Tropical Storm Lee (2011)

Last updated

Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

In late August 2011, much of the western Caribbean came under the influence of abundant tropical moisture. [6] Combined with favorable upper diffluence, the moisture allowed for a perpetual area of disturbed weather to form; this, in return, contributed to the genesis of a weak tropical wave, or an elongated low-pressure feature at the lower levels of the atmosphere. [7] The wave initiated a more-or-less westward, then west-northwestward drift across the Yucatán Peninsula toward the Gulf of Mexico, although it remained largely disorganized while doing so. [8] [9] After arriving in the gulf on August 31, the system failed to develop much under initially high wind shear; however, the National Hurricane Center forecast some potential for the formation of a tropical cyclone in a day or two. [10] Strong convection increased mainly to its east during the next day, [11] and by 23:00 UTC, data from a reconnaissance aircraft confirmed the presence of a closed circulation center. At this point, the system was considered sufficiently organized to be upgraded to a tropical depression, with its center located 255 mi (360 km) to the southwest of the mouth of the Mississippi River. [12]

Situated within an area of weak steering currents, the depression remained nearly stationary during the initial stages of its existence. [13] It exhibited a poor organization at the time; the circulation remained elongated, with a broad center of light winds removed from the sheared convective mass. [12] [14] Over the course of September 2 the convection began to deepen over its eastern portion, [15] which later translated into an increase in the winds. Based on this increase in strength, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lee at 18:00 UTC. [16] Lee meandered erratically north-northwestward to northward for the rest of the day, and with a small upper low advecting dry air into the circulation any deep convection over its western semicircle remained scarce during that time. [17] [18] By September 3, the storm sustained a large radius of maximum winds within the still elongated circulation; this unusual structure to purely tropical cyclones, combined with an overall hybrid appearance on satellite images, suggested Lee transitioned into a subtropical storm as it approached the Louisiana coast, similar to the transition of Tropical Storm Allison in 2001. [19]

The extratropical remnant of Tropical Storm Lee over the Eastern US, on September 6: Hurricane Katia can be seen to the right. Ex-Lee and Katia Sept 6 2011 1545Z.jpg
The extratropical remnant of Tropical Storm Lee over the Eastern US, on September 6: Hurricane Katia can be seen to the right.

Stalling off the coast of Louisiana, the storm's windfield continued to expand and increase in strength, though two separate low-level centers became evident within the exceedingly large circulation later that day. [20] Due to a large portion of circulation remaining over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, Lee weakened more slowly than a typical tropical cyclone would as it moves inland. [21] Lee finally moved inland over south-central Louisiana on the morning of September 4 as a subtropical storm with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). [22] By that evening, Lee had weakened to a tropical depression in operational estimates, due to land interaction and continental air being advected into the system. Lee had begun to interact with a strong upper-level trough (which would subsequently spawn Hurricane Nate in the Bay of Campeche a few days later) in the Mississippi Valley as it continued to move off to the east-northeast. [23] It was designated an extratropical low adjacent to the trough on the morning of September 5, while maintaining tropical storm-force winds according to post-analysis. [24] The extratropical remnants weakened further on September 6, as it entered northwestern Georgia. Early on September 7, at 00:00 UTC, the remnant low of Lee dissipated. [1] However, the storm's mid-level circulation persisted, developing a new triple-point low along its occluded front, which quickly dominated the storm. For the next several days, the new low made a large, counterclockwise loop over a portion of the Eastern United States, before dissipating on September 11, over western Tennessee. [25]

Preparations and impact

Rainfall totals from Lee across the Eastern and Southeastern United States Lee rainfall 2011.gif
Rainfall totals from Lee across the Eastern and Southeastern United States

In advance of the storm, oil companies in the Gulf of Mexico ordered the evacuation of employees from offshore platforms as a safety precaution. [26] A tropical storm warning was posted from Pascagoula, Mississippi, westward to Sabine Pass, Texas, in response to Lee. [27] Early on September 3, the warning was extended to the Alabama–Florida border. In addition, a tropical storm watch was in place from the border eastward to Destin, Florida. [28]

Louisiana

Mayor Mitch Landrieu declared a state of emergency for all of New Orleans; officials accordingly ordered the closure of floodgates and the preparation of rescue boats across the city. [29] In Grand Isle, many residents headed out of town after officials issued voluntary evacuations, and boat owners secured their vessels. [30] Additionally, the Louisiana parishes of Terrebonne and Lafourche distributed sandbags at several coastal locations [31] after specialists forecast torrential rainfall and flash flood warnings were issued. [32]

