Atrato River

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Atrato River
RioAtrato al atardecer.jpg
Atrato River
Location
Country Colombia
Physical characteristics
Source 
  location Colombia
Mouth  
  location
Caribbean Sea, Colombia
  coordinates
8°10′45.2″N76°56′28.7″W / 8.179222°N 76.941306°W / 8.179222; -76.941306
Length750 km (470 mi)
Basin size37,810 km2 (14,600 sq mi) [1] 35,996.7 km2 (13,898.4 sq mi) [2]
Discharge 
  locationAtrato Delta, Gulf of Urabá, Colombia
  average3,993 m3/s (141,000 cu ft/s) [3] 3,767.992 m3/s (133,065.4 cu ft/s) [2]
Basin features
Tributaries 
  leftTruando
  rightMurrí, Sucio
Rivers in Colombia. Atrato is in the far northwest of the country near the Panama border Mapa de Colombia (rios).svg
Rivers in Colombia. Atrato is in the far northwest of the country near the Panama border

The Atrato River (Spanish : Río Atrato) is a river of northwestern Colombia. It rises in the slopes of the Western Cordillera and flows almost due north to the Gulf of Urabá (or Gulf of Darién), where it forms a large, swampy delta. [4] Its course crosses the Chocó Department, forming that department's border with neighboring Antioquia in two places. Its total length is about 650 km (400 mi), and it is navigable as far as Quibdó (400 km / 250 mi), the capital of the department.

Contents

In 2016, the Constitutional Court of Colombia granted the river legal rights of personhood after years of degradation of the river basin from large-scale mining and illegal logging practices, which severely impacted the traditional ways of life for Afro-Colombians and Indigenous people.

Watershed

The river’s total length is about 650 km (400 mi), and it is navigable as far as Quibdó (400 km / 250 mi), the capital of the department. The basin occupies an area of 37,810 km2 (14,600 sq mi) and has an average annual precipitation of >5,000 mm/year that reaches up to 12,000 mm/year in the upper basin.

Flowing through a narrow valley between the Cordillera and coastal range, it has only short tributaries, the principal ones being the Truandó, the Sucio, and the Murrí rivers.

The gold and platinum mines of Chocó line some of its confluence, and the river sands are auriferous. [4] Mining and its toxic leavings have adversely affected river and environmental quality, damaging habitat for many species and affecting the ethnic groups, the predominantly Afro-Colombian and Native American indigenous peoples who live along the river. The river is one of the few ways to move around in the Chocó region.

Wildlife

Northwestern Colombia encompasses an area of great diversity in wildlife. During the Pleistocene era at the height of the Atrato river, where it intersected the Cauca-Magdalena, the area was covered by a sea. It is proposed that this created a geographic barrier that may have caused many species to diverge through the process of allopatric speciation. [5] For example, Philip Hershkovitz proposed that the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) and the white-footed tamarin (Saguinus leocopus) diverged because of the rise of the Atrato, and today they are principally separated by the river. [5]

Fish

History

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the San Juan and the Atrato rivers attracted considerable attention as part of a feasible route for a trans-isthmian canal in Colombia. [4] William Kennish, an engineer and inventor from the Isle of Man and Royal British Navy veteran, proposed an aqueduct making use of the Atrato River and its tributary, the Truando River, to cross the Colombian isthmus. After publishing a report in 1855 on this proposal for a New York firm, he was chosen to guide a US military expedition to explore and survey the proposed project in Colombia. [7] [8] In 1901, the United States government's Isthmian Canal Commission determined that the Atrato River was not suitable for a canal, due to the length of the route (over 100 miles) and the large amount of silt carried by the river, and recommended Nicaragua and Panama as preferable sites. [9]

In November 2016, the Constitutional Court of Colombia declared the legal personhood of the Atrato River possessing the rights to ‘’protection, conservation, maintenance, and restoration. [10] '' While the Colombian Constitution does not explicitly recognize Rights of Nature [RoN], [11] ruled that it is a set of ‘’biocultural rights’’ that can be inferred from guarantees in the constitution for biodiversity, cultural, and humanitarian protections. [12] The ‘biocultural rights’’ claim emphasized that the cultural rights of Colombian Indigenous and Afro-Colombian citizens, and the biological rights of the Atrato River are inextricably linked. As a result, Judge Palacio ruled that the biocultural rights should support the conservation, restoration, and sustainable development of the Atrato River [13]

