing at least 1,000 deaths in the United States. It was a fairly active season, with 12 tropical storms forming, 10 of which became hurricanes. Of those, five became major hurricanes. The season is considered hyper-active in terms of accumulated cyclone energy, achieving a total of 231 units, which remains the third-highest ever recorded in the Atlantic basin. Additionally, 1893 became one of two seasons on record to see four Atlantic hurricanes active simultaneously, along with 1998. In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. The first system was initially observed on June 12 in the Bay of Campeche, while the twelfth and final storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 9 over the northwestern Atlantic.
The 1891 Atlantic hurricane season featured the most devastating tropical cyclone to impact the French overseas territory of Martinique since the early 19th century. Overall, ten tropical storms formed, seven of which became hurricanes. Of those, one became a major hurricane. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. Therefore, an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. The first system was initially observed on July 3 in the Bay of Campeche, while the tenth and final storm was last noted offshore Atlantic Canada on November 6.
The 1889 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively quiet season, with nine tropical storms and six hurricanes and no major hurricanes. However, due to scarce technology and the fact that only storms that affected populated land or ships were recorded, the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.
The 1887 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record at the time in terms of the number of known tropical storms that had formed, with 19. This total has since been equaled or surpassed multiple times. The 1887 season featured five off-season storms, with tropical activity occurring as early as May, and as late as December. Eleven of the season's storms attained hurricane status, while two of those became major hurricanes. It is also worthy of note that the volume of recorded activity was documented largely without the benefit of modern technology. Consequently, tropical cyclones during this era that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes, especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration, may have remained undetected. Thus, historical data on tropical cyclones from this period may not be comprehensive, with an undercount bias of zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 estimated. The first system was initially observed on May 15 near Bermuda, while the final storm dissipated on December 12 over Costa Rica.
The 1888 Atlantic hurricane season was significantly less active compared to the previous season, with two tropical storms, four hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. However, in the absence of modern satellites and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.
The 1877 Atlantic hurricane season featured one of the most devastating tropical cyclones to impact the Dutch Caribbean constituent country of Curaçao. Eight tropical storms are known to have developed, three of which strengthened into hurricanes, while one of those intensified into a major hurricane. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.
1 2 Partagás, José Fernández; Diaz, Henry F. (1996). Year 1893(PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
↑ "Great Hurricane of 1893"(PDF). The Weekly Gazette. Bucklesberry, Back in the Day. La Grange, North Carolina. October 3, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
1 2 1893 Storm 9(.XLS). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
↑ Rappaport, Edward N.; Partagás, José Fernández; Beven, Jack (April 22, 1997). "Appendix 1. Cyclones with 25+ Deaths". The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
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