Due to its unusually slow and erratic motion, Lee produced flooding rains across much of southern Louisiana. Headwinds from Lee fanned a large fire north in Natchitoches Parish; about 400 acres of land, including 10 adjacent homes and several buildings, were set ablaze and subsequently destroyed. [33] High winds also produced a storm surge that submerged parts of Slidell by up to 4 ft (1.2 m), inundating several homes. About 38,000 residences in New Orleans were left without power at one point, though only minor flooding occurred around the city. [34] Low-lying areas in adjacent parishes reported more significant effects; street flooding occurred in Plaquemines and St. Bernard Parishes, and floodwaters in Jefferson Parish prompted residents to evacuate. [35] Moving ashore in the latter parish near Lafitte, the storm caused heavy rainfall, leaving roughly 60 percent of the area inundated. [36]

Mississippi

Subtropical Storm Lee prior to making landfall on September 3 Tropical Storm Lee 090311 2145 UTC.jpg
Subtropical Storm Lee prior to making landfall on September 3

In light of heavy rainfall forecast for coastal areas, much of southern Mississippi was under a flash flood watch until the passage of the storm. A state of emergency was ordered for Jackson County; local fire stations initiated the free distribution of sandbags, and the harbor was closed off to all transient vessels. [37] Similar preparations took place in Hancock County, where officials issued voluntary evacuations for low-lying areas. Rainfall totals in Waveland, MS measured 14.75 inches (375 mm). [38] Gulf Islands National Seashore ordered the immediate closure of its portions of the Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands, while its present visitors were instructed to leave. [39]

Across the southern state, prolonged inclement weather from Lee and its remnants resulted in widespread moderate and localized extensive flooding. Several roads were inundated in the coastal counties of Hancock, Jackson, and Harrison, with the latter two reporting considerable property damage due to the floods. [40] A potent tornado touched down in northern Harrison, leaving behind demolished trailers and downed trees and power lines throughout Saucier. [41] In Stone County, some structures including one church sustained wind damage during the storm; [40] officials further reported the worst of the winds were also attributed to a possible tornado, which uprooted trees and severely damaged one manufactured home. [42] Further inland, moderate street flooding also occurred in Rankin and Wilkinson counties, while more significant floods, as well as scattered power outages, took place in Hinds County. In Tishomingo County, a vehicle was caught in rushing waters while attempting to cross a flooded road; one person drowned, though its two other occupants were unharmed. [40]

Alabama

With Lee tracking further inland, heavy precipitation up to 13 in (330 mm) fell across Alabama. [43] At the height of the storm, about 220,000 customers reportedly lost power due to snapped electricity poles and power lines. [44] It caused significant, albeit localized wind damage to structures across southern areas, in particular in and around Mobile and Baldwin Counties. Multiple properties sustained damage and two homes were demolished by the winds; throughout southern Mobile, dozens of downed trees caused additional disruptions. [45] Also in the county, one person was killed in a traffic accident related to the storm. [46] In Lillian, Baldwin, extreme winds suspected to be from a tornado ripped through suburban areas. A few homes sustained damaged in part due to uprooted trees, though no injuries were reported. [45] Off the coast of Fort Morgan, one person drowned due to high surf. [46] Additionally, the brisk winds blew piles of sand from local beaches onto adjacent city streets, [47] and rough seas swept ashore numerous tarballs. [48]

Texas

Despite bringing little rain to Texas, Lee produced gusts and rough surf along its coasts. Offshore Galveston, a man drowned after losing control of his bodyboard due to strong winds. [49] As Lee headed north inland over the Gulf Coast, high winds were reported as fueling up to 60 separate brush fires across Texas, which was suffering from exceptional drought conditions. [50] The largest of these occurred in Bastrop County just east of Austin, consuming roughly 34,000 acres; it forced thousands to evacuate and destroyed 1,554 homes. [51] In Gregg County, another fire burned down a home, which resulted in the deaths of two of its occupants. [50] The spreading fires burned nearly 118,500 acres (480 km2) of land, simultaneously demolishing an estimated 700 residences in a two-day period. [52]

New York

Flooding in Owego the day after Tropical Storm Lee, with 95% of the village under water Aerial view of downtown Owego after record flooding from Tropical Storm Lee, September 2011.jpg
Flooding in Owego the day after Tropical Storm Lee, with 95% of the village under water
NY 96 in Owego remained submerged several days later as the Susquehanna River slowly receded. Owego Flooding from Tropical Storm Lee in 2011.jpg
NY 96 in Owego remained submerged several days later as the Susquehanna River slowly receded.

Heavy rain from the remnants of Lee brought flooding to the Susquehanna River valley, dropping 10-12 inches of precipitation. [53] In the Binghamton area, record flooding was observed along the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers. USGS river gauges recorded water levels as high as 17 ft above flood stage, topping previous record heights achieved in the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006. [54] In some areas, such as Conklin, several residents had finished rebuilding from the 2006 floods only months before Lee hit.

