Hurricane Hortense was the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico since Hurricane Hugo in 1989,and the second most intense hurricane during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. The eighth tropical cyclone,eighth named storm,and sixth hurricane of the season,Hortense developed on September3 from a tropical wave in the central Atlantic Ocean. Initially a tropical depression,it headed westward without significant strengthening for four days due to unfavorable upper-level winds. While nearing the Lesser Antilles upper-level winds decreased,allowing the depression to become Tropical Storm Hortense on September7. Hortense crossed Guadeloupe on September8 and entered the Caribbean Sea. By the following day,it was upgraded to a hurricane while curving northwestward. Hortense made landfall in Puerto Rico on September9 and brushed the Dominican Republic shortly thereafter. After re-entering the Atlantic,Hortense began to substantially strengthen and peaked as a 140mph (220km/h) Category4 hurricane early on September13. Thereafter,the storm steadily weakened as it tracked rapidly north-northeastward. Early on September15,Hortense made landfall in Nova Scotia as a minimal Category1 hurricane. It quickly weakened further to a tropical storm before re-entering the Atlantic to the south of Newfoundland. Late on September15,Hortense transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and subsequently merged with a frontal system about 24hours later.
The storm produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds as it passed through the Lesser Antilles. On Guadeloupe,damage was most significant to crops,with over 50% of banana plantains destroyed. Localized flooding was reported on Martinique. Impact was most significant in Puerto Rico. Across the island,11,463houses were severely damaged. About 1.4million people on Puerto Rico were left without electricity – equivalent to about 40% of the island's population. Damage in Puerto Rico was estimated at $153.4million (1996USD). There were also 19deaths,most of which due to drowning during flash floods. In the Dominican Republic,strong winds damaged a number of buildings and houses,and downed several power lines. Flooding also forced the closure of several roads and impacted 80% of crops in SamanáProvince. At least three fatalities were confirmed in that country. The storm brought strong winds to the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands,and lesser winds to Bermuda. Later in its duration,Hortense struck Nova Scotia,bringing heavy rainfall and hurricane-force winds to isolated locations. There were many power outages,trees blown down,roofs torn away,and roads damaged in the Province. New Brunswick,Newfoundland,and Prince Edward Island were also impacted,though not as severely as in Nova Scotia. Damage in Atlantic Canada reached approximately $3.64million.
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity,according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
A tropical wave and a broad low-pressure area associated with it exited the west coast of Africa near Dakar, Senegal on August30. The low-pressure area, which had deepened to 1,005mbar (29.7inHg) by August31, moved south of Cape Verde. Although deep convection was minimal on satellite imagery, the system possessed a well-defined low- to mid-level circulation. After crossing several National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration buoys early on September3, it was determined that the system developed into Tropical Depression Eight at 1200UTC on that same day, while located about halfway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles. Under the influence of strong high pressure ridge, the depression tracked almost due westward, without significant intensification. Convection remained sporadic and disorganized, with a reconnaissance flight finding a board circulation and a few squall on September6. While nearing the Leeward Islands, upper-level winds reduced to a favorable level, causing strengthening and allowing deep convection to increase.[1]
At 0600UTC on September7, the depression had intensified into Tropical Storm Hortense. A reconnaissance flight around that time reported winds of 71mph (114km/h), confirming the storm was strengthening. Early on September8, Hortense struck Guadeloupe with winds of 60mph (95km/h). Shortly thereafter, intensification slowed, due to increased vertical wind shear by upper-level short wave in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Convection diminished, with satellite imagery showing a tropical cyclone with the low-level circulation exposed. The short-wave soon left the area, causing wind shear to decrease and convection quickly re-developed.