The ruling transpired from the degradation of the river basin from large-scale mining and illegal logging practices, which severely impacted the traditional ways of life for Afro-Colombians and Indigenous people. [12] Illegal logging changed the flow of the river, and illicit mining increased the level of toxic chemicals [i.e., mercury and cyanide] entering the river system, causing a threat to the biodiversity of the area, and adversely impacting the health of the vulnerable people of these societies, including children [13]

The court referred to New Zealand’s Te Awa Tupua Act (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) [14] and cited New Zealand’s recognition of the Whanganui River’s legal personhood as precedent. [12] Following that example, the court ordered the creation of a guardian body – the Commission of the Guardians of Atrato River, to represent the interests of the river, and manage the river’s resources in a sustainable way that is consistent with the river’s legal personhood status. [10] Initially, the commission would include government representatives and one community representative. However, civil society rejected the idea of just one community and instead made a request for fourteen council members to serve on the council. [10] The request was approved, and the council was formed in May 2018. [10]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Colombia</span>

The Republic of Colombia is situated largely in the north-west of South America, with some territories falling within the boundaries of Central America. It is bordered to the north-west by Panama; to the east by Brazil and Venezuela; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and it shares maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antioquia Department</span> Department of Colombia

Antioquia is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the central northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea. Most of its territory is mountainous with some valleys, much of which is part of the Andes mountain range. Antioquia has been part of many territorial divisions of former countries created within the present-day territory of Colombia. Prior to adoption of the Colombian Constitution of 1886, Antioquia State had its own sovereign government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chocó Department</span> Department of Colombia

Chocó Department is a department of the Pacific region of Colombia known for hosting the largest Afro-Colombian population in the nation, and a large population of Amerindian and mixed African-Amerindian Colombians. It is in the west of the country, and is the only Colombian department to have coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. It contains all of Colombia's border with Panama. Its capital is Quibdó.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quibdó</span> Municipality and town in Pacific Region, Colombia

Quibdó is the capital city of Chocó Department, in the Pacific Region of Colombia, and is located on the Atrato River. The municipality of Quibdó has an area of 3,507 km² and a population of 129,237, predominantly Afro Colombian, including Zambo Colombians.

The Bojayá massacre was a massacre that occurred on May 2, 2002, in the town of Bellavista, Bojayá Municipality, Chocó Department, Colombia. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrillas attacked the town in an attempt to take control of the Atrato River region from United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) paramilitaries. During the fighting, a gas cylinder bomb launched at the AUC paramilitaries positioned by the walls of a church from a FARC mortar went through the roof of the church instead, landing on the altar inside and detonating. 119 civilians died in the attack; approximately 300 inhabitants of the town had taken refuge in the church, and 79 died in the explosion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vigía del Fuerte</span> Municipality and town in Antioquia Department, Colombia

Vigía del Fuerte is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the Urabá Antioquia sub-region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acandí</span> Municipality and town in Chocó Department, Colombia

Acandí is a town in Colombia at the northern extremity of the department of Chocó in the northwest of Colombia, bordering Panama and the Caribbean Sea. It is 366 km (227 mi) from the department's capital, Quibdó. Its average temperature is 28 degrees Celsius (82 °F). It was founded around 1887, and it became a municipality in 1905, previously being part of Turbo. The name "Acandí" is a corruption of the indigenous word "Acanti", which means "River of Stone".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riosucio, Chocó</span> Municipality and town in Chocó Department, Colombia

Riosucio is a municipality and town in the Department of Chocó, Colombia. The municipality and town are located in the Atrato River basin, on the Chocoan side of Urabá, a region spanning the departments Chocó and Antioquia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afro-Colombians</span> Colombian people of African descent

Afro-Colombians, also known as Black Colombians, are Colombians who have predominantly or total Sub-Saharan African ancestry, these stand out for having dark skin. In the national censuses of Colombia, black people are recognized as 3 official groups: the Raizals, the Palenques and other Afro-Colombians.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luis Gilberto Murillo</span> Colombian politician (born 1967)

Luis Gilberto Murillo Urrutia is a Colombian politician and Mining Engineer who was the Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development from 2016 to 2018. He has also served as Governor of the predominantly Afro-Colombian Department of Chocó in Colombia. Murillo was kidnapped in 2000 and after his release he went into and moved to the United States and only returned to Colombia in 2011. In July 2022, Murillo was nominated by president-elect Gustavo Petro to serve as ambassador to the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deforestation in Colombia</span>

Colombia loses 2,000 km2 of forest annually to deforestation, according to the United Nations in 2003. Some suggest that this figure is as high as 3,000 km2 due to illegal logging in the region. Deforestation results mainly from logging for timber, small-scale agricultural ranching, mining, development of energy resources such as hydro-electricity, infrastructure, cocaine production, and farming.