Most municipalities in Greater Binghamton and the Penn-York Valley saw water levels top the levees, inundating several downtown areas along the river. Many of the locations under water had not flooded since the mid-1930s, due to the construction of levees. [55] Over 20,000 residents were forced to evacuate in Broome County, and downtown Binghamton was closed off. Residents who were downstream from the Forest Lake Dam and the Elk Lake Dam were evacuated. [56] The village of Owego was particularly hard-hit, with 95% of the community under water. [57] In the aftermath, several roads were closed, including Interstate 88, which was blocked by a mudslide, and NY Route 17. [58]

Property damage far exceeded the flood of 2006, despite precautions taken in the wake of that natural disaster. Across eight counties in New York, an early tally estimated initial losses at $562.2 million. [59] In the Triple Cities urban core, over 7,000 properties were damaged. Damages in Broome County alone were estimated to be $513 million, while in Tioga County, estimated losses were $478 million. [60] Two deaths were blamed on the storm. [61]

NY 416 flooded by the Wallkill River after Lee NY 416 flooded at Neelytown Road after Tropical Storm Lee, Montgomery, NY.jpg
NY 416 flooded by the Wallkill River after Lee

To the east, regions already suffering the aftereffects of flooding from Hurricane Irene almost two weeks earlier had those problems aggravated by 2–4 inches (51–102 mm) of new rain on saturated ground and rivers still swollen. The Wallkill River crested at 5 feet (1.5 m) above flood stage in Ulster County, and the village of Washingtonville in Orange County to the south was isolated as it had been after Irene by the rising waters of Moodna Creek. The Orange County Government Center in Goshen, just reopened a day earlier, was closed indefinitely. Roads were closed, including exits on the New York State Thruway in the Mohawk Valley, and south of the Interstate 84 exit at Newburgh, the entire highway. Some businesses that had spent considerable time and money to reopen after Irene were once again flooded. A Petco flooded because of the tropical storm resulting in almost 100 animals drowning after a failed attempt to take them to safety. [62]

Pennsylvania

Flooding in Wilkes-Barre led to a mandatory evacuation on September 8 of all of the areas that were affected by the 1972 Hurricane Agnes floods. [63] The Susquehanna River reached a record high of 42.6 feet (13.0 m) in hard-hit Wilkes-Barre early on Friday, September 9. The levee system held in the northeastern Pennsylvania city. The river topped the 40.9 feet (12.5 m) level in flooding caused by Agnes. [64] Other towns in northeastern Pennsylvania, which were not protected by a levee system, encountered historic flooding. West Pittston, Pittston, Tunkhannock, Edwardsville, Plymouth Township, and Nanticoke were just a few areas affected. About 100,000 people were displaced. [65]

In Columbia County, the Bloomsburg Fair was forced to be cancelled for the first time in its 157-year history due to extensive damage to the fairgrounds [66]

On the border of Northumberland and Columbia Counties, the well-known amusement park Knoebels receives flooding in the park. The flood was close to the damages of Hurricane Agnes in 1972. The park received major damage, with almost all of its employees chipping in that week to help reopen. The majority of the park opened the following week. [67]

The prospect of flooding led Harrisburg to evacuate 10,000 people from low-lying areas of downtown. [68] The Pennsylvania Governor's Residence was evacuated due to rising floodwaters. [69] Lee caused the Susquehanna River to reach the third-worst flood stage in its history, and caused the Swatara Creek to reach its highest level ever. [70] One drowning bison at the ZooAmerica wildlife park in Hershey, Pennsylvania, was shot because it could not be rescued from floodwaters. Another bison drowned before it could be rescued. [71] The heavy rain caused a rockslide in the vicinity of the Conshohocken Curve, flooding near Belmont Avenue and a mudslide by Girard Avenue on the Schuylkill Expressway, a major artery into Philadelphia. [72]

The heavily damaged Lycoming Valley Railroad bridge over Loyalsock Creek in Montoursville LVRR Loyalsock Creek Bridge Damage.jpg
The heavily damaged Lycoming Valley Railroad bridge over Loyalsock Creek in Montoursville

In Sullivan County, the village of Sonestown was almost completely destroyed. A dam on Birch Creek in the village of Mildred collapsed, causing a large swath of damage along US Route 220.

The eastern part of Lycoming County sustained major flood damage associated with the remnants of Lee. The boroughs of Picture Rocks and Hughesville and village of Glen Mawr had to be evacuated due to flooding on Muncy Creek. [73] A bridge at the eastern end of Pennsylvania Route 973 over Loyalsock Creek collapsed on September 8. The Lycoming Valley Railroad bridge over Loyalsock Creek in Montoursville was heavily damaged by flooding, rendering it unusable. Heavy rain from the remnants of Tropical Storm Lee raised the creek "higher than anything we've seen in recorded history", according to a county official. [74] Replacing the destroyed PA 87 bridge and repairs to the damaged railroad bridge and Pennsylvania Route 87 were estimated to cost more than $25 million. [75]

In Dauphin County, damage totaled about $150 million. The storm destroyed 294 buildings and damaged another 2,234. In nearby Lebanon County, 2,212 homes sustained damage. [76] Damage in York County reached $2.9 million. [77]

