1894 Greater Antilles hurricane

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Ship observations first indicated the presence of a tropical storm early on September 18 approximately 600 mi (965 km) east of Barbados. The cyclone moved west-northwestward and gradually intensified, reaching hurricane status around 06:00  UTC on the following day. By early on September 20, the storm is estimated to have strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. Further intensification occurred, with the system becoming a Category 3 hurricane around 18:00 UTC as it passed just north of Martinique. The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) early on September 21 while entering the eastern Caribbean Sea. [2]

As it approached Hispaniola, the storm weakened slightly and fell to Category 2 intensity before making landfall in the present-day Dominican Republic near the Azua – Barahona provinces border with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) at 12:00 UTC on September 22. The cyclone quickly weakened to a Category 1 hurricane before emerging into the Gulf of Gonâve near Port-au-Prince, Haiti, several hours later. Around 06:00 UTC on September 23, the system re-intensified into a Category 2 hurricane just prior to making landfall in Cuba near Santiago de Cuba with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). The storm quickly weakened to a Category 1 hurricane again and then moved along or close to the south coast of Cuba throughout much of September 23 and early on September 24, before turning northwestward near Playa Girón in Matanzas Province shortly after 06:00 UTC. Late on September 24, the hurricane briefly weakened to a tropical storm, but soon re-strengthened into a hurricane early on September 25 after emerging into the Straits of Florida about halfway between Havana and Matanzas. [2]

After moving generally northward across the Straits of Florida, the cyclone made landfall in Key West, Florida, around 11:00 UTC on September 25 with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Reanalysis suggests that the hurricane intensified further, becoming a Category 2 hurricane again by 18:00 UTC, about one hour before striking near Punta Rassa, Florida, with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). [2] Upon landfall, the system had an atmospheric pressure of 975  mbar (28.8  inHg ), the lowest known in relation to the storm. [1] The hurricane curved north-northeastward and briefly weakened to a tropical storm near Orlando around 06:00 UTC on September 26, before re-strengthening into a hurricane just prior to emerging into the Atlantic near modern-day Palm Coast about six hours later. At about 07:00 UTC on the following day, the system made landfall near Port Royal, South Carolina, with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). The hurricane then curved east-northward and weakened to a tropical storm over far southeastern North Carolina early on September 28. Briefly re-emerging into the Atlantic, the cyclone made another landfall near Atlantic Beach with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). After again entering the Atlantic from northern Dare County, the storm re-intensified into a hurricane early on September 29. However, the cyclone weakened back to a tropical storm about 24 hours later while passing offshore New Jersey. The storm was last noted early on October 1 about 120 mi (195 km) east of Nantucket, Massachusetts. [2]

Impact

Map of the Caribbean in 1891 106 of 'Outlines of Geography for the use of lower and middle forms of schools and of candidates for the Army Preliminary Examinations ... With numerous maps' (11212356746).jpg
Map of the Caribbean in 1891

On Martinique, the storm beached and destroyed the schooners Apaze and Midinia. [3] The storm capsized several small craft on Saint Kitts, which reportedly caused ten deaths, while another three fatalities occurred on Antigua after a sloop wrecked. "Cocoa and lime estates suffered" on Dominica, according to the St. Croix Avis. Additionally, the hurricane wrecked the schooner Lettie Linwood, partially demolished a jetty, and damaged roads. [4] Strong winds on Guadeloupe toppled many trees and telegraph wires in Pointe-à-Pitre, severing communications with interior parts of the island. [5] Wind gusts over 40 mph (64 km/h) were observed at the weather station in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. [3] Throughout Hispaniola, the hurricane destroyed more than five hundred homes and two churches; numerous other structures sustained damage, mainly having their roofs blown off. [6]

The storm dropped heavy rainfall in portions of Cuba, especially in the central parts of the country, where an observation station recorded 6.6 in (167 mm) of precipitation on September 23 and an additional 9.5 inches (242 mm) of rainfall on the following day. Consequently, the Mayaneya, Sagua la Grande, Yabucito, and Yabu overflowed. [7] In Sagua La Grande, approximately one-third of the town's residents evacuated, [3] while those unable to escape climbed to the roofs of two-story structures. [7] Floodwaters reached 5 ft (1.5 m) above ground at the railroad tracks, while up to 8 ft (2.4 m) of water was reported inside a hotel. Some sources indicated that floodwaters reached as high as 75 to 95 ft (23 to 29 m) above ground, though meteorologist José Fernández Partagás strongly doubted these reports, "it seems too high even if it were in feet instead of meters". [3] Several other communities in central Cuba experienced flooding, including Cruces, Lajas, and Santo Domingo. Much of the region also reported extensive losses to sugarcane and heavy damage to gas works and electric plants. The cyclone left approximately 3,000 families homeless, with about 70 homes destroyed and 200 others severely damaged. Additionally, the hurricane demolished 47 homes in Santa Cruz del Sur. [7] Approximately 200 fatalities occurred in Cuba, [8] while damage totaled approximately $4 million. [7]

