List of Atlantic hurricane records

Last updated

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

As of May 2024, there have been 1,727 tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity, 960 at hurricane intensity, and 333 at major hurricane intensity within the Atlantic Ocean since 1851, the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record. [1] Though a majority of these cyclones have fallen within climatological averages, prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record-keeping including in duration and intensity. [2] The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability.

Contents

Tropical cyclogenesis

Most active /least active Atlantic hurricane seasons

Most Atlantic hurricane seasons prior to the weather satellite era include seven or fewer recorded tropical storms or hurricanes. As the usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s, early storm counts are less reliable. Before the advent of the airplane or means of tracking storms, the ones recorded were storms that affected mainly populated areas. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. [3]

With the advent of the satellite came better and more accurate weather tracking. The first satellites sent into space to monitor the weather were known as Television Infrared Observation Satellites (TIROS). In 1961, Hurricane Esther was the first hurricane to be "discovered" through satellite readings. [4] Although this modern invention was now available, the systems were initially not fully active enough to provide daily images of the storms. [5] Data for the North Atlantic region remained sparse as late as 1964 due to a lack of complete satellite coverage. [6]

Due to the above factors, terms such as "ever" or "on record" should be interpreted to mean "since sometime between 1964 and 1978".

The most active Atlantic hurricane season on record in terms of total storms took place in 2020, with 30 documented. The storm count for the 2020 season also includes fourteen hurricanes, of which seven strengthened to major hurricane status. On the converse, the least active season on record in terms of total storms took place in 1914. The 1914 season had just one tropical storm and no hurricanes.

Most storms in a year
YearTropical stormsHurricanes
HurricanesMajor
2020 30 *147
2005 28 *157
2021 21 *74
1933 20116
2023 20 *73
1887 19112
1995 19115
2010 19125
2011 1974
2012 19102
* Includes at least one subtropical storm
Source: [7]
Fewest storms in a year
YearTropical stormsHurricanes
HurricanesMajor
1914 100
1930 322
1857 430
1868 430
1883 432
1884 441
1890 421
1917 422
1925 420
1983 431
Source: [7]

Earliest /latest formations for each category

Radar image of Hurricane Alice (1954-55), the only Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to span two calendar years at hurricane strength Hurricane Alice 01 jan 1955 radar.jpg
Radar image of Hurricane Alice (1954–55), the only Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to span two calendar years at hurricane strength

Climatologically speaking, approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between June 1 and November 30 – dates which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season; [8] as of 2023 there have been 92 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being an unnamed subtropical storm in January 2023. The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season, which formed on January 3, became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012. [9] Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane; [nb 1] however, following post-storm analysis, it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength, which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder, as it became a major hurricane on June 8. [11] Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season, [8] [11] Hurricane Audrey in 1957 was the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27. [12] However, reanalysis [11] of 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record in the calendar year on July 8, 2005. [13] That mark stood until surpassed by Hurricane Beryl on June 30, 2024. Beryl would also become the earliest Category 5 two days later, surpassing Hurricane Emily of 2005.

Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season. [8] December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones. [11] The second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical storm and hurricane, reaching these intensities on December 30 and 31, respectively. Hurricane Alice and Tropical Storm Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006. [14] No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December. [11] In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unusual west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season. [15] Based on reanalysis, the devastating Cuba hurricane in 1932 reached Category 5 intensity on November 5, making it the latest in any Atlantic hurricane season to reach this intensity. [11] [9] [nb 2]

Earliest and latest forming Atlantic tropical / subtropical cyclones by Saffir–Simpson classification
Storm
classification		Earliest formationLatest formation
SeasonStormDate reachedSeasonStormDate reached
Tropical depression 1900 Unnumbered [18] January 17 1954 Alice [11] December 30 [nb 3]
Tropical storm 1938 One [11] January 3 1954 Alice [11] December 30 [nb 4]
Category 1 1938 One [11] January 4 1954 Alice [11] December 31
Category 2 1908 One [11] March 7 2016 Otto [11] November 24
Category 3 1966 Alma [11] June 8 2016 Otto [11] November 24
Category 4 2024 Beryl [19] June 30 1999 Lenny [11] November 17
Category 5 2024 Beryl [20] July 2 1932 "Cuba" [16] November 5

Most tropical /subtropical storms formed in each month

The Atlantic hurricane season presently runs from June 1 through November 30 each year, with peak activity occurring between August and October. Specifically, the height of the season is in early to mid-September. [8] Tropical systems that form outside of these months are referred to as "off season", and account for roughly 3% of all storms that form in a given year. [8] All of the records included below are for the most storms that formed in a given month, as the threshold for "fewest" is zero for expected months. Cases where "fewest storms" are unusual include the months when the hurricane season is at its peak.