Between 7 and 15 inches (180 and 380 mm) of rain fell in northwestern Lancaster County, the worst storm to strike the area since Hurricane Agnes in 1972. [78] The city of Lancaster received 7.76 inches (197 mm) of rain, while the boroughs of Elizabethtown and Mount Joy measured 15 inches (380 mm) of rain. [78] The rain swollen Chiques Creek ripped the five-ton Siegrist's Mill Covered Bridge, built in 1885, off its foundation and swept the bridge downstream. [78]

Washington D.C. area

The National Weather Service reported 7.03 inches (179 mm) of rain in three hours at Ft. Belvoir, 5.47 inches (139 mm) in the Franconia area, and 6.57 inches (167 mm) in Reston. [79] Record rainfall resulted in the flooding of most creeks and waterways in suburban Northern Virginia, leading to four deaths, all by drowning. [80] In Fairfax County, Virginia, VDOT estimated up to $10 million of damage to roads and bridges. [81]

Tropical Storm Lee added to the rainfall from Hurricane Irene. The National Weather Service reported record 30-day total rainfalls in Prince George's County, Maryland, including 24.13 inches (613 mm) in Largo, 23.98 inches (609 mm) inches in Forestville, and 21.49 inches (546 mm) in Forest Heights. [79]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Opal</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1995

Hurricane Opal was a large and powerful Category 4 hurricane that caused severe and extensive damage along the northern Gulf Coast of the United States in October 1995. The fifteenth named storm, ninth hurricane and strongest tropical cyclone of the unusually active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season, Opal developed from the interaction of a tropical wave and a low-pressure area near the Yucatán Peninsula on September 27 as Tropical Depression Seventeen. The depression crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and intensified into a tropical storm on September 30. Opal intensified into a hurricane on October 2 after entering the Gulf of Mexico. The cyclone turned northeastward and strengthened significantly. By October 4, Opal was an intense 150 mph (240 km/h), Category 4 hurricane. With a minimum pressure of 916 mbar (hPa), Hurricane Opal was the most intense category 4 Atlantic hurricane on record. However, the cyclone abruptly weakened to a low-end Category 3 hurricane prior to making landfall on the Florida Panhandle near Pensacola later that day. The storm quickly unraveled as it moved inland and became extratropical on October 5. The remnants of Opal moved northward and dissipated over Ontario the following day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-average Atlantic hurricane season. It officially started on June 1, 2002, and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally limit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic Ocean. The season produced fourteen tropical cyclones, of which twelve developed into named storms; four became hurricanes, and two attained major hurricane status. While the season's first cyclone did not develop until July 14, activity quickly picked up: eight storms developed in the month of September. It ended early however, with no tropical storms forming after October 6—a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions. The most intense hurricane of the season was Hurricane Isidore with a minimum central pressure of 934 mbar, although Hurricane Lili attained higher winds and peaked at Category 4 whereas Isidore only reached Category 3. However, Lili had a minimum central pressure of 938 mbar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Bonnie (2004)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Bonnie was a tropical storm that made landfall on Florida in August 2004. The second storm of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, Bonnie developed from a tropical wave on August 3 to the east of the Lesser Antilles. After moving through the islands, its fast forward motion caused it to dissipate. However, Bonnie later regenerated into a tropical storm near the Yucatán Peninsula. Bonnie attained its peak intensity with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,001 mbar on August 11 while located over the Gulf of Mexico. Afterwards, the storm turned to the northeast and hit Florida with winds of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h). The storm accelerated to the northeast and became an extratropical cyclone to the east of New Jersey. Bonnie was the first of five tropical systems in the 2004 season to make landfall in Florida, coming ashore the day before Hurricane Charley struck. Bonnie was also the second of a record eight storms to reach tropical storm strength during the month of August.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ivan</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2004

Hurricane Ivan was a large, long-lived, Cape Verde hurricane that caused widespread damage in the Caribbean and United States. The cyclone was the ninth named storm, the sixth hurricane and the fourth major hurricane of the active 2004 Atlantic hurricane season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gordon (2000)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2000

Hurricane Gordon caused minor damage in the Eastern United States. The seventh named storm and fourth hurricane of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Gordon developed in the extreme western Caribbean Sea from a tropical wave on September 14. Shortly thereafter, the depression moved inland over the Yucatán Peninsula and later emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on September 15. The depression began to quickly organize, and by early on September 16, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gordon. After becoming a tropical storm, Gordon continued to intensify and was reclassified as a hurricane about 24 hours later; eventually, the storm peaked as an 80 mph (130 km/h) Category 1 hurricane. However, southwesterly upper-level winds caused Gordon to weaken as it approached land, and it was downgraded to a tropical storm by late on September 17. At 0300 UTC on September 18, Gordon made landfall near Cedar Key, Florida as a strong tropical storm. After moving inland, Gordon rapidly weakened and had deteriorated to tropical depression status by nine hours later. Later that day, Gordon merged with a frontal boundary while centered over Georgia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Fay (2002)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2002