On September 24, the Weather Bureau ordered storm signals in Florida for the Cedar Keys, Jupiter, Punta Gorda, and Tampa, before soon expanding the warned area to include Wilmington, North Carolina, to New Orleans, Louisiana. [9] The Weather Bureau also predicted violent gales in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. [3] Additionally, shipping interests as far north as New York City received notice of the storm on September 24, particularly for vessels heading southward. [9]

1900 indexed county and township pocket map of Florida The Rand-McNally indexed county and township pocket map and shippers guide of Florida showing all railroads, cities, towns, villages, post offices, lakes, rivers, etc. LOC 98688459.jpg
1900 indexed county and township pocket map of Florida

In Florida, the island of Key West observed 5-minute sustained winds of 87 mph (140 km/h) and gusts up to 104 mph (167 km/h), while the captain of the schooner Consiston, situated just west of Key West, estimated that winds reached as high as 120 mph (190 km/h). [3] The island experienced its worst storm since 1876. Winds downed many trees and fences, though most buildings sustained little damage. Many cigar factories lost a significant amount of their products after water entered the buildings, while shipping also suffered extensive losses. [10] Unconfirmed reports initially stated that the schooner Emily B. sank near Key West with the loss of the entire crew. [11] However, The Tropical Sun later reported that both the ship and crew were safe. [12] Farther east, the barque Brandon capsized at Crocker Reef, drowning 14 of the 17 men aboard, including the captain. [3]

The storm dropped heavy rainfall across mainland Florida, including a 54-hour total of 13.78 in (350 mm) of precipitation in Tampa, a storm total of 11.11 in (282 mm) in Jacksonville, and a 48-hour total of 7.72 in (196 mm) in Titusville. [3] Offshore, the ship Julia became stranded at Hillsboro Inlet, while two bodies, several wine caskets, and other merchandise washed ashore between the Lake Worth Lagoon and New River. [11] The storm swept away a bridge along the Lake Worth Lagoon. [13] At Jupiter, thousands of dead fish washed ashore. [14] The town recorded sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). [3]

Several cigar factories were wrecked in Tampa. The storm also destroyed many smaller homes and buildings, as well as a church and hotel. Damage to buildings alone in Tampa reached approximately $50,000. Watercraft in the St. Johns River at Palatka suffered significant impact and 12 wharves between Palatka and Green Cove Springs disappeared. In St. Augustine, storm surge and abnormally high tides overtopped the seawalls and "made rivers of the streets", according to The Times-Union . Water entered many homes and the Ponce de Leon Hotel. [15] In Jacksonville, strong winds and heavy rainfall deroofed the city's largest hotel, the Everett Hotel. The storm also destroyed an unfinished railroad station and two homes. [16] Nearby, abnormally high tides caused extensive damage in Mayport and Pablo Beach, with all of the docks and wharves destroyed at the former. [17] Throughout the state, a loss of about 20% of orange crops occurred. Overall, damage in Florida exceeded $1 million. [15]

1903 map of coastal Virginia showing the former Princess Anne County Lost Counties of Virginia on the mouth of the James River.jpg
1903 map of coastal Virginia showing the former Princess Anne County

In Georgia, the Sea Islands "escaped with practically no damage.", according to the Savannah Morning News . Wind gusts reached 88 mph (142 km/h) on Tybee Island, destroying a windmill. On Isle of Hope, a few fruit trees and fences fell over. [18] The hurricane downed some trees branches and limbs and toppled telegraph and telephone wires in Savannah. [19] Coastal regions of South Carolina and other areas slightly farther inland experienced major damage to corn, cotton, and rice crops. [20] Tides reached about 10 ft (3.0 m) above normal at Charleston. [1] At Cape Romain, the schooner Benjamin F. Lee wrecked, with the ship and cargo having a combined value of about $18,000. [21] Some parts of coastal North Carolina reported strong winds, including 5-minute sustained wind speeds of 54 mph (87 km/h) in Southport and 60 mph (97 km/h) in Kitty Hawk. [22] In Virginia, Cape Henry observed 5-minute sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), along with gusts up to 90 mph (150 km/h). [23] These winds severed telegraph lines along the coast. [20] Princess Anne County, now part of Virginia Beach, suffered some loss of corn and potato crops. Two tenement houses were destroyed. [24] On Cobb Island, waves washed away about 200 ft (61 m) of sand and inundated the island with about 3 ft (0.91 m) of water, sweeping away outhouses, fences, some pigs, and all vegetation. [25]

