List of Atlantic hurricane records

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As of May 2023, there have been 1,708 tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity, 953 at hurricane intensity, and 330 at major hurricane intensity within the Atlantic Ocean since 1851, the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record. [1] Though a majority of these cyclones have fallen within climatological averages, prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record-keeping including in duration and intensity. [2] The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability.

Contents

Tropical cyclogenesis

Most active /least active Atlantic hurricane seasons

Most Atlantic hurricane seasons prior to the weather satellite era include seven or fewer recorded tropical storms or hurricanes. As the usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s, early storm counts are less reliable. Before the advent of the airplane or means of tracking storms, the ones recorded were storms that affected mainly populated areas. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. [3]

With the advent of the satellite came better and more accurate weather tracking. The first satellites sent into space to monitor the weather were known as Television Infrared Observation Satellites (TIROS). In 1961, Hurricane Esther was the first hurricane to be "discovered" through satellite readings. [4] Although this modern invention was now available, the systems were initially not fully active enough to provide daily images of the storms. [5] Data for the North Atlantic region remained sparse as late as 1964 due to a lack of complete satellite coverage. [6]

The most active Atlantic hurricane season on record in terms of total storms took place in 2020, with 30 documented. The storm count for the 2020 season also includes fourteen hurricanes, of which seven strengthened to major hurricane status. On the converse, the least active season on record in terms of total storms took place in 1914. The 1914 season had just one tropical storm and no hurricanes.

Most storms in a year
YearTropical stormsHurricanes
HurricanesMajor
2020 30 *147
2005 28 *157
2021 21 *74
1933 20116
2023 20 *73
1887 19112
1995 19115
2010 19125
2011 1974
2012 19102
* Includes at least one subtropical storm
Source: [7]
Fewest storms in a year
YearTropical stormsHurricanes
HurricanesMajor
1914 100
1930 322
1857 430
1868 430
1883 432
1884 441
1890 421
1917 422
1925 420
1983 431
Source: [7]

Earliest /latest formations for each category

Radar image of Hurricane Alice (1954-55), the only Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to span two calendar years at hurricane strength Hurricane Alice 01 jan 1955 radar.jpg
Radar image of Hurricane Alice (1954–55), the only Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to span two calendar years at hurricane strength

Climatologically speaking, approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between June 1 and November 30 – dates which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season; [8] as of 2023 there have been 92 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being an unnamed subtropical storm in January 2023. The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season, which formed on January 3, became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012. [9] Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane; [nb 1] however, following post-storm analysis, it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength, which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder, as it became a major hurricane on June 8. [11] Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season, [8] [11] Hurricane Audrey in 1957 was the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27. [12] However, reanalysis [11] of 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record on July 8, 2005. [13] The earliest-forming Category 5 hurricane, Emily, reached the highest intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on July 17, 2005. [14]

Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season. [8] December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones. [11] The second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical storm and hurricane, reaching these intensities on December 30 and 31, respectively. Hurricane Alice and Tropical Storm Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006. [15] No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December. [11] In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unusual west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season. [16] Based on reanalysis, the devastating "Cuba" hurricane in 1932 reached Category 5 intensity on November 5, making it the latest in any Atlantic hurricane season to reach this intensity. [11] [9] [nb 2]

Earliest and latest forming Atlantic tropical / subtropical cyclones by Saffir–Simpson classification
Storm
classification		Earliest formationLatest formation
SeasonStormDate reachedSeasonStormDate reached
Tropical depression 1900 One [19] January 17 1954 Alice [11] December 30 [nb 3]
Tropical storm 1938 One [11] January 3 1954 Alice [11] December 30 [nb 4]
Category 1 1938 One [11] January 4 1954 Alice [11] December 31
Category 2 1908 One [11] March 7 2016 Otto [11] November 24
Category 3 1966 Alma [11] June 8 2016 Otto [11] November 24
Category 4 2005 Dennis [20] July 8 1999 Lenny [11] November 17
Category 5 2005 Emily [14] [21] July 17 1932 "Cuba" [17] November 5

Most tropical /subtropical storms formed in each month

The Atlantic hurricane season presently runs from June 1 through November 30 each year, with peak activity occurring between August and October. Specifically, the height of the season is in early to mid-September. [8] Tropical systems that form outside of these months are referred to as "off season", and account for roughly 3% of all storms that form in a given year. [8] All of the records included below are for the most storms that formed in a given month, as the threshold for "fewest" is zero for expected months. Cases where "fewest storms" are unusual include the months when the hurricane season is at its peak.