Tropical Storm Fay was the sixth named storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season; it was a moderate tropical storm which caused flooding in parts of Texas and Northern Mexico. It formed from a trough of low pressure that moved south into the Gulf of Mexico, and became stationary. A low pressure center developed along this trough, and on September 5, a Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported that the system had gained sufficient organization to be classified a tropical depression, 95 miles (153 km) southeast of Galveston. The depression drifted south-southwest while strengthening, reaching its peak strength of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) on the morning of September 6. The system then made an abrupt turn to the west-northwest, and remained steady in strength and course until landfall the next day, near Matagorda. The system weakened rapidly after landfall degenerating into a remnant low on September 8, but the storm's circulation survived for another three days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Hanna (2002)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Hanna was a moderately strong tropical storm that affected the Gulf Coast and Southeastern regions of the United States. The ninth tropical cyclone and eighth named storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season, Hanna formed through the complex interaction of a surface trough, a tropical wave, and an upper-level low pressure system, a disturbance in the upper atmosphere. Designated a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on September 12, the storm remained disorganized throughout its duration, though it attained tropical storm status and a peak intensity of 1,001 mbar (29.6 inHg), with winds of 60 miles per hour (100 km/h). Hanna crossed extreme southeastern Louisiana, and made a second landfall along the Alabama–Mississippi border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Bill (2003)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Bill was a tropical storm that affected the Gulf Coast of the United States in the summer of 2003. The second storm of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season, Bill developed from a tropical wave on June 29 to the north of the Yucatán Peninsula. It slowly organized as it moved northward, and reached a peak of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) shortly before making landfall in south-central Louisiana. Bill quickly weakened over land, and as it accelerated to the northeast, moisture from the storm, combined with cold air from an approaching cold front, produced an outbreak of 34 tornadoes. Bill became extratropical on July 2, and was absorbed by the cold front later that day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Barry (2001)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Barry was a strong tropical storm that made landfall on the Florida Panhandle during August 2001. The third tropical cyclone and second named storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season, Barry developed from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on July 24. The wave entered the Caribbean on July 29 and spawned a low-pressure area, which organized into Tropical Storm Barry on August 3. After fluctuations in intensity and track, the storm attained peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) over the Gulf of Mexico. Barry headed northward and moved ashore along the Gulf Coast before degenerating into a remnant low on August 7. On the next day, Barry's remnants dissipated over Missouri.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Alberto (2006)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Alberto was the first tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Forming on June 10 in the northwestern Caribbean, the storm moved generally to the north, reaching a maximum intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h) before weakening and moving ashore in the Big Bend area of Florida on June 13. Alberto then moved through eastern Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia as a tropical depression before becoming extratropical on June 14.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Helene (2000)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2000

Tropical Storm Helene was a long-lived tropical cyclone that oscillated for ten days between a tropical wave and a 70 mph (110 km/h) tropical storm. It was the twelfth tropical cyclone and eighth tropical storm of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season, forming on September 15 east of the Windward Islands. After degenerating into a tropical wave, the system produced flooding and mudslides in Puerto Rico. It reformed into a tropical depression on September 19 south of Cuba, and crossed the western portion of the island the next day while on the verge of dissipation. However, it intensified into a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico, reaching its peak intensity while approaching the northern Gulf Coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ernesto (2006)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2006

Hurricane Ernesto was the costliest tropical cyclone of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. The sixth tropical storm and first hurricane of the season, Ernesto developed from a tropical wave on August 24 in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Ernesto first affected the northern Caribbean, reaching minimal hurricane status near Haiti before weakening and moving across eastern Cuba as a tropical storm. Despite initial predictions for it to track through the eastern Gulf of Mexico as a major hurricane, Ernesto moved across eastern Florida as a weak tropical storm. After turning to the northeast, it re-intensified and made landfall on August 31 on the North Carolina coast just below hurricane status. Late the next day, Ernesto became extratropical after entering southern Virginia. The remnants spread moisture across the northeastern United States before dissipating over eastern Canada on September 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Dean (1995)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1995

Tropical Storm Dean was a short-lived storm that formed in late July 1995 and lasted into early August. It was the fourth named storm of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. It spent most of its life as a tropical depression, and briefly gained tropical storm status before its landfall on the Texas coast on July 30. After landfall, it dissipated over central Texas on August 2. The impacts from Dean were minimal, mainly due to heavy rain in Oklahoma and Texas that caused localized coastal and inland flooding. Two F0 Tornadoes touched down in Texas as a result of Dean's landfall. Also, Twenty families had to be evacuated in Chambers County, due to flooding in the area. One fatality was recorded as a result of flooding in Oklahoma. Several highways were flooded out in Oklahoma, which impeded travel in the state. In addition approximately $500,000 worth of damage was recorded in the aftermath of Dean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Hermine (1998)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Hermine was the eighth tropical cyclone and named storm of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season. Hermine developed from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on September 5. The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean, and on entering the northwest Caribbean interacted with other weather systems. The resultant system was declared a tropical depression on September 17 in the central Gulf of Mexico. The storm meandered north slowly, and after being upgraded to a tropical storm made landfall on Louisiana, where it quickly deteriorated into a tropical depression again on September 20.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Chris (1982)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1982