Number of Atlantic tropical / subtropical storm occurrences by month of naming
Month
MostSeason
January1 [21] 1938, 1951, 1978, 2016, 2023
February1 [22] 1952 [nb 5]
March1 [23] 1908 [nb 5]
April1 [21] 1992, 2003, 2017
May2 [21] 1887, 2012, 2020
June3 [21] 1886, 1909, 1936, 1966, 1968, 2021, 2023, 2024
July5 [24] 2005, 2020
August8 [21] 2004, 2012
September10 [25] 2020
October8 [21] 1950
November3 [26] 1931, 1961, 1966, 2001, 2005, 2020, 2024
December2 [21] 1887, 2003

Earliest formation records by storm number

Earliest and next earliest forming Atlantic tropical /subtropical storms by storm number
Storm
number		EarliestNext earliest
NameDate of formationNameDate of formation
1 One [11] January 3, 1938 One [11] January 4, 1951
2 Able [11] May 16, 1951 Two [11] May 17, 1887
3 Cristobal [27] June 2, 2020 Colin [27] June 5, 2016
4 Danielle [28] June 20, 2016 Cindy [28] June 23, 2023 [nb 6]
5 Elsa [29] July 1, 2021 Edouard [30] July 6, 2020
6 Fay [30] July 9, 2020 Franklin July 21, 2005
7 Gonzalo [31] July 22, 2020 Gert [31] July 24, 2005
8 Hanna [30] July 24, 2020 Harvey [30] August 3, 2005
9 Isaias [30] July 30, 2020 Irene [30] August 7, 2005
10 Josephine [30] August 13, 2020 Jose [30] August 22, 2005
11 Kyle [30] August 14, 2020 Katrina [30] August 24, 2005
12 Laura [30] August 21, 2020 Luis [30] August 29, 1995
13 Marco [32] August 22, 2020 Maria [32] September 2, 2005 [nb 7]
Lee [32] September 2, 2011 [nb 8]
14 Nana [33] September 1, 2020 Nate [33] September 5, 2005
15 Omar [34] September 1, 2020 Ophelia [34] September 7, 2005 [nb 9]
16 Paulette [35] September 7, 2020 Philippe [35] September 17, 2005
17 Rene [35] September 7, 2020 Rita [35] September 18, 2005
18 Sally [36] September 12, 2020 Sam [37] September 23, 2021
19 Teddy [38] September 14, 2020 Teresa [39] September 24, 2021
20 Vicky [40] September 14, 2020 Victor [41] September 29, 2021
21 Alpha [42] September 17, 2020 Vince October 9, 2005
22 Wilfred [42] September 17, 2020 Wilma October 17, 2005
23 Beta [43] September 18, 2020 Alpha [43] October 22, 2005
24 Gamma [44] October 2, 2020 Beta [44] October 27, 2005
25 Delta [45] October 5, 2020 Gamma [45] November 15, 2005
26 Epsilon [46] October 19, 2020 Delta [46] November 22, 2005
27 Zeta [47] October 25, 2020 Epsilon [48] November 29, 2005
28 Eta [49] November 1, 2020 Zeta [50] December 30, 2005
29 Theta [51] November 10, 2020Earliest formation by virtue of
being the only of that number
30 Iota [52] November 13, 2020

Intensity

Most intense

Generally speaking, the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure. The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure. In terms of wind speed, Allen from 1980 was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, with maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h). For many years, it was thought that Hurricane Camille also attained this intensity, but this conclusion was changed in 2014. The original measurements of Camille are suspect since wind speed instrumentation used at the time would likely be damaged by winds of such intensity. [53] Nonetheless, their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes. [11]

Owing to their intensity, the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification. Hurricane Opal, the most intense Category 4 hurricane recorded, intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg), [54] a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes. [55] Nonetheless, the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones. [11] Currently, Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg) in October 2005; [53] at the time, this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific, [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures. [61] However, this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific, which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar. Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert, which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years. [62] The 1935 Labor Day hurricane, with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950. [11] Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde, this pressure remains the lowest measured over land. [63]