Number of Atlantic tropical / subtropical storm occurrences by month of naming
Month
MostSeason
January1 [22] 1938, 1951, 1978, 2016, 2023
February1 [23] 1952 [nb 5]
March1 [24] 1908 [nb 5]
April1 [22] 1992, 2003, 2017
May2 [22] 1887, 2012, 2020
June3 [22] 1886, 1909, 1936, 1966, 1968, 2021, 2023
July5 [25] 2005, 2020
August8 [22] 2004, 2012
September10 [26] 2020
October8 [22] 1950
November3 [27] 1931, 1961, 1966, 2001, 2005, 2020
December2 [22] 1887, 2003

Earliest formation records by storm number

Earliest and next earliest forming Atlantic tropical /subtropical storms by storm number
Storm
number		EarliestNext earliest
NameDate of formationNameDate of formation
1 One [11] January 3, 1938 One [11] January 4, 1951
2 Able [11] May 16, 1951 Two [11] May 17, 1887
3 Cristobal [28] June 2, 2020 Colin [28] June 5, 2016
4 Danielle [29] June 20, 2016 Cindy [29] June 23, 2023 [nb 6]
5 Elsa [30] July 1, 2021 Edouard [31] July 6, 2020
6 Fay [31] July 9, 2020 Franklin July 21, 2005
7 Gonzalo [32] July 22, 2020 Gert [32] July 24, 2005
8 Hanna [31] July 24, 2020 Harvey [31] August 3, 2005
9 Isaias [31] July 30, 2020 Irene [31] August 7, 2005
10 Josephine [31] August 13, 2020 Jose [31] August 22, 2005
11 Kyle [31] August 14, 2020 Katrina [31] August 24, 2005
12 Laura [31] August 21, 2020 Luis [31] August 29, 1995
13 Marco [33] August 22, 2020 Maria [33] September 2, 2005 [nb 7]
Lee [33] September 2, 2011 [nb 8]
14 Nana [34] September 1, 2020 Nate [34] September 5, 2005
15 Omar [35] September 1, 2020 Ophelia [35] September 7, 2005 [nb 9]
16 Paulette [36] September 7, 2020 Philippe [36] September 17, 2005
17 Rene [36] September 7, 2020 Rita [36] September 18, 2005
18 Sally [37] September 12, 2020 Sam [38] September 23, 2021
19 Teddy [39] September 14, 2020 Teresa [40] September 24, 2021
20 Vicky [41] September 14, 2020 Victor [42] September 29, 2021
21 Alpha [43] September 17, 2020 Vince October 9, 2005
22 Wilfred [43] September 17, 2020 Wilma October 17, 2005
23 Beta [44] September 18, 2020 Alpha [44] October 22, 2005
24 Gamma [45] October 2, 2020 Beta [45] October 27, 2005
25 Delta [46] October 5, 2020 Gamma [46] November 15, 2005
26 Epsilon [47] October 19, 2020 Delta [47] November 22, 2005
27 Zeta [48] October 25, 2020 Epsilon [49] November 29, 2005
28 Eta [50] November 1, 2020 Zeta [51] December 30, 2005
29 Theta [52] November 10, 2020Earliest formation by virtue of
being the only of that number
30 Iota [53] November 13, 2020

Intensity

Most intense

Generally speaking, the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure. The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure. In terms of wind speed, Allen from 1980 was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, with maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h). For many years, it was thought that Hurricane Camille also attained this intensity, but this conclusion was changed in 2014. The original measurements of Camille are suspect since wind speed instrumentation used at the time would likely be damaged by winds of such intensity. [54] Nonetheless, their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes. [11]