William Kennish was an engineer, inventor, explorer, scientist, and poet, known primarily for inventions developed while he served in the British Royal Navy (1821–1841). They ranged from improvements for artillery to navigation and steering devices.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chocó–Darién moist forests</span> Ecoregion in Colombia and Panama

The Chocó–Darién moist forests (NT0115) is a largely forested, tropical ecoregion of northwestern South America and southern Central America. The ecoregion extends from the eastern Panamanian province of Darién and the indigenous region of Guna Yala to almost the entirety of Colombia's Pacific coast, including the departments of Cauca, Chocó, Nariño and Valle del Cauca.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf of Tribugá</span>

The Gulf of Tribugá is a gulf on the Pacific coast of Colombia. It contains exuberant mangroves. The bay is a spawning ground for humpback whales. Tourist attractions include diving and watching whales and turtles. There are plans to build a major deep-water port at the village of Tribugá in the main river estuary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental personhood</span> Legal concept

Environmental personhood or juridic personhood is a legal concept which designates certain environmental entities the status of a legal person. This assigns to these entities, the rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities and legal liability of a legal personality. Because environmental entities such as rivers and plants can not represent themselves in court, a "guardian" can act on the entity's behalf to protect it. Environmental personhood emerged from the evolution of legal focus in pursuit of the protection of nature. Over time, focus has evolved from human interests in exploiting nature, to protecting nature for future human generations, to conceptions that allow for nature to be protected as intrinsically valuable. This concept can be used as a vehicle for recognising Indigenous peoples' relationships to natural entities, such as rivers. Environmental personhood, which assigns nature certain rights, concurrently provides a means to individuals or groups such as Indigenous peoples to fulfill their human rights.

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References

  1. Félix Dario, Sánchez; Martha, García; Omar, Jaramillo; Nelsy, Verdugo (2010). "ESTUDIO NACIONAL DEL AGUA 2010 (IDEAM) - Agua Superficial - Caracterización y análísis de la oferta" (PDF).
  2. 1 2 "Rivers Network". 2020.
  3. Félix Dario, Sánchez; Martha, García; Omar, Jaramillo; Nelsy, Verdugo (2010). "ESTUDIO NACIONAL DEL AGUA 2010 (IDEAM) - Agua Superficial - Caracterización y análísis de la oferta" (PDF).
  4. 1 2 3 Wikisource-logo.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Atrato". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 876.
  5. 1 2 Hershkovitz, P (1977). Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini): with an introduction to Primates .
  6. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Andinoacara biseriatus". FishBase . May 2017 version.
  7. Stimpson, Robert (2011). William Kennish Manninagh Dooie - True Manxman (1st ed.). Ramsey, Isle of Man: Lily. ISBN   9781907945083.
  8. "Interoceanic river aqueduct connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans: [Colombia] (map)". Library of Congress. c. 1855. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  9. Isthmian Canal Commission (1901). Report of the Isthmian Canal Commission, 18991901 (pdf) (Report). United States Government Printing Office. p. 71: While it is not impossible that a practicable line on which to construct a canal can be found with its terminus in the Atrato Valley, the necessary length of the line, together with the difficulties which would attend a terminus at the mouth of a large silt-bearing river, are enough to show that in use it would be inferior to either the Panama or the Nicaragua location.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "The Evolution of The Legal Personhood Model Through The Courts", The Politics of Rights of Nature, The MIT Press, 2021, doi: 10.7551/mitpress/13855.003.0010 , ISBN   9780262366601, S2CID   240805757 , retrieved 2022-02-17
  11. "Expert Profile Judge Jorge Iván Palacio". UN Harmony With Nature. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  12. 1 2 3 Alessandra., Clark, Cristy. Emmanouil, Nia. Page, John. Pelizzon. Can you hear the rivers sing? legal personhood, ontology, and the nitty-gritty of governance. OCLC   1231810967.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. 1 2 Wesche, Philipp (2021-11-01). "Rights of Nature in Practice: A Case Study on the Impacts of the Colombian Atrato River Decision". Journal of Environmental Law. 33 (3): 531–555. doi: 10.1093/jel/eqab021 . ISSN   0952-8873.
  14. NZ Government (30 November 2022). "Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) Act 2017".

7°22′56″N77°06′39″W / 7.38222°N 77.11083°W / 7.38222; -77.11083