Hurricane Hortense moving through Puerto Rico on September 10
By early on September9, Hortense intensified into a Category 1 hurricane, while curving northwestward. Around 0600UTC on the following day, the storm made landfall near Guánica, Puerto Rico with winds of 80mph (130km/h);[1] this made it the first hurricane landfall on the island since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Initially, most tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated Hortense would pass south of the island and instead strike the Dominican Republic.[2] After two hours, Hortense emerged into the Mona Passage and brushed the eastern tip of Dominican Republic; Punta Cana near the eastern tip of the country reported the calm of the eye on September10. Land interaction with Hispaniola weakened the storm slightly, though it would soon re-strengthen.[1]
While tracking east of Turks and Caicos Islands on September11, Hortense became a Category2 hurricane and then to a Category3 hurricane by early on the following day. Continuing to intensify, Hortense reached Category4 intensity on September12. Around that time, a developing trough centered over the Eastern United States caused the storm to curve almost due northward and accelerate. At 0000UTC on September13, Hortense attained its peak intensity with a maximum sustained wind speed of 140mph (220km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 935mbar (27.6inHg).
After maintaining Category4 intensity for 24hours, the storm weakened back to a Category3 hurricane. While passing well west of Bermuda, Hortense was downgraded to a Category2 hurricane early on September14. Later that day, the storm weakened further to a Category1 hurricane. Early on September15, Hortense made its final landfall near West Quoddy, Nova Scotia with winds of 75mph (120km/h). Hortense weakened over Nova Scotia and was a tropical storm when it re-emerged into the Atlantic less than nine hours after landfall. By 1800UTC on September15, Hortense transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while just south of Newfoundland. The storm's remnants merged with a frontal system on the following day.[1]
Preparations
Shortly after Hortense intensified into a tropical storm, a tropical storm warning was issued by the respective governments from Martinique to the United States Virgin Islands. Late on September7, about 57hours before the hurricane's Puerto Rico landfall, a tropical storm warning and hurricane watch was issued for Puerto Rico;[1] however, the watch was discontinued at 1500UTC on September8 after the storm experienced increased wind shear in the region.[2] At the same time, a hurricane warning was left after having been issued for the British and United States Virgin Islands 12hours earlier. At 1500UTC on September9– about fifteen hours before landfall– a hurricane warning was issued in Puerto Rico.[1] The downgrade of the warning on the island led residents to underestimate the hurricane's threat.[2] Before Hortense struck Puerto Rico, the local National Weather Service office warned of the potential of rainfall exceeding 10in (250mm), with higher totals in the mountains.[1]
Late on September9, a hurricane warning was issued for portions of eastern Dominican Republic, which was eventually extended along the country's northern coastline. A tropical storm warning and hurricane watch was issued for the north coast of Haiti to St. Nicolas. On September10, a hurricane warning was issued for the Turks and Caicos Islands and for the Bahamas islands of Inagua and Mayaguana; a hurricane watch was also issued for the Central Bahamas.[1]
Impact
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Guadeloupe Highest-known totals
While still a tropical storm, Hortense moved through the Lesser Antilles with significant amounts of precipitation. A station on Guadeloupe reported a total of 12.5in (320mm). La Désirade observed 81mph (130km/h) wind gusts and sustained winds of 53mph (85km/h) while Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport observed 58mph (90km/h) wind gusts.[1][9] The storm caused significant crop damage, destroying roughly over 50 percent of the banana plantain.[10][11] Further south, heavy rains led to scattered flooding in Martinique,[12] which inundated streets, while strong winds knocked down power lines.[13] One man who attempted to drive across a flooded road was rescued from his vehicle seconds before it was swept away.[14]
While Hortense passed south of Saint Croix, the storm produced sustained winds of 39mph (63km/h) at Henry E. Rohlsen Airport, with unofficial gusts to 62mph (100km/h).[15] Hortense dropped heavy rainfall that peaked at 18.0in (460mm) in Christiansted.[16] The rains flooded low-lying areas of Frederiksted. On nearby Saint Thomas, the storm dropped 7.0in (180mm) of rainfall, with gusts reaching only 30mph (48km/h).[15]