Owing to their intensity, the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification. Hurricane Opal, the most intense Category 4 hurricane recorded, intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg), [55] a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes. [56] Nonetheless, the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones. [11] Currently, Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg) in October 2005; [54] at the time, this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific, [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures. [62] However, this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific, which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar. Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert, which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years. [63] The 1935 Labor Day hurricane, with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950. [11] Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde, this pressure remains the lowest measured over land. [64]

Hurricane Rita is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list, with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and seventh, respectively. [11] However, with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg), Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico. [65] In between Rita and Katrina is Hurricane Allen. Allen's pressure was measured at 899 mbar. Hurricane Camille is the sixth strongest hurricane on record. Camille is the only storm to have been moved down the list due to post-storm analysis. Camille was originally recognized as the fifth strongest hurricane on record, but was dropped to the seventh strongest in 2014, with an estimated pressure at 905 mbars, tying it with Hurricanes Mitch, and Dean. Camille then was recategorized with a new pressure of 900 mbars. Currently, Mitch and Dean share intensities for the eighth strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg). [64] Hurricane Maria is in tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone, with a pressure as low as 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg). [66] In addition, the most intense Atlantic hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is Hurricane Dorian of 2019, with a pressure of 910 mbar (hPa; 26.9 inHg). [67]

Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise. However, four of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes – four of the ten hurricanes on the list constitute four of the top ten most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity, the most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall. [68] Hurricane Camille made landfall in Waveland, Mississippi with a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg), making it the second most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall. [69] Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg) at landfall, making its landfall the second strongest, tied with Camille. Similarly, Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula, though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure; its landfall marked the fourth strongest in Atlantic hurricane history. [64]

  • Note: Dropsondes have only been GPS-based for use in eyewalls since 1997, [70] and the quantity of aircraft reconnaissance and surface observation stations has changed over time, such that values from storms in different periods may not be 100% consistent.

Most intense by minimum barometric pressure

Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
HurricaneSeasonBy peak pressureBy pressure at landfall
mbarinHgmbarinHg
Wilma 2005 88226.05
Gilbert 1988 88826.2290026.58
"Labor Day" 1935 89226.3489226.34
Rita 2005 89526.43
Allen 1980 89926.55
Camille 1969 90026.5890026.58
Katrina 2005 90226.64
Mitch 1998 90526.72
Dean 2007 90526.7290526.72
Maria 2017 90826.81
"Cuba" 1924 91026.87
Dorian 2019 91026.87
Janet 1955 91426.99
Irma 2017 91426.99
"Cuba" 1932 91827.10
Michael 2018 91927.14
Note: Grey shading indicates that the pressure was not a record, only the top ten storms for each category are included here.

Strongest by 1-minute sustained wind speed

Strongest Atlantic hurricanes
HurricaneSeasonBy peak sustained wind speedBy wind speed at landfall
mphkm/hmphkm/h
Allen 1980 190305
"Labor Day" 1935 185295185295
Gilbert 1988 185295
Dorian 2019 185295185295
Wilma 2005 185295
Mitch 1998 180285
Rita 2005 180285
Irma 2017 180285180285
"Cuba" 1932 175280
Janet 1955 175280175280
Camille 1969 175280175280
Anita 1977 175280175280
David 1979 175280175280
Andrew 1992 175280165270
Katrina 2005 175280
Dean 2007 175280175280
Felix 2007 175280165270
Maria 2017 175280165270
Note: Grey shading indicates that the wind speed was not a record, only the highest ranking storms for each category are included here.

