Hurricane Marco (2020)

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At 00:00 UTC on August 16, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a westward-moving tropical wave over the Central Atlantic that had the potential for development. [2] [3] The disturbance quickly moved westward at a speed over 20 mph (32 km/h), which initially limited its development as it passed through the Windward Islands and into the Caribbean Sea. The system slowed down and gradually organized south of the Greater Antilles on August 19. [4] By 15:00 UTC on August 20, satellite imagery revealed that the wave had developed a well-defined low-level center, prompting the NHC to designate it Tropical Depression Fourteen, forming after Tropical Depression Thirteen which would become Hurricane Laura. [5] [6] Post-storm analysis found that the system formed nine hours earlier at 06:00 UTC. [3] At the time the system was located 235 miles (378 km) east of the Nicaragua–Honduras border. [5] The storm continued westward toward Honduras, before making a sharp turn northward. Despite favorable conditions, the storm initially failed to intensify, with pulsing convection around a poorly defined center. Eventually, the storm's center became better defined and a small but persistent cluster of convection formed over it. This allowed the depression to intensify, and the NHC upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Marco in the northwest Caribbean at 00:00 UTC on August 22. [3] This was the earliest 13th named storm ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, breaking the record set by Hurricane Maria of 2005 by 11 days. [7]

Marco was able to strengthen quickly as a small system, reaching its initial peak intensity of 65 mph (100 km/h) and 992 mbar (29.29 inHg) just 18 hours after being named, [3] with an almost closed eyewall being observed by Hurricane Hunters. [8] [9] Contrary to prior predictions, Marco's track was shifted eastward at the 21:00 UTC advisory on August 22, as the system moved north-northeastward instead of north-northwestward, introducing the possibility of successive landfalls around Louisiana from both Laura and Marco. [9] [10] An increase of southwesterly wind shear brought an abrupt end to the strengthening trend, as Marco moved through the Yucatán Channel, with the storm's minimum central pressure rising slightly and the eyewall mostly dissipating as the storm took on a sheared appearance. [11] This weakening period proved to be short-lived, as the shear relaxed somewhat when Marco moved into the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico on August 23. Slow but steady strengthening resumed and data from another Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance aircraft discovered sustained winds at hurricane strength in the northeastern eyewall. [12] Marco strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on August 23, and simultaneously reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 991 mbar (29.26 inHg). [3]

Hurricane Marco (left) and Tropical Storm Laura on August 23 Laura and Marco 2020-08-23 1940Z.jpg
Hurricane Marco (left) and Tropical Storm Laura on August 23

This strengthening proved to be short-lived, however, as upper-level wind shear increased again over the storm. [13] This caused Marco to weaken back to a tropical storm by 00:00 UTC on August 24, [3] and the center of circulation became displaced from the storm's convection. [14] Wind shear continued to plague the system as it turned westward near the Louisiana coastline, and Marco rapidly weakened to minimal tropical storm strength by 18:00 UTC. [15] At 00:00 UTC on August 24, Marco passed just south of the mouth of the Mississippi River, with 1-minute sustained winds at 40 mph (65 km/h) and a central pressure of 1,006 mbar (29.71 inHg), although the strongest winds were displaced in convection that was over waters well northeast of the storm's center. [3] Operationally, the NHC said that the storm made landfall here, but that was changed in post-storm analysis because of data from weather stations in Southwest Pass indicating that Marco stayed offshore. [3] [16] Afterward, Marco weakened further and fell to tropical depression intensity just offshore of Louisiana, near Grand Isle, at 03:00 UTC on August 25, before degenerating into a remnant low three hours later. [3] [17] [18] The remnant low continued to spin down as it slowly moved westward along the Louisiana coastline, ahead of the approaching Hurricane Laura, before opening up into a trough at 00:00 UTC on the next day. [3]

Preparations

Hurricane Marco's predicted path released by the National Hurricane Center on August 22 Hurricane Marco 2020 advisory 10.png
Hurricane Marco's predicted path released by the National Hurricane Center on August 22

Honduras issued tropical storm watches along its coastline when Tropical Depression Fourteen was designated, before quickly upgrading to warnings hours later. [3] Tropical Storm Watches, and later Tropical Storm Warnings and Hurricane Watches, were also issued for the eastern side of the Yucatán Peninsula, as the storm was first predicted to move over the peninsula as a strong tropical storm. [19] [20] When Marco moved to the north instead of northwest, a Tropical Storm Warning was issued by the Government of Cuba for the Pinar del Río Province and the Isle of Youth. [21] [22]