As Hortense approached Puerto Rico, the eastern half of the circulation had a concentrated area of thunderstorms.[15] While the hurricane crossed the southwest portion of the island, it dropped heavy rainfall of over 10in (250mm) in much of the territory's eastern half. Totals ranged from below 1in (25mm) near where the storm moved ashore to a peak of 23.5in (600mm) near Cayey.[16] Three stations broke their 12–hour rainfall records and two stations broke their 24–hour rainfall records; the highest 24–hour total was 19.5in (500mm) in Las Piedras. The rainfall caused widespread flash flooding and increased river discharge; a station along the Río Grande de Loíza in San Lorenzo reported a 1 in 100 year flow rate. Rivers and creeks across the region reached high peaks,[15] and there were several reports of mudslides.[1] Sustained winds on the island peaked at 46mph (74km/h) in Ceiba, and gusts reached 62mph (100km/h) in Carolina.[15] An unofficial wind gust of 109mph (175km/h) in the southwest portion of the island may have been caused by the Venturi effect, or an acceleration of winds between walls.[1] Along the southern Puerto Rico coast, Hortense caused coastal flooding and beach erosion.[15]
An overflown river near San Juan flooded several homes. Across the island, Hortense left about 1.3million people without power and 1.1million customers without water. During the storm, 10,563people evacuated to storm shelters.[15] Across the island, 11,463houses were severely damaged by Hortense.[1] The hurricane left $128.4million in crop damage, primarily to coffee, plantains, and bananas. There was another $25million from road damage. There were 19deaths on the island, many of whom due to flash flood drownings.[15] Some 1,400,000people, about 40% of the population, lost power during and after the storm, straining the cleanup effort in the following days and weeks with lack of air conditioning and spoiled food.[17]
While Hortense was near the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic, Punta Cana reported sustained winds of 92mph (148km/h), which was the highest land wind report associated with the hurricane. Puerto Plata along the northern coast also reported hurricane-force winds. High winds destroyed a school and church, damaged several houses, and downed several power lines. Like its effects in Puerto Rico, Hortense dropped heavy rainfall in the Dominican Republic, peaking at 19.25in (489mm) in San Rafael del Yuma. While passing the region, the hurricane produced a 9ft (2.7m)storm surge. The combination of the surge and heavy rainfall produced flooding that closed roadways. Hortense damaged 80% of the crops in Samaná. In the country, the hurricane killed three people and left 21missing.[1]
Elsewhere
On Grand Turk Island, wind gusts reached 90mph (140km/h) while Hortense passed nearby; the same station reported sustained winds of 60mph (97km/h).[1]
The Bahamas, threatened by their second major hurricane in two weeks, fared well from the storm, with little damage and no casualties.[17]
In Bermuda, a sustained wind speed of 34mph (55km/h) and a gust to 48mph (77km/h) were measured on September13; slightly lesser winds were reported the following day. The storm also brought rainfall to the island, though total amounts are unknown.[18][19]
In Nova Scotia, Hortense dropped heavy rainfall and caused strong winds, causing power outages, uprooted trees, and moderate structural damage amounting to $3million (1996 USD).[20] Rainfall was light on Prince Edward Island, with the highest observed being 1.7 inches (43mm) in Charlottetown. Strong winds were reported throughout the province. Gusts reached 52mph (84km/h) in Charlottetown and 80mph (130km/h) elsewhere. The winds downed power lines, leaving numerous residents without electricity, especially in Charlottetown, East Point, Montague, Murray River, Souris. Effects were almost nil in New Brunswick, limited to rainfall peaking at 2.1 inches (53mm), though most of it was a storm system that preceded Hortense's passage. Sustained winds in the province were light, reaching about 27mph (43km/h).
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On September11, President Bill Clinton declared a major disaster in 68 of the 78municipalities of Puerto Rico; this allowed federal funding for debris removal, repairing public roads and buildings and assistance to individually affected residents.[21]
Retirement
Because of the damage caused by the hurricane, particularly in Puerto Rico, the name Hortense was retired in the spring of 1997 by the World Meteorological Organization, and will not be used again for another North Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Hanna for the 2002 season.[22]
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