Hurricane Severity Index

Most severe landfalling Atlantic hurricanes in the United States
Based on size and intensity for total points on the Hurricane Severity Index [71]
RankHurricaneYearIntensitySizeTotal
1 4  Carla 1961 172542
2 4  Betsy 1965 152540
3 5  Camille 1969 221436
 4  Opal 1995 112536
 5  Katrina 2005 132336
6 3  Audrey 1957 171633
 5  Wilma 2005 122133
8 5  Ivan 2004 122032
9 4  Ike 2008 102030
10 5  Andrew 1992 161127

Chicago Mercantile Exchange Hurricane Index

Most severe landfalling Atlantic hurricanes in the United States
Based on size and intensity for total points on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Hurricane Index [72]
RankHurricaneYearLandfallWindspeed at/near landfall
(operational)		Radius of hurricane–force winds
at/near landfall		CMEHI index
1 4  Hugo* 1989 South Carolina 140 mph (220 km/h)140 mi (225 km)19.3
2 4  Katrina* 2005 Louisiana 145 mph (230 km/h)120 mi (195 km)19.0
3 4  Maria 2017 Puerto Rico 155 mph (250 km/h)60 mi (95 km)15.8
4 4  Laura 2020 Louisiana 150 mph (240 km/h)60 mi (95 km)14.5
5 3  Fran 1996 North Carolina 115 mph (185 km/h)175 mi (280 km)14.3
6 4  Michael 2018 Florida 155 mph (250 km/h)45 mi (70 km)14.1
 4  Ian* 2022 Florida 155 mph (250 km/h)45 mi (70 km)14.1
8 4  Ivan 2004 Alabama 130 mph (215 km/h)105 mi (170 km)13.5
 4  Ida 2021 Louisiana 150 mph (240 km/h)50 mi (80 km)13.5
10 4  Irma 2017 Florida 130 mph (215 km/h)80 mi (130 km)11.6
Note: * Indicates that the storm made landfall as a hurricane in multiple regions of the U.S., therefore only the highest index is listed

Fastest intensification

Effects

Costliest Atlantic hurricanes

Hurricane Katrina August 28 2005 NASA.jpg
Harvey 2017-08-25 2231Z.png
Hurricanes Katrina (left) and Harvey (right) both caused $125 billion in damage, more than any other tropical cyclone worldwide.
Costliest Atlantic hurricanes
RankHurricaneSeasonDamage [nb 10]
1 5  Katrina 2005
 4  Harvey 2017
3 5  Ian 2022
4 5  Maria 2017
5 5  Irma 2017
6 4  Ida 2021
7 3  Sandy 2012
8 4  Ike 2008
9 5  Andrew 1992
10 5  Ivan 2004

Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes

Hurricane Mitch killed at least 11,374 people in Central America in October 1998. Mitch 1998-10-26 1915Z.jpg
Hurricane Mitch killed at least 11,374 people in Central America in October 1998.
Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
RankHurricaneSeasonFatalities
1 ?  "Great Hurricane" 1780 22,000–27,501
2 5  Mitch 1998 11,374+
3 2  Fifi 1974 8,210–10,000
4 4  "Galveston" 1900 8,000–12,000
5 4  Flora 1963 7,193
6 ?  "Pointe-à-Pitre" 1776 6,000+
7 5  "Okeechobee" 1928 4,112+
8 ?  "Newfoundland" 1775 4,000–4,163
9 3  "Monterrey" 1909 4,000
10 4  "San Ciriaco" 1899 3,855

Most tornadoes spawned

Tracks of the 50 mesocyclones and multiple tornado vortex signatures (denoted by inverted red triangles) identified by the NWS Office in Tallahassee Florida September 15-16, 2004. Hurricane Ivan Tallahassee MESO and TVS.png
Tracks of the 50 mesocyclones and multiple tornado vortex signatures (denoted by inverted red triangles) identified by the NWS Office in Tallahassee Florida September 15–16, 2004.
Number of tornadoes spawned [73]
RankCountNameYear
1120 5  Ivan 2004
2115 5  Beulah 1967
3103 [74]  4  Frances 2004
4101 5  Rita 2005
557 5  Katrina 2005
654 4  Harvey 2017
750 TS  Fay 2008
849 4  Gustav 2008
947 4  Georges 1998
1046 [75]  TS  Lee 2011