Tropical Storm Chris caused minor flooding along the Gulf Coast of the United States in September 1982. The fifth tropical or subtropical cyclone and third named storm of the 1982 Atlantic hurricane season, Chris developed from a surface low-pressure area in the northern Gulf of Mexico on September 9. Although initially displaying subtropical characteristics, the low pressure area gradually acquired tropical characteristics, and was reclassified as Tropical Depression Four within 24 hours of development. The depression then began to intensify and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Chris on September 10. Thereafter, the storm turned north-north-eastward and strengthened further. On September 11, Chris peaked as a 65 mph (100 km/h) tropical storm. Later that day, it made landfall near Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Texas. By September 13, Chris dissipated over Arkansas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Barry (2007)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Barry was a rapidly forming tropical cyclone that made landfall on Florida, United States, in early June 2007. The second named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season, Barry developed from a trough of low pressure in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on June 1. It tracked rapidly northeastward, reaching peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) before weakening and making landfall near Tampa Bay as a tropical depression. Barry quickly lost tropical characteristics after wind shear removed much of the convection, and early on June 3, it completed the transition into an extratropical cyclone. The extratropical remnants tracked up the East Coast of the United States, and were absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone on June 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Edouard (2008)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2008

Tropical Storm Edouard brought coastal and minor inland flooding to Louisiana and Texas in August 2008. The fifth tropical cyclone and fifth named storm of the hurricane season, Edouard developed from a trough in the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 3. After developing into a tropical depression, it gradually strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Edouard on August 4. However, northerly wind shear initially halted any further significant intensification and also caused the storm to struggle to maintain deep convection over the center. Edouard eventually intensified further and peaked as a strong tropical storm with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) on August 5. Shortly thereafter, the storm made landfall near Gilchrist, Texas later that day. Edouard quickly weakened and was downgraded to tropical depression by early on August 6, six hours before degenerated into a remnant low pressure area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Isaac (2012)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2012

Hurricane Isaac was a deadly and destructive tropical cyclone that came ashore in the U.S. state of Louisiana during August 2012. The ninth named storm and fourth hurricane of the annual hurricane season, Isaac originated from a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on August 16. Tracking generally west, a broad area of low pressure developed along the wave axis the next day, and the disturbance developed into a tropical depression early on August 21 while several hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles. The system intensified into a tropical storm shortly thereafter, but high wind shear initially prevented much change in strength.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Barry (2019)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2019

Hurricane Barry was an asymmetrical Category 1 hurricane that was the wettest tropical cyclone on record in Arkansas and the fourth-wettest in Louisiana. The second tropical or subtropical storm and first hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season, Barry originated as a mesoscale convective vortex over southwestern Kansas on July 2. The system eventually emerged into the Gulf of Mexico from the Florida Panhandle on July 10, whereupon the National Hurricane Center (NHC) designated it as a potential tropical cyclone. Early on July 11, the system developed into a tropical depression, and strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. Dry air and wind shear caused most of the convection, or thunderstorms, to be displaced south of the center. Nevertheless, Barry gradually intensified. On July 13, Barry attained its peak intensity as Category 1 hurricane with 1-minute sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 993 millibars (29.3 inHg). At 15:00 UTC, Barry made its first landfall at Marsh Island, and another landfall in Intracoastal City, Louisiana, both times as a Category 1 hurricane. Barry quickly weakened after landfall, falling to tropical depression status on July 15. The storm finally degenerated into a remnant low over northern Arkansas on the same day, subsequently opening up into a trough on July 16. The storm's remnants persisted for another few days, while continuing its eastward motion, before being absorbed into another frontal storm to the south of Nova Scotia on July 19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Sally</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2020

Hurricane Sally was a destructive and slow-moving Atlantic hurricane that was the first hurricane to make landfall in the U.S. state of Alabama since Ivan in 2004, coincidentally on the same date in the same place. The eighteenth named storm and seventh hurricane of the extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Sally developed from an area of disturbed weather which was first monitored over the Bahamas on September 10. The system grew a broad area of low-pressure on September 11, and was designated as a tropical depression late that day. Early the next day, the depression made landfall at Key Biscayne and subsequently strengthened into Tropical Storm Sally that afternoon. Moderate northwesterly shear prevented significant intensification for the first two days, but convection continued to grow towards the center and Sally slowly intensified. On September 14, a center reformation into the center of the convection occurred, and data from a hurricane hunter reconnaissance aircraft showed that Sally had rapidly intensified into a strong Category 1 hurricane. However, an increase in wind shear and upwelling of colder waters halted the intensification and Sally weakened slightly on September 15 before turning slowly northeastward. Despite this increase in wind shear, it unexpectedly re-intensified, reaching Category 2 status early on September 16 before making landfall at peak intensity at 09:45 UTC on September 16, near Gulf Shores, Alabama, with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 965 millibars (28.5 inHg). The storm rapidly weakened after landfall before transitioning into an extratropical low at 12:00 UTC the next day. Sally's remnants lasted for another day as they moved off the coast of the Southeastern United States before being absorbed into another extratropical storm on September 18.