Hurricane Rita is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list, with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and seventh, respectively. [11] However, with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg), Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico. [64] In between Rita and Katrina is Hurricane Allen. Allen's pressure was measured at 899 mbar. Hurricane Camille is the sixth strongest hurricane on record. Camille is the only storm to have been moved down the list due to post-storm analysis. Camille was originally recognized as the fifth strongest hurricane on record, but was dropped to the seventh strongest in 2014, with an estimated pressure at 905 mbars, tying it with Hurricanes Mitch, and Dean. Camille then was recategorized with a new pressure of 900 mbars. Currently, Mitch and Dean share intensities for the eighth strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg). [63] Hurricane Maria is in tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone, with a pressure as low as 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg). [65] In addition, the most intense Atlantic hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is Hurricane Dorian of 2019, with a pressure of 910 mbar (hPa; 26.9 inHg). [66]

Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise. However, four of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes – four of the ten hurricanes on the list constitute four of the top ten most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity, the most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall. [67] Hurricane Camille made landfall in Waveland, Mississippi with a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg), making it the second most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall. [68] Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg) at landfall, making its landfall the second strongest, tied with Camille. Similarly, Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula, though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure; its landfall marked the fourth strongest in Atlantic hurricane history. [63]

  • Note: Dropsondes have only been GPS-based for use in eyewalls since 1997, [69] and the quantity of aircraft reconnaissance and surface observation stations has changed over time, such that values from storms in different periods may not be 100% consistent.

Most intense by minimum barometric pressure

Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
HurricaneSeasonBy peak pressureBy pressure at landfall
mbarinHgmbarinHg
Wilma 2005 88226.05
Gilbert 1988 88826.2290026.58
"Labor Day" 1935 89226.3489226.34
Rita 2005 89526.43
Milton 2024 89726.49
Allen 1980 89926.55
Camille 1969 90026.5890026.58
Katrina 2005 90226.64
Mitch 1998 90526.72
Dean 2007 90526.7290526.72
"Cuba" 1924 91026.87
Dorian 2019 91026.87
Janet 1955 91426.99
Irma 2017 91426.99
"Cuba" 1932 91827.10
Michael 2018 91927.14
Note: Grey shading indicates that the pressure was not a record, only the top ten storms for each category are included here.

Strongest by 1-minute sustained wind speed

Strongest Atlantic hurricanes
HurricaneSeasonBy peak sustained wind speedBy wind speed at landfall
mphkm/hmphkm/h
Allen 1980 190305
"Labor Day" 1935 185295185295
Gilbert 1988 185295
Dorian 2019 185295185295
Wilma 2005 185295
Mitch 1998 180285
Rita 2005 180285
Irma 2017 180285180285
Milton 2024 180285
"Cuba" 1932 175280
Janet 1955 175280175280
Camille 1969 175280175280
Anita 1977 175280175280
David 1979 175280175280
Andrew 1992 175280165270
Katrina 2005 175280
Dean 2007 175280175280
Felix 2007 175280165270
Maria 2017 175280165270
Note: Grey shading indicates that the wind speed was not a record, only the highest ranking storms for each category are included here.

Fastest intensification

Effects

Costliest Atlantic hurricanes

Katrina 2005-08-28 1700Z.jpg
Harvey 2017-08-25 2337Z.jpg
Hurricanes Katrina (left) and Harvey (right) both caused $125 billion in damage, more than any other tropical cyclone worldwide.
Costliest Atlantic hurricanes
RankHurricaneSeasonDamage [nb 10]
1 5  Katrina 2005
 4  Harvey 2017
3 5  Ian 2022
4 5  Maria 2017
5 4  Helene 2024
6 5  Milton 2024
7 5  Irma 2017
8 4  Ida 2021
9 3  Sandy 2012
10 4  Ike 2008

Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes

Hurricane Mitch killed at least 11,374 people in Central America in October 1998. Mitch 1998-10-26 1845Z.png
Hurricane Mitch killed at least 11,374 people in Central America in October 1998.
Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
RankHurricaneSeasonFatalities
1 ?  "Great Hurricane" 1780 22,000–27,501
2 5  Mitch 1998 11,374+
3 2  Fifi 1974 8,210–10,000
4 4  "Galveston" 1900 8,000–12,000
5 4  Flora 1963 7,193
6 ?  "Pointe-à-Pitre" 1776 6,000+
7 5  "Okeechobee" 1928 4,112+
8 ?  "Newfoundland" 1775 4,000–4,163
9 3  "Monterrey" 1909 4,000
10 4  "San Ciriaco" 1899 3,855