Miscellaneous records

Miscellaneous records
RecordValueNameSeason
Distance traveled6,500 miles (10,500 km) [76]  3  Alberto 2000
Highest forward speed69 mph (111 km/h) [11] [77]  TS  Six 1961
Largest in diameter1,150 miles (1,850 km) [78]  3  Sandy 2012
Longest duration (non consecutive)28 days [11] [79] [80]  4  "San Ciriaco" 1899
Longest duration (consecutive)27.25 days [11] [79] [80]  2  Ginger 1971
Longest duration (at category 5)3.6 days [81]  5  "Cuba" 1932
Northernmost tropical cyclone formation42.0°N; 23.0°W [11]  TS  Five 1952
Southernmost tropical cyclone formation7.2°N; 23.4°W [11]  2  Isidore 1990
Easternmost tropical cyclone formation11.0°N, 14.0°W [11]  TS  Christine 1973
Westernmost tropical cyclone formation22.4°N, 97.4°W [11]  TD  Eight 2013

Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Hurricanes reaching Category 3 (111 mph (179 km/h)) and higher on the 5-level Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale are considered major hurricanes. [10]
  2. ↑ Although Hurricane Iota in 2020 was operationally analyzed to be a Category 5 hurricane, [17] its peak strength was revised down to Category 4 in the post-season analysis. [18]
  3. ↑ 1954's Hurricane Alice and 2005's Tropical Storm Zeta both formed as tropical depressions on December 30; however, Alice formed around 06:00 UTC, about six hours later than Zeta. [11]
  4. ↑ 1954's Hurricane Alice and 2005's Tropical Storm Zeta both became tropical storms on December 30; however, Alice became a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC, about six hours later than Zeta. [11]
  5. 1 2 Highest number for month by virtue of being the only season on record to have a storm form during that month.
  6. ↑ 2020's Dolly and 2023's Cindy both formed on June 23; however, Cindy became a tropical storm around 3:00 UTC, about three hours before Dolly.
  7. ↑ 2005's Maria and 2011's Lee both formed on September 2 and each became a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC.
  8. ↑ 2011's Lee and 2005's Maria both formed on September 2 and each became a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC.
  9. ↑ 2005's Ophelia and 2011's Nate both formed on September 7; however, Ophelia became a tropical storm around 06:00 UTC, about 12 hours before Nate.
  10. ↑ All damage figures are in United States dollars, and are not adjusted for inflation.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1966 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1966 Atlantic hurricane season saw the Weather Bureau office in Miami, Florida, be designated as the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and assume responsibility of tropical cyclone forecasting in the basin. The season officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was an above-average season in terms of tropical storms, with a total of 15. The first system, Hurricane Alma, developed over eastern Nicaragua on June 4 and became the most recent major hurricane in the month of June. Alma brought severe flooding to Honduras and later to Cuba, but caused relatively minor impact in the Southeastern United States. Alma resulted in 91 deaths and about $210.1 million (1966 USD) in damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1986 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season was a very inactive season that produced 10 depressions, 6 named storms, 4 hurricanes, and no major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1986, and lasted until November 30, 1986. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. During the 1986 season, the first subtropical depression formed in the first week of June, while the last tropical cyclone dissipated at the end of the third week of November. The 1986 season had lower than average activity because of an ongoing El Niño event, and was the least active season in the North Atlantic since the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season. This was also the first season since 1972 to have no major hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1957 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1957 Atlantic hurricane season featured one of the longest-travelling tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin, Hurricane Carrie. Nevertheless, the season was generally inactive, with eight tropical storms – two of which went unnamed – and three hurricanes, two of which intensified further to attain major hurricane intensity. The season officially began on June 15 and ended on November 15, though the year's first tropical cyclone developed prior to the start of the season on June 8. The final storm dissipated on October 27, well before the official end of the season. The strongest hurricane of the year was Carrie, which reached the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale on two separate occasions in the open Atlantic; Carrie later caused the sinking of the German ship Pamir southwest of the Azores, resulting in 80 deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1942 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1942 Atlantic hurricane season was one of seven seasons to feature multiple hurricane landfalls in Texas. The season officially lasted from June 16, 1942, to October 31, 1942. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. A total of 11 tropical storms from 1943 are listed in the Atlantic hurricane database, with two additional tropical depressions. The first system of the year, a tropical depression, developed over the central Gulf of Mexico on June 3, while the last system, the Belize hurricane, dissipated over the Yucatán Peninsula on November 11. After the depression dissipated on June 3, the season remained dormant until the next system developed two months later. In mid-August, a hurricane struck Texas, causing about $790,000 (1942 USD) in damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1940 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1940 Atlantic hurricane season was a generally average period of tropical cyclogenesis in 1940. Though the season had no official bounds, most tropical cyclone activity occurred during August and September. Throughout the year, fourteen tropical cyclones formed, of which nine reached tropical storm intensity; six were hurricanes. None of the hurricanes reached major hurricane intensity. Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes, especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration, may have remained undetected. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable. As a result of a reanalysis project which analyzed the season in 2012, an additional hurricane was added to HURDAT. The year's first tropical storm formed on May 19 off the northern coast of Hispaniola. At the time, this was a rare occurrence, as only four other tropical disturbances were known to have formed prior during this period; since then, reanalysis of previous seasons has concluded that there were more than four tropical cyclones in May before 1940. The season's final system was a tropical disturbance situated in the Greater Antilles, which dissipated on November 8.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1929 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1929 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active Atlantic hurricane seasons on record, with only five tropical cyclones forming. Three of them intensified into a hurricane, with one strengthening further into a major hurricane. The first tropical cyclone of the season developed in the Gulf of Mexico on June 27. Becoming a hurricane on June 28, the storm struck Texas, bringing strong winds to a large area. Three fatalities were reported, while damage was conservatively estimated at $675,000 (1929 USD).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1920 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1920 Atlantic hurricane season featured tropical storms and hurricanes only in the month of September. The first system, a hurricane, developed on September 7 while the last, a tropical depression, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 27. Of note, four of the six cyclones co-existed with another tropical cyclone during the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1919 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1919 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic on record, featuring only five tropical storms. Of those five tropical cyclones, two of them intensified into a hurricane, with one strengthening into a major hurricane Two tropical depressions developed in the month of June, both of which caused negligible damage. A tropical storm in July brought minor damage to Pensacola, Florida, but devastated a fleet of ships. Another two tropical depressions formed in August, the first of which brought rainfall to the Lesser Antilles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1918 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1918 Atlantic hurricane season was inactive, with a total of six tropical storms developing, four of which intensified into hurricanes. Two of the season's hurricanes made Landfall in the United States, and one became a major hurricane, which is Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. Additionally, there were four suspected tropical depressions, including one that began the season on June 19 and one that ended the season when it dissipated on October 19. The early 20th century lacked modern forecasting and documentation, and thus, the hurricane database from these years may be incomplete. Four previously unknown tropical cyclones were identified using records, including historical weather maps and ship reports, while information on the known storms was amended.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1917 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1917 Atlantic hurricane season featured nine known tropical cyclones, four of which became tropical storms. The first system appeared on July 6 east of the Windward Islands. After crossing the islands and traversing the Caribbean Sea, the storm struck Honduras, Belize, and Mexico, before dissipating on July 14. After more than three weeks without tropical cyclogenesis, another tropical storm developed west of Bermuda. As the storm brushed eastern New England, four ships sank near Nantucket, causing 41 fatalities. The same cyclone brought damaging winds to Nova Scotia before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on August 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1913 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1913 Atlantic hurricane season was the third consecutive year with a tropical cyclone developing before June. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on May 5 while the last transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 30. Of note, the seventh and eighth cyclones existed simultaneously from August 30 to September 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1912 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1912 Atlantic hurricane season was an average hurricane season that featured the first recorded November major hurricane. There were eleven tropical cyclones, seven of which became tropical storms; four of those strengthened into hurricanes, and one reached major hurricane intensity. The season's first cyclone developed on April 4, while the final dissipated on November 21. The season's most intense and most devastating tropical cyclone was the final storm, known as the Jamaica hurricane. It produced heavy rainfall on Jamaica, leading to at least 100 fatalities and about $1.5 million (1912 USD) in damage. The storm was also blamed for five deaths in Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. It was the second most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history, and the most extreme in the satellite era. Officially, the season began on June 1, 2005 and ended on November 30, 2005. These dates, adopted by convention, historically delimit the period in each year when most tropical systems form. The season's first storm, Tropical Storm Arlene, developed on June 8. The final storm, Tropical Storm Zeta, formed in late December and persisted until January 6, 2006. Zeta is only the second December Atlantic storm in recorded history to survive into January, joining Hurricane Alice in 1955.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic hurricane</span> Tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean

An Atlantic hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, primarily between June and November. The terms hurricane, typhoon, and cyclone all describe the same weather phenomenon. They are rotating, organized systems of clouds and thunderstorms that originate over tropical or subtropical waters and have closed low-level circulation. Hurricane is the term used for such storms that are located in the North Atlantic, central North Pacific, and eastern North Pacific, whereas typhoon is the term used for such storms originating in the Northwest Pacific. The term cyclone is used in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. An above-average Atlantic hurricane season season, it was the first on record to have a major hurricane in every month from July to November.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2009 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. It was below-average Atlantic hurricane season with nine named storms, the fewest since the 1997 season. The season officially began on June 1, 2009, and ended on November 30, 2009, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The first storm to form was Tropical Depression One on May 28, 2009, while the last storm, Hurricane Ida, dissipated on November 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2015 Pacific hurricane season is the second-most active Pacific hurricane season on record, with 26 named storms, only behind the 1992 season. A record-tying 16 of those storms became hurricanes, and a record 11 storms further intensified into major hurricanes throughout the season. The Central Pacific, the portion of the Northeast Pacific Ocean between the International Date Line and the 140th meridian west, had its most active year on record, with 16 tropical cyclones forming in or entering the basin. Moreover, the season was the third-most active season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy, amassing a total of 290 units. The season officially started on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Northeast Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. This was shown when a tropical depression formed on December 31. The above-average activity during the season was attributed in part to the very strong 2014–16 El Niño event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2012 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual hurricane season in the north Atlantic Ocean. For the third year in a row there were 19 named storms. The season officially began on June 1, 2012, and ended on November 30, 2012, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. Surprisingly, two preseason storms formed: Alberto on May 19, and Beryl on May 26. This was the first such occurrence since the 1951 season. The final storm to dissipate was Sandy, on October 29. Altogether, ten storms became hurricanes, of which two intensified into major hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record, in terms of number of systems. It featured a total of 31 tropical or subtropical cyclones, with all but one cyclone becoming a named storm. Of the 30 named storms, 14 developed into hurricanes, and a record-tying seven further intensified into major hurricanes. It was the second and final season to use the Greek letter storm naming system, the first being 2005, the previous record. Of the 30 named storms, 11 of them made landfall in the contiguous United States, breaking the record of nine set in 1916. During the season, 27 tropical storms established a new record for earliest formation date by storm number. This season also featured a record ten tropical cyclones that underwent rapid intensification, tying it with 1995, as well as tying the record for most Category 4 hurricanes in a singular season in the Atlantic Basin. This unprecedented activity was fueled by a La Niña that developed in the summer months of 2020, continuing a stretch of above-average seasonal activity that began in 2016. Despite the record-high activity, this was the first season since 2015 in which no Category 5 hurricane formed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Patricia</span>

Hurricane Patricia was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere and the second-most intense worldwide in terms of barometric pressure. It also featured the highest one-minute maximum sustained winds ever recorded in a tropical cyclone. Originating from a sprawling disturbance near the Gulf of Tehuantepec in mid-October 2015, Patricia was first classified a tropical depression on October 20. Initial development was slow, with only modest strengthening within the first day of its classification. The system later became a tropical storm and was named Patricia, the twenty-fourth named storm of the annual hurricane season. Exceptionally favorable environmental conditions fueled explosive intensification on October 22. A well-defined eye developed within an intense central dense overcast and Patricia grew from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in just 24 hours—a near-record pace. The magnitude of intensification was poorly forecast and both forecast models and meteorologists suffered from record-high prediction errors.

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