References

  1. 1 2 Brown, Daniel P. (December 15, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Lee (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  2. ↑ Kimberly Miller, Doyle Rice (August 21, 2020). "Two Gulf hurricanes at the same time? Tropical Storm Laura has formed". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Tropical Storm Lee: Flood Threat and Drought Denter". The Weather Channel. September 3, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
  4. ↑ "Tropical Storm Lee Remnants Drench East Coast". CNN. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  5. ↑ U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (Report). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  6. ↑ Formosa, Mike (August 30, 2011). "Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  7. ↑ Walton, Corey (August 30, 2011). "Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  8. ↑ Brown, Dan (August 31, 2011). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  9. ↑ Pasch, Richard (August 31, 2011). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  10. ↑ Wallace, Patricia (August 31, 2011). "Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  11. ↑ Pasch, Richard; Cangialosi, John (September 1, 2011). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  12. 1 2 Brown, Dan; Avila, Lixion (September 1, 2011). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number One". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  13. ↑ Brown, Dan (September 2, 2011). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number Two". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  14. ↑ Beven, Jack (September 2, 2011). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number Three". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  15. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (September 2, 2011). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number Four". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  16. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (September 2, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Advisory Number 4 A". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  17. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (September 2, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Five". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  18. ↑ Brown, Dan (September 2, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Six". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  19. ↑ Beven, Jack (September 3, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Seven". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  20. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (September 3, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Eight". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  21. ↑ Pasch, Richard (September 4, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number eleven". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  22. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (September 4, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Twelve". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  23. ↑ Brennan, Michael (September 4, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Fourteen". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  24. ↑ Kong, Kwan-Yin (September 5, 2011). "Remnants of LEE Advisory Number 15". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  25. ↑ Tropical Storm Lee - September 1-11, 2011. www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov (Report). Weather Prediction Center. May 17, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  26. ↑ CNN Wire Staff (September 1, 2011). "Tropical depression forms in Gulf; coastal states brace for storm". CNN . Retrieved September 2, 2011.{{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  27. ↑ Brown, Daniel; Avila, Lixion (September 1, 2011). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Special Advisory Number 1". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  28. ↑ Brown, Daniel (September 3, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee Advisory Number 6". National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  29. ↑ Staff reporter (September 2, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee triggers states of emergency along Gulf". MSNBC. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  30. ↑ Rodriguez, Maya (September 2, 2011). "Grand Isle a ghost town as Lee approaches". WWL-TV . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  31. ↑ Unattributed (September 2, 2011). "Sand Bag Locations". Eyewitness News . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  32. ↑ Heisig, Eric (September 2, 2011). "Drivers urged to stay off rainy roads". The Houma Courier . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Crews battling major fire in Natchitoches Parish". The Republic . Associated Press. September 2, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  34. ↑ Finn, Kathy (September 5, 2011). "Louisiana coastal towns struggle with storm flooding". Reuters . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  35. ↑ Finn, Kathy (September 3, 2011). "New Orleans braces for Tropical Storm Lee". Reuters . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  36. ↑ Black, Thomas; Keane, Angela G. (September 5, 2011). "New Orleans levees hold; flash floods seen in Tennessee Valley". Bloomberg . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  37. ↑ Harris, Donna (September 2, 2011). "Jackson County declares state of emergency". Sun Herald . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  38. ↑ Pender, Geoff (September 2, 2011). "Voluntary evacuation issued in Hancock County". Sun Herald . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  39. ↑ Kirgan, Harlan (September 2, 2011). "Mississippi barrier islands closing due to Tropical Storm Lee". Mississippi Press . Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  40. 1 2 3 "Storm death from flooding; other damage reports". The Clarion-Ledger . Gannett Company. Associated Press. September 5, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  41. ↑ Staff writer (September 5, 2011). "Down power lines, crushed trailers, Lee inflicts damage in Saucier". WLOX-TV.