Most tornadoes spawned

Tracks of the 50 mesocyclones and multiple tornado vortex signatures (denoted by inverted red triangles) identified by the NWS Office in Tallahassee Florida September 15-16, 2004. Hurricane Ivan Tallahassee MESO and TVS.png
Tracks of the 50 mesocyclones and multiple tornado vortex signatures (denoted by inverted red triangles) identified by the NWS Office in Tallahassee Florida September 15–16, 2004.
Number of tornadoes spawned
RankCountNameYear
1120 5  Ivan 2004
2115 [71]  5  Beulah 1967
3103 [72]  4  Frances 2004
4101 5  Rita 2005
568 5  Beryl 2024
657 5  Katrina 2005
754 4  Harvey 2017
850 TS  Fay 2008
949 4  Gustav 2008
1047 4  Georges 1998

Miscellaneous records

Miscellaneous records
RecordValueNameSeason
Distance traveled6,500 miles (10,500 km) [73]  3  Alberto 2000
Highest forward speed69 mph (111 km/h) [11] [74]  TS  Six 1961
Largest in diameter1,150 miles (1,850 km) [75]  3  Sandy 2012
Longest duration (non consecutive)28 days [11] [76] [77]  4  "San Ciriaco" 1899
Longest duration (consecutive)27.25 days [11] [76] [77]  2  Ginger 1971
Longest duration (at category 5)3.6 days [78]  5  "Cuba" 1932
Northernmost tropical cyclone formation42.0°N; 23.0°W [11]  TS  Five 1952
Southernmost tropical cyclone formation7.2°N; 23.4°W [11]  2  Isidore 1990
Easternmost tropical cyclone formation11.0°N, 14.0°W [11]  TS  Christine 1973
Westernmost tropical cyclone formation22.4°N, 97.4°W [11]  TD  Eight 2013

Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Hurricanes reaching Category 3 (111 mph (179 km/h)) and higher on the 5-level Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale are considered major hurricanes. [10]
  2. ↑ Although Hurricane Iota in 2020 was operationally analyzed to be a Category 5 hurricane, [16] its peak strength was revised down to Category 4 in the post-season analysis. [17]
  3. ↑ 1954's Hurricane Alice and 2005's Tropical Storm Zeta both formed as tropical depressions on December 30; however, Alice formed around 06:00 UTC, about six hours later than Zeta. [11]
  4. ↑ 1954's Hurricane Alice and 2005's Tropical Storm Zeta both became tropical storms on December 30; however, Alice became a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC, about six hours later than Zeta. [11]
  5. 1 2 Highest number for month by virtue of being the only season on record to have a storm form during that month.
  6. ↑ 2020's Dolly and 2023's Cindy both formed on June 23; however, Cindy became a tropical storm around 0:00 UTC, about six hours before Dolly.
  7. ↑ 2005's Maria and 2011's Lee both formed on September 2 and each became a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC.
  8. ↑ 2011's Lee and 2005's Maria both formed on September 2 and each became a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC.
  9. ↑ 2005's Ophelia and 2011's Nate both formed on September 7; however, Ophelia became a tropical storm around 06:00 UTC, about 12 hours before Nate.
  10. ↑ All damage figures are in United States dollars, and are not adjusted for inflation.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1966 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1966 Atlantic hurricane season saw the Weather Bureau office in Miami, Florida, be designated as the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and assume responsibility of tropical cyclone forecasting in the basin. The season officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was an above-average season in terms of tropical storms, with a total of 15. The first system, Hurricane Alma, developed over eastern Nicaragua on June 4 and became a rare major hurricane in the month of June. Alma brought severe flooding to Honduras and later to Cuba, but caused relatively minor impact in the Southeastern United States. Alma resulted in 90 deaths and about $210 million (1966 USD) in damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1969 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season since the 1933 season, and was the final year of the most recent positive Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) era. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30. Altogether, 12 tropical cyclones reached hurricane strength, the highest number on record at the time; a mark not surpassed until 2005. The season was above-average despite an El Niño, which typically suppresses activity in the Atlantic Ocean, while increasing tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean. Activity began with a tropical depression that caused extensive flooding in Cuba and Jamaica in early June. On July 25, Tropical Storm Anna developed, the first named storm of the season. Later in the season, Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine caused severe local flooding in the Florida Panhandle and southwestern Georgia in September.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1957 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1957 Atlantic hurricane season featured one of the longest-travelling tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin, Hurricane Carrie. Nevertheless, the season was generally inactive, with eight tropical storms – two of which went unnamed – and three hurricanes, two of which intensified further to attain major hurricane intensity. The season officially began on June 15 and ended on November 15, though the year's first tropical cyclone developed prior to the start of the season on June 8. The final storm dissipated on October 27, well before the official end of the season. The strongest hurricane of the year was Carrie, which reached the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale on two separate occasions in the open Atlantic; Carrie later caused the sinking of the German ship Pamir southwest of the Azores, resulting in 80 deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1940 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1940 Atlantic hurricane season was a generally average period of tropical cyclogenesis in 1940. Though the season had no official bounds, most tropical cyclone activity occurred during August and September. Throughout the year, fourteen tropical cyclones formed, of which nine reached tropical storm intensity; six were hurricanes. None of the hurricanes reached major hurricane intensity. Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes, especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration, may have remained undetected. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable. As a result of a reanalysis project which analyzed the season in 2012, an additional hurricane was added to HURDAT. The year's first tropical storm formed on May 19 off the northern coast of Hispaniola. At the time, this was a rare occurrence, as only four other tropical disturbances were known to have formed prior during this period; since then, reanalysis of previous seasons has concluded that there were more than four tropical cyclones in May before 1940. The season's final system was a tropical disturbance situated in the Greater Antilles, which dissipated on November 8.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1935 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1935 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-normal hurricane season. Altogether, ten tropical cyclones developed, eight of which intensified into tropical storms. Five of those tropical storms strengthened into hurricanes, while three of those reached major hurricane intensity. The season ran from June 1 through November 15, 1935.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1929 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1929 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active Atlantic hurricane seasons on record, with only five tropical cyclones forming. Three of them intensified into a hurricane, with one strengthening further into a major hurricane. The first tropical cyclone of the season developed in the Gulf of Mexico on June 27. Becoming a hurricane on June 28, the storm struck Texas, bringing strong winds to a large area. Three fatalities were reported, while damage was conservatively estimated at $675,000 (1929 USD).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1927 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1927 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively inactive season, with eight tropical storms, four of which became hurricanes. One of these became a major hurricane – Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on August 13, while the final cyclone, a tropical storm, merged with a cold front on November 21. No hurricane made landfall in the United States, in contrast to the four that struck the U.S. in the previous season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1921 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1921 Atlantic hurricane season was an active hurricane season, with 12 tropical cyclones forming. Among them, seven became tropical storms, of which five strengthened into hurricanes. Furthermore, two of these strengthened into a major hurricane, Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, the most since the 1917 season. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on June 1, while the last, a tropical storm, dissipated on November 25. Of note, three tropical cyclones co-existed with another during the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1920 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1920 Atlantic hurricane season featured tropical storms and hurricanes only in the month of September. The first system, a hurricane, developed on September 7 while the last, a tropical depression, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 27. Of note, four of the six cyclones co-existed with another tropical cyclone during the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1919 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1919 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic on record, featuring only five tropical storms. Of those five tropical cyclones, two of them intensified into a hurricane, with one strengthening into a major hurricane Two tropical depressions developed in the month of June, both of which caused negligible damage. A tropical storm in July brought minor damage to Pensacola, Florida, but devastated a fleet of ships. Another two tropical depressions formed in August, the first of which brought rainfall to the Lesser Antilles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1912 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1912 Atlantic hurricane season was an average hurricane season that featured the first recorded November major hurricane. There were eleven tropical cyclones, seven of which became tropical storms; four of those strengthened into hurricanes, and one reached major hurricane intensity. The season's first cyclone developed on April 4, while the final dissipated on November 21. The season's most intense and most devastating tropical cyclone was the final storm, known as the Jamaica hurricane. It produced heavy rainfall on Jamaica, leading to at least 100 fatalities and about $1.5 million (1912 USD) in damage. The storm was also blamed for five deaths in Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1901 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1901 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active season without a major hurricane – tropical cyclones that reach at least Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – until 2013. The first system was initially observed in the northeastern Caribbean on June 11. The fourteenth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone near Bermuda on November 5. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Eight of the fourteen tropical cyclones existed simultaneously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. It was the second most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history, and the most extreme in the satellite era. Officially, the season began on June 1, 2005 and ended on November 30, 2005. These dates, adopted by convention, historically delimit the period in each year when most tropical systems form. The season's first storm, Tropical Storm Arlene, developed on June 8. The final storm, Tropical Storm Zeta, formed in late December and persisted until January 6, 2006. Zeta is only the second December Atlantic storm in recorded history to survive into January, joining Hurricane Alice in 1955.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic hurricane</span> Tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean

An Atlantic hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean primarily between June and November. The terms "hurricane", "typhoon", and "cyclone" can be used interchangeably to describe this weather phenomenon. These storms are continuously rotating around a low pressure center, which causes stormy weather across a large area, which is not limited to just the eye of the storm. They are organized systems of clouds and thunderstorms that originate over tropical or subtropical waters and have closed low-level circulation, and should not be confused with tornadoes, which are just another type of cyclone. They form over low pressure systems. In the North Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific, the term "hurricane" is used, whereas "typhoon" is used in the Western Pacific near Asia. The more general term "cyclone" is used in the rest of the ocean basins, namely the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma</span>

Hurricane Wilma was the most intense tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin on record in terms of minimum barometric pressure, with an atmospheric pressure of 882 millibars (26.0 inHg). Wilma's destructive journey began in the second week of October 2005. A large area of disturbed weather developed across much of the Caribbean and gradually organized to the southeast of Jamaica. By late on October 15, the system was sufficiently organized for the National Hurricane Center to designate it as Tropical Depression Twenty-Four.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. An above-average Atlantic hurricane season, it was the first on record to have a major hurricane in every month from July to November.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1854 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1854 Atlantic hurricane season featured five known tropical cyclones, three of which made landfall in the United States. At one time, another was believed to have existed near Galveston, Texas in September, but HURDAT – the official Atlantic hurricane database – now excludes this system. The first system, Hurricane One, was initially observed on June 25. The final storm, Hurricane Five, was last observed on October 22. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. No tropical cyclones during this season existed simultaneously. One tropical cyclone has a single known point in its track due to a sparsity of data.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2009 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the North Atlantic Ocean. It was a below-average Atlantic hurricane season with nine named storms, the fewest since the 1997 season. The season officially began on June 1, 2009, and ended on November 30, 2009, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The first storm to form was Tropical Depression One on May 28, 2009, while the last storm, Hurricane Ida, dissipated on November 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2012 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual hurricane season in the north Atlantic Ocean. For the third year in a row there were 19 named storms. The season officially began on June 1, 2012, and ended on November 30, 2012, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. Surprisingly, two preseason storms formed: Alberto on May 19, and Beryl on May 26. This was the first such occurrence since the 1951 season. The final storm to dissipate was Sandy, on October 29. Altogether, ten storms became hurricanes, of which two intensified into major hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Patricia</span>

Hurricane Patricia was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere and the second-most intense worldwide in terms of barometric pressure. It also featured the highest one-minute maximum sustained winds ever recorded in a tropical cyclone. Originating from a sprawling disturbance near the Gulf of Tehuantepec in mid-October 2015, Patricia was first classified a tropical depression on October 20. Initial development was slow, with only modest strengthening within the first day of its classification. The system later became a tropical storm and was named Patricia, the twenty-fourth named storm of the annual hurricane season. Exceptionally favorable environmental conditions fueled explosive intensification on October 22. A well-defined eye developed within an intense central dense overcast and Patricia grew from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in just 24 hours—a near-record pace. The magnitude of intensification was poorly forecast and both forecast models and meteorologists suffered from record-high prediction errors.