Tropical Storm, Hurricane, and Storm Surge Watches were issued in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama when Marco's forecast track shifted significantly eastward on August 22. [23] Many of these watches were upgraded to warnings as the storm continued its approach. [21] In the state of Texas, the Padre Island National Seashore closed on August 22 in preparation for the hurricane. [24] In Mississippi, mandatory evacuation orders were in place on August 23 at the Gulfport and Biloxi marinas and the harbor in Long Beach. [25] All boats were ordered to be moved by sundown that same day. [26] In Gulfport, the fuel dock was closed. [27] However, all the warnings were eventually downgraded and canceled when the storm rapidly weakened as it approached the coast. [21] Six hundred additional resources from were requested from Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and other power crews to help restoration efforts. [28] A tornado watch was issued for southeast Alabama, the Florida Panhandle, Southwest Georgia, and United States coastal waters at 20:40 UTC on August 24. [29]

Impacts

Radar image of Tropical Storm Marco passing south of the mouth of the Mississippi River on August 24 TS Marco 2020-08-24 LIX radar loop (bis).gif
Radar image of Tropical Storm Marco passing south of the mouth of the Mississippi River on August 24

Central America, Mexico, and Cuba

The Instituto Meteorológico Nacional of Costa Rica reported that heavy rain from the indirect effects of Marco affected parts of the country for three days. In Santa Cruz, Guanacaste Province, accumulations reached 17.0 in (431 mm), more than twice the average August rainfall of 9.1 in (231 mm). Areas in and around Santa Cruz reported flooding. [30]

In Mexico, an indirect death occurred in Tapachula, Chiapas. Despite this, the NHC did not attribute Marco to any deaths in their post-storm report. [3] Rainfall totals were as high as 186.4 millimeters (18.64 cm), with the states Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas worst affected by heavy rains. [31] In some municipalities of Chiapas, such as Tapachula, Escuintla and Acacoyagua, growth of rivers from nearby mountains led to flooding. [32] Losses in Mexico and Costa Rica were estimated by Aon to be in the "tens of millions" (USD). [1]

While traversing the Yucatán Channel, Marco brought heavy rain to parts of Pinar del Río Province in Cuba on August 23. The town of Isabel Rubio saw the greatest accumulations at 3.8 in (97 mm) of rainfall. [33] Minor flooding occurred in Mantua and Sandino. A few trees were uprooted during the storm. [34]

United States

A weakening Tropical Storm Marco passing just south of the coast of Louisiana on August 24 Marco 2020-08-24 1905Z.jpg
A weakening Tropical Storm Marco passing just south of the coast of Louisiana on August 24

Due to the sheared nature of the storm as it came ashore in the United States, rain bands extended as far northeast as Virginia. A tornado warning was issued for a storm just northeast of Panama City, Florida. Another tornado warning was issued for a storm near Charleston, South Carolina. [35] Numerous special marine warnings were also issued due to possible waterspouts. [36] However, no tornadoes nor waterspouts were confirmed. Rainfall totals were highest along the Florida Panhandle, peaking at 13.17 inches (335 mm) near Apalachicola on Monday morning. [3] Several roadways and a hotel were flooded in Panama City Beach that evening as well. [37] [38] Heavy rainfall extended much further inland with flash flood warnings being issued as far northeast as the North Carolina—Virginia border. [39] Due to Marco being much weaker than anticipated, no wind damage occurred and the peak wind gust from the storm was only 38 mph (61 km/h), which was recorded in Petit Bois Island, Mississippi. [37] The remnants of the storm brought heavy rainfall and flash flooding to Southeastern Oklahoma on August 26 before dissipating. [40] Overall, Marco caused at least $25 million USD in insured losses throughout the impacted areas, as estimated by Aon. [1]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Enrique (2021)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2021