  42. ↑ Kessy, Brad (September 5, 2011). "Stone County Family stung by Lee's fury". WLOX-TV.
  43. ↑ Hamrick, Dave. "Remnants of Lee Public Advisory Number 25". National Hurricane Center.
  44. ↑ Faulk, Kent (September 7, 2011). "Alabama Power sets timeline for restoring power to areas hit by Tropical Storm Lee". The Birmingham News . Alabama Live. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  45. 1 2 McClendon, Robert (September 5, 2011). "Lee spawns probable tornadoes that destroy coastal Alabama homes". Alabama Live. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  46. 1 2 Dugan, Kelli (September 5, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee spawns tornadoes on Gulf Coast". Reuters . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  47. ↑ Delcambre, Shannon (September 5, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee creating sandstorm on Alabama's coast". WVTM-TV . Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  48. ↑ Reeves, Jay (September 6, 2011). "Tar balls on Alabama beaches to be tested". Yahoo! News. Associated Press . Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  49. ↑ Gaston, Ashley (September 3, 2011). "Tropical Storm Lee to blame for 1 death in Galveston Beach". KFDM . Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  50. 1 2 Forsyth, Jim (September 5, 2011). "Two dead in Texas wildfires, Perry to return". Reuters . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  51. ↑ Hampson, Rick (September 5, 2011). "Lee's remnants bring floods, feeds fires". USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  52. ↑ "See how fast the Texas wildfires spread". The Atlantic . Atlantic Media Company. September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  53. ↑ Remnants of LEE Public Advisory, National Weather Service, September 9, 2011
  54. ↑ Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service: Binghamton: Susquehanna River at Vestal, National Weather Service, December 29, 2011
  55. ↑ Flood waters pour into Binghamton, breaking record, Times-Union via AP, September 8, 2011.
  56. ↑ Micale, Jennifer. "Situation bad and getting worse". pressconnects.com. Gannett. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  57. ↑ Village grapples with budget, funding and repairs Archived October 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , Owego Pennysaver, October 10, 2011.
  58. ↑ Road closures in Central New York due to flooding, CNY Central, September 8, 2011
  59. ↑ Jennifer Micale (December 25, 2011). "Unforgettable: The top 10 stories of 2011". Press & Sun Bulletin. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
  60. ↑ Jennifer Micale (February 1, 2012). "Tier flood damage estimate: $1 billion". Press & Sun-Bulletin. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  61. ↑ Storm’s Remnants Bring Flood Worries to the East, AP/New York Times, September 8, 2011.
  62. ↑ Yakin, Heather (September 9, 2011). "Lee adds insult to Irene's injury". Times-Herald Record. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  63. ↑ Mandatory Evacuation of Wyoming Valley by 4 p.m. Archived April 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , Times-Leader, September 8, 2011
  64. ↑ Eckert, Paul (September 9, 2011). "UPDATE 3-Pennsylvania hit by huge flooding, towns submerged". Reuters.
  65. ↑ Luzerne officials issue mandatory evacuation in footprint of Agnes flood, Times Tribune, September 8, 2011
  66. ↑ "Bloomsburg Fair canceled". Times Ledger. September 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
  67. ↑ "Flooding at Knoebels within inches of 1972 - News - News Item". Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  68. ↑ Harrisburg announces flood evacuation of up to 10,000 residents from Front to Third streets, The Patriot-News, September 8, 2011
  69. ↑ Evacuation of Pa. Governor's Residence in Harrisburg in progress, Penn Live, September 8, 2011.
  70. ↑ Flood prediction gets much worse: Swatara Creek still rising, Penn Live, September 8, 2011
  71. ↑ , The Patriot-News, September 7, 2011
  72. ↑ (FOX Philly)
  73. ↑ Holmes, Phillip A. (September 9, 2011). "3 towns evacuated". Williamsport Sun-Gazette . p. 1. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  74. ↑ Thompson, David (September 9, 2011). "'Worse than Agnes': Record flooding wreaks destruction". Williamsport Sun-Gazette . p. 1. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  75. ↑ Thompson, David (September 10, 2011). "Receding waters: Damage in the millions". Williamsport Sun-Gazette . p. 1. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  76. ↑ Monica Von Dobeeck (September 15, 2011). "Agencies starting to compile lists of damages from Tropical Storm Lee". The Patriot News. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  77. ↑ Staff Writer (September 16, 2011). "York County reports $2.9M in damage from Tropical Storm Lee". York Dispatch. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  78. 1 2 3 Harris, Bernard (September 9, 2011). "Lee dumps 7-15 inches of rain here". Intelligencer Journal . Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  79. 1 2 Johnson, Jenna (September 17, 2011). "D.C. area's recent rainfall might be once-in-a-thousand-years event". The Washington Post.
  80. ↑ Johnson, Jenna (September 10, 2011). "Fourth person confirmed dead in area flooding". The Washington Post.
  81. ↑ VDOT Press release Sept 11 2011 http://www.vdot.virginia.gov/newsroom/northern_virginia/2011/road_bridge_damage_in54198.asp
Tropical Storm Lee
Tropical Storm Lee on 2nd Sept 2011.JPG
Tropical Storm Lee near peak intensity on September 2
Tropical cyclones of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season
2011 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
TS
Arlene
TS
Bret
TS
Cindy
TS
Don
TS
Emily
TS
Franklin
TS
Gert
TS
Harvey
3
Irene
TD
Ten
TS
Jose
4
Katia
TS
Unnamed
TS
Lee
1
Maria
1
Nate
4
Ophelia
1
Philippe
3
Rina
TS
Sean
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.