In New Jersey, the hurricane produced rough surf in the vicinity of Atlantic City, while the Asbury Park Press noted that "the meadows between this city [Atlantic City] and the mainland are like a great bay." [26] Tides generated by the storm in New York swept away about 200 ft (61 m) of the outer bulkhead and severely damaged the inner bulkhead at Brighton Beach, causing a portion of the Brighton Beach Hotel to sag enough to induce fears of its collapse. The cyclone also washed out the marine railway from Brighton Beach to Manhattan Beach, including tearing up boardwalks and platforms leading to the former. Additionally, a pavilion bar and lunch room were carried away. Conservative estimates placed damage in New York at over $75,000. [27] The storm wrecked a number of vessels as far north as New England. [23] Strong winds along coastal Massachusetts led to a large loss of fruit from trees in Plymouth. [28] A large elm tree fell in Lynn, causing serious injuries to a woman. [29]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1895 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1894 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1894 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1894. The 1894 season was a fairly inactive one, with seven storms forming, five of which became hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1888 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1888 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1888. In the 1888 Atlantic season there were two tropical storms, four hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1876 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1876 Atlantic hurricane season lasted from mid-summer to late-fall. Records show that 1876 featured a relatively inactive hurricane season. There were five tropical storms, four became hurricanes, two of which became major hurricanes. However, due to the absence of remote-sensing satellite and other technology, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded; therefore, the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1876 cyclones, both Hurricane One and Hurricane Four were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed large changes to the known tracks of Hurricane Two and of Hurricane Five. The track and start position of Hurricane Five was further amended in 2003.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Christopher W. Landsea; et al. "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 José Fernández Partagás (1996). Year 1894 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  4. ↑ "Telegrams - St. Croix Station". St. Croix Avis. Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands. September 22, 1894. p. 2. Retrieved July 9, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  5. ↑ "Latest Intelligence". The Dominican. Roseau, Dominica. September 27, 1894. p. 2. Retrieved July 9, 2023– via Digital Library of the Caribbean.
  6. ↑ "North Atlantic Meteorology". Monthly Weather Review. 22 (9): 356. September 1894. Bibcode:1894MWRv...22..355.. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1894)22[355:NAM]2.0.CO;2 . Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Cuban Towns Flooded". The Shore Press. Asbury Park, New Jersey. October 5, 1894. p. 7. Retrieved July 10, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  8. ↑ Edward N. Rappaport; José Fernández Partagás; Jack Beven (April 22, 1997). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  9. 1 2 "Hurricane Coming". The Topeka State Journal. September 24, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved July 5, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  10. ↑ "At Key West". The Times-Picayune. September 29, 1894. p. 8. Retrieved November 1, 2019– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  11. 1 2 "Storm Pick-ups". The Tropical Sun. Juno, Florida. October 4, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  12. ↑ "Hrre [sic] and here". The Tropical Sun. Juno, Florida. October 11, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  13. ↑ "We Sometimes Think". The Tropical Sun. Juno, Florida. October 4, 1894. p. 2. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  14. ↑ "Jupiter Jottings". The Tropical Sun. Juno, Florida. October 4, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  15. 1 2 "Storm Damage South". The Sentinel. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. September 29, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved November 1, 2019– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  16. ↑ "Hurricane at Jacksonville". Columbus Daily-Enquirer Sun. Columbus, Georgia. September 27, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved April 26, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  17. ↑ Al Sandrik; Christopher W. Landsea (May 2003). Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  18. ↑ "Little Damage at the Resorts". The Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. September 28, 1894. p. 8. Retrieved April 26, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  19. ↑ "The City's Escape". The Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. September 28, 1894. p. 8. Retrieved April 26, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  20. 1 2 "News From The Storm". The Wilmington Messenger. September 28, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved June 20, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  21. ↑ "Schooner Ashore on Cape Roman [sic]". The Boston Globe. October 1, 1894. p. 2. Retrieved June 22, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  22. ↑ James E. Hudgins (April 2000). Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586: An historical perspective (PDF). National Weather Service (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 20. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  23. 1 2 David Roth; Hugh Cobb (July 16, 2001). "Late Nineteenth Century Virginia Hurricanes". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  24. ↑ "Storm in Princess Anne". The Richmond Dispatch. September 30, 1894. Retrieved June 20, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  25. ↑ "News of The Storm". The Morning Star. Wilmington, North Carolina. September 30, 1894. p. 4. Retrieved June 20, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  26. ↑ "Storm Along the Coast". Asbury Park Press. September 29, 1894. p. 3. Retrieved June 20, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  27. ↑ "Foam Capped". The Boston Globe. October 1, 1894. p. 2. Retrieved June 21, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  28. ↑ "High Tide at Plymouth". The Boston Globe. October 1, 1894. p. 2. Retrieved June 22, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  29. ↑ "Seriously Injured". The Boston Globe. October 1, 1894. p. 2. Retrieved June 22, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
1894 Greater Antilles hurricane
September 27, 1894 hurricane 4 map.jpg
Map of the hurricane on September 27 over South Carolina
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