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Tropical Storm Danny was a weak and short-lived tropical cyclone that caused minor damage to the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia. The fourth named storm of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, the system formed from an area of low-pressure that developed from an upper-level trough over the central Atlantic Ocean on June 22. Moving west-northwestward, the disturbance gradually developed as convection, or showers and thunderstorms, increased over it. Although it was moving over the warm Gulf Stream, the organization of the disturbance was hindered by strong upper-level wind shear. By 18:00 UTC of June 27, as satellite images showed a well-defined center and thunderstorms, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression by the National Hurricane Center (NHC). At 06:00 UTC on the next day, the system further strengthened into Tropical Storm Danny east-southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. Danny continued its track towards South Carolina while slowly strengthening, subsequently reaching its peak intensity at that day of 45 mph (72 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.8 inHg) at 18:00 UTC. Danny then made landfall in Pritchards Island, north of Hilton Head, in a slightly weakened state at 23:20 UTC on the same day, with winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) and indicating that Danny weakened prior to moving inland. The system then weakened to a tropical depression over east-central Georgia, before dissipating shortly afterward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Fred (2021)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2021

Tropical Storm Fred was a strong tropical storm which affected much of the Greater Antilles and the Southeastern United States in August 2021. The sixth tropical storm of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, Fred originated from a tropical wave first noted by the National Hurricane Center on August 4. As the wave drifted westward, advisories were initiated on the wave as a potential tropical cyclone by August 9 as it was approaching the Leeward Islands. Entering the Eastern Caribbean Sea after a close pass to Dominica by the next day, the potential tropical cyclone continued northwestward. By August 11, the disturbance had formed into Tropical Storm Fred just south of Puerto Rico, shortly before hitting the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola later that day. The storm proceeded to weaken to a tropical depression over the highly mountainous island, before emerging north of the Windward Passage on August 12. The disorganized tropical depression turned to the west and made a second landfall in Northern Cuba on August 13. After having its circulation continuously disrupted by land interaction and wind shear, the storm degenerated into a tropical wave as it was turning northward near the western tip of Cuba the following day. Continuing north, the remnants of Fred quickly re-organized over the Gulf of Mexico, regenerating into a tropical storm by August 15. Fred continued towards the Florida Panhandle and swiftly intensified to a strong 65 mph (105 km/h) tropical storm before making landfall late on August 16 and moving into the state of Georgia. Afterward, Fred continued moving north-northeastward, before degenerating into an extratropical low on August 18. Fred's remnants later turned eastward, and the storm's remnants dissipated on August 20, near the coast of Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Grace</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Grace was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Grace impacted much of the Leeward Islands and Greater Antilles as a tropical storm, before causing more substantial impacts in the Yucatán Peninsula and Veracruz as a hurricane. It was the seventh named storm, second hurricane, and first major hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season. Originating from a tropical wave in the Main Development Region, the primitive system tracked west-northwest across the Atlantic Ocean towards the Antilles, becoming a tropical depression on August 14. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Grace later the same day, but weakened back to a depression due to an unfavorable environment. After moving near Haiti as a tropical depression, it strengthened back to a tropical storm and became a hurricane on August 18, reaching an initial peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a pressure of 986 mbar (29.12 inHg). It weakened back to a tropical storm after its landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula and emerged into the Bay of Campeche, entering a very favorable environment for intensification hours later. Grace then rapidly intensified into a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) in about 24 hours. The storm made its final landfall in the state of Veracruz at peak intensity and quickly degenerated into a remnant low over mainland Mexico on August 21; however, its remnants later regenerated into Tropical Storm Marty in the Eastern Pacific on August 23.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Nicholas</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Nicholas was a slow and erratic Category 1 hurricane that made landfall in the U.S. state of Texas in mid-September 2021. The fourteenth named storm, and sixth hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, Nicholas originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa on August 28. The system developed into a tropical storm on September 12, with the National Hurricane Center (NHC) assigning the system the name Nicholas. Nicholas gradually intensified initially, due to adverse effects of strong wind shear. However, late on September 13, Nicholas began intensifying at a faster rate, and at 03:00 UTC on September 14, Nicholas intensified into a Category 1 hurricane, with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 988 mbar (29.2 inHg). At 5:30 UTC on the same day, Nicholas made landfall in Texas at peak intensity. Afterward, the system gradually weakened, weakening into a tropical storm several hours later, and weakening further into a tropical depression on the next day. The system proceeded to drift slowly over Louisiana. On September 15, Nicholas degenerated into a remnant low, before being absorbed into another extratropical system on September 20.

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Hurricane Marco
Marco 2020-08-23 1940Z.jpg
Hurricane Marco approaching Louisiana at peak intensity on August 23
Tropical cyclones of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season
2020 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
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