References

  1. ↑ "North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics". Fort Collins, Colorado: Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  3. ↑ Landsea, C. W. (2004). "The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database". In Murname, R. J.; Liu, K.-B. (eds.). Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 177–221. ISBN   0-231-12388-4.
  4. ↑ Cortright, Edgar M., ed. (1968). "Section One: Above The Atmosphere". Exploring Space With A Camera. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office. Bibcode:1968eswc.book.....C . Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  5. ↑ "Hurricane Season Upon Us". The Windsor Star. UPI. June 13, 1962. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  6. ↑ Neil L. Frank; H. M. Johnson (February 1969). "Vortical Cloud Systems Over the Tropical Atlantic During the 1967 Atlantic Hurricane Season" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 97 (2): 125. Bibcode:1969MWRv...97..124F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0124:vcsott>2.3.co;2 . Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  7. 1 2 "North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics". Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Dorst, Neal (June 1, 2018). "Hurricane Season Information". Frequently Asked Questions About Hurricanes. Miami, Florida: NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  9. 1 2 Landsea, Chris; et al. (June 2013). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ↑ "1957 – Hurricane Audrey". hurricanescience.org. University of Rhode Island. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  13. ↑ NHC Public Affairs (July 20, 2016). "Reanalysis of 1956 to 1960 Atlantic hurricane seasons completed: 10 new tropical storms discovered" (PDF). nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  14. ↑ Hurricane.com. "Atlantic Hurricane and Tropical Storm Records". Hurricane.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  15. ↑ Chambers, Gillan (December 1999). "Late Hurricanes: a Message for the Region". Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands. Coast and Beach Stability in the Lesser Antilles. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  16. 1 2 Eric Blake. "Hurricane Iota Discussion Number 13". nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  17. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (May 18, 2021). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Iota (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  18. ↑ Christopher W. Landsea; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: NOAA . Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  19. ↑ Cangialosi, John (June 30, 2024). "Hurricane Beryl Update Statement" . Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  20. ↑ Papin (July 1, 2024). "Hurricane Beryl Public Advisory 14" . Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 U.S. NOAA Coastal Service Center – Historical Hurricane Tracks Tool
  22. ↑ Erdman, Jonathan (January 31, 2020). "Yes, There Was Once a February Tropical Storm Off the East Coast". weather.com. The Weather Channel. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  23. ↑ Erdman, Jonathan (March 8, 2020). "Yes, There Was Once a March Atlantic Hurricane". weather.com. The Weather Channel. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  24. ↑ "State of the Climate: Hurricanes and Tropical Storms for July 2020". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. August 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  25. ↑ Dolce, Chris (October 6, 2020). "All the Records the 2020 Hurricane Season has Broken So Far". weather.com. The Weather Channel. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  26. ↑ Philip Klotzbach [@philklotzbach] (November 13, 2020). "#Iota is the 3rd Atlantic named storm to form this November, along with Eta and #Theta" (Tweet). Retrieved November 14, 2020– via Twitter.
  27. 1 2 Gray, Jennifer (June 2, 2020). "Cristobal becomes the earliest third Atlantic named storm on record". CNN. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  28. 1 2 Henson, Bob (June 23, 2023). "Unusual June Tropical Storms Bret and Cindy stir up the Atlantic". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  29. ↑ Andrew Dockery (July 2021). "Fifth named storm of the 2021 hurricane season and is now the earliest "E" named storm on record". www.wmbfnews.com. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Martucci, Joe (August 25, 2020). "Hurricane Laura continues record hurricane season pace, here's the forecast". The Press of Atlantic City. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  31. 1 2 Prociv, Kathryn (July 22, 2020). "Tropical Storm Gonzalo forecast to become 2020's first Atlantic hurricane of the year". NBC News. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  32. 1 2 3 Bellafiore, Sean (August 21, 2020). "Tropical Depression 14 not yet a tropical storm, could threaten Central Texas". Waco, Texas: KWTX News . Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  33. 1 2 Cappucci, Matthew (September 1, 2020). "Tropical storm Nana nears formation in Caribbean as Atlantic hurricane season stays unusually active". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  34. 1 2 "Tropical Storm Omar, Record Earliest Fifteenth Storm, Tracking Well Off the U.S. East Coast". weather.com. The Weather Channel. September 1, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Erdman, Jonathan (September 7, 2020). "Tropical Storm Paulette, Record Earliest 16th Storm, Forms in Eastern Atlantic While Tropical Storm Rene is Soon to Follow". weather.com. The Weather Channel. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  36. ↑ Niles, Nancy; Hauck, Grace; Aretakis, Rachel (September 12, 2020). "Tropical Storm Sally forms as it crosses South Florida; likely to strengthen into hurricane when it reaches Gulf". USA Today Network. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
  37. ↑ Masters, Jeff (September 23, 2021). "Tropical Storm Sam forms in central tropical Atlantic". New Haven Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  38. ↑ Marchante, Michelle; Harris, Alex (September 14, 2020). "With newly formed Tropical Storm Teddy, NHC tracking five named systems at once". The Miami Herald. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  39. ↑ Masters, Jeff (September 25, 2021). "Sam rapidly intensifies into a major category 3 hurricane". New Haven Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  40. ↑ Michals, Chris (September 14, 2020). "Sally takes aim at the Gulf Coast; only one name left for hurricane season". wsls.com. Roanoke, Virginia: WSLS-TV. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  41. ↑ Masters, Jeff; Henson, Bob (September 30, 2021). "Tropical Storm Victor joins category 4 Hurricane Sam in the Atlantic". New Haven Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  42. 1 2 Borenstein, Seth (September 18, 2020). "Running out of storm names, Atlantic season goes Greek". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Chattanooga, Tennessee. AP . Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  43. 1 2 Bacon, John; Falcon, Meagan (September 20, 2020). "Texas prepares water rescue teams as Tropical Storm Beta threatens 'torrential rainfall'". USA Today. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  44. 1 2 Discher, Emma (October 2, 2020). "Tropical Storm Gamma develops over Caribbean Sea; here's the latest forecast". nola.com. New Orleans, Louisiana. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  45. 1 2 Morgan, Leigh (October 5, 2020). "Tropical Storm Delta forms and is headed for the Gulf Coast later this week - as a hurricane". al.com. The Birmingham News. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  46. 1 2 Masters, Jeff (October 19, 2020). "Tropical Storm Epsilon forms in the central Atlantic". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  47. ↑ "UPDATE: Tropical Storm Zeta forms near Cuba; Georgia in cone". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . AP. October 25, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  48. ↑ Shepherd, Marshall (October 23, 2020). "Zeta May Be Forming In The Caribbean - Why That's Odd (And Not)". forbes.com. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  49. ↑ "Tropical Storm Eta ties record; expected to become hurricane". abcnews.go.com. ABC News Internet Ventures. AP. November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  50. ↑ Cappucci, Matthew (October 30, 2020). "Tropical Storm Eta likely to form in Caribbean to start potentially busy November in the tropics". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  51. ↑ Cappucci, Matthew (November 9, 2020). "The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season is busiest on record as Subtropical Storm Theta forms". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  52. ↑ Rice, Doyle (November 13, 2020). "Eta, Theta and now Iota: Tropical storm forecast to approach Central America as a hurricane next week". usatoday.com. USA Today. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  53. 1 2 Landsea, Chris (April 21, 2010). "E1) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  54. ↑ Mayfield, Max (November 29, 1995). Hurricane Opal Preliminary Report (Preliminary Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  55. ↑ Louisiana Geographic Information Center. "The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale". Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  56. ↑ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  57. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Best Track Information for the North Indian Ocean 1990-2008". India Meteorological Department. 2009. Archived from the original (XLS) on 16 November 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  58. ↑ Royer, Stephane (7 February 2003). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo". Météo France. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  59. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Information for the Australian Region". Bureau of Meteorology. 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  60. ↑ MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.[ permanent dead link ]
  61. ↑ "Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951-2024". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  62. ↑ Willoughby, H.E.; Masters, J. M.; Landsea, C. W. (December 1, 1989). "A Record Minimum Sea Level Pressure Observed in Hurricane Gilbert". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (12): 2824–2828. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2824W. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2824:ARMSLP>2.0.CO;2 .
  63. 1 2 3 Franklin, James L. (January 31, 2008). "Hurricane Dean" (PDF). National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Reports. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  64. ↑ National Weather Service (November 14, 2005). "Post Storm Data Acquisition – Hurricane Rita Peak Gust Analysis and Storm Surge Data" (PDF). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  65. ↑ Brown, Daniel. "Hurricane Maria Intermediate Advisory Number 15A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  66. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (September 1, 2019). "Hurricane Dorian Forecast Discussion Number 34". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  67. ↑ Bob Henson (September 6, 2017). "Category 5 Irma Hits Leeward Islands at Peak Strength". Weather Underground . Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  68. ↑ R.H. Simpson; Arnold L. Sugg (April 1970). "The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review . 98 (4): 293. Bibcode:1970MWRv...98..293S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1970)098<0293:TAHSO>2.3.CO;2. S2CID   123713109 . Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  69. ↑ "AVAPS Dropsonde System | Earth Observing Laboratory". Eol.ucar.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  70. ↑ "Hurricane MILTON Advisory Archive". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  71. ↑ Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). "11". Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991, A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. pp. 124–127. ISBN   978-1-879362-03-1.
  72. ↑ John L. Beven II. Hurricane Frances. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
  73. ↑ Neal Dorst; Sandy Delgado (May 20, 2011). "Subject: E7) What is the farthest a tropical cyclone has traveled ?". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  74. ↑ "What is the average forward speed of a hurricane? (G16)". Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  75. ↑ "Hurricane Sandy Grows to Largest Atlantic Tropical Storm Ever". 28 October 2012.
  76. 1 2 Neal Dorst (January 26, 2010). "Subject: E6) Which tropical cyclone lasted the longest?". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  77. 1 2 Lixion Avila & Robbie Berg (October 4, 2012). "Remnants of Nadine Discussion Eighty-Eight (Final)". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  78. ↑ Daniel Brown; Chris Landsea (September 5, 2017). Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  79. ↑ "Hurricane Ivan Uncovered a 60,000 year old Cypress Forest in the Gulf of Mexico". WordPress.com. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  80. ↑ "Hurricane and Storm Shutters in Gulf Shores Alabama". Hurricane Shutters Florida. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  81. ↑ Staff Writer (2004). "Extremes of Weather: Horrifying hurricanes". The Canadian Atlas. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  82. ↑ "What is the largest known outbreak of tropical cyclone tornadoes?". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.