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This is a condensed list of worldwide tropical cyclone records set by different storms and seasons. [1]
| Colour scheme used in this table: |
|---|
| Hydrological records |
| Impact records |
| Intensity records |
| Longevity records |
| Size records |
| Velocity records |
| Miscellaneous records |
| Characteristic | Record | Date | Tropical Cyclone and/or Location | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highest overall rainfall | 6,083 mm (239.5 in) | January 14, 1980 – January 28, 1980 | Cyclone Hyacinthe in Reunion Island | [2] |
| Highest storm surge | 14.5 m (47.6 ft) | March 5, 1899 | Cyclone Mahina in Bathurst Bay, Queensland, Australia | [3] |
| Highest confirmed wave height α | 30 m (98.4 ft) | September 11, 1995 | Hurricane Luis on Queen Elizabeth 2 in the north Atlantic Ocean | [4] |
| Costliest tropical cyclone | $125 billion (2005 and 2017 USD) in damages | August 29, 2005 August 25, 2017 | Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Harvey in the northern Gulf Coast of the United States | [5] |
| Costliest tropical cyclone season | ≥$294.803 billion (2017 USD) in damages during the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season | April 19, 2017 – November 9, 2017 | North Atlantic Ocean | [6] |
| Deadliest tropical cyclone | c. 500,000+ fatalities | November 12, 1970 | Bhola cyclone in East Pakistan | [7] [8] |
| Deadliest tropical cyclone season | 500,805+ fatalities during the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season | May 2, 1970 – November 29, 1970 | North Indian Ocean | [9] |
| Most tornadoes formed | 120 confirmed tornadoes | September 15, 2004 – September 18, 2004 | Hurricane Ivan in the southern and eastern United States | [10] |
| Highest wind gusts | 113.4 m/s (254 mph; 220.4 kn; 408 km/h) | April 10, 1996 | Cyclone Olivia in Barrow Island, Western Australia | [11] |
| Highest accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for a tropical cyclone | 87 | February 4, 2023 – March 14, 2023 | Cyclone Freddy in the Australian region and South-West Indian Ocean | [12] [13] |
| Highest Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for a season | 570 during the 1997 Pacific typhoon season | January 19, 1997 – December 23, 1997 | Northwest Pacific Ocean | [14] |
| Highest number of rapid intensification cycles for a tropical cyclone | 7 | February 4, 2023 – March 14, 2023 | Cyclone Freddy in the Australian region and South-West Indian Ocean | [13] |
| Most intense (1-minute maximum sustained surface winds) | 96.2 m/s (215 mph; 187.0 kn; 346 km/h) | October 23, 2015 | Hurricane Patricia in the northeast Pacific Ocean | [15] |
| Most intense (10-minute maximum sustained winds) | 78.2 m/s (175 mph; 152.0 kn; 282 km/h) | February 20, 2016 | Cyclone Winston in the south Pacific Ocean | [16] |
| Most intense (lowest central pressure) | 870 mb (870.0 hPa; 25.7 inHg) | October 12, 1979 | Typhoon Tip in the northwest Pacific Ocean | [17] [18] |
| Most intense at landfall (1-minute maximum sustained winds) | 87.2 m/s (195 mph; 169.5 kn; 314 km/h) | November 1, 2020 | Typhoon Goni in Catanduanes, Philippines | [19] |
| Most intense at landfall (10-minute maximum sustained winds) | 78.2 m/s (175 mph; 152.0 kn; 282 km/h) | February 20, 2016 | Cyclone Winston in Viti Levu, Fiji. | [16] |
| Most intense at landfall (pressure) | 884 mb (884.0 hPa; 26.1 inHg) | February 20, 2016 | Cyclone Winston in Viti Levu, Fiji. | [16] |
| Longest lasting tropical cyclone | 36 days | February 4, 2023 – March 14, 2023 | Cyclone Freddy in the Australian region and South-West Indian Ocean | [20] |
| Longest distance traveled by tropical cyclone | 13,180 km (8,190 mi) | August 11, 1994 – September 13, 1994 | Hurricane/Typhoon John in the northeast and northwest Pacific Ocean | [21] [22] |
| Longest lasting Category 4 or 5 winds | 8.25 consecutive days | August 24, 2006 – September 2, 2006 | Hurricane/Typhoon Ioke in the northeast and northwest Pacific Ocean | [23] |
| Longest lasting Category 5 winds β | 5.50 consecutive days | September 9, 1961 – September 14, 1961 | Typhoon Nancy in the northwest Pacific Ocean | [24] |
| Largest tropical cyclone (radius of winds from center) | Gale winds 17.5 m/s (40 mph; 35 kn; 65 km/h) extending 1,086 km (675 mi) from center | October 12, 1979 | Typhoon Tip in the northwest Pacific Ocean | [17] [25] |
| Smallest tropical cyclone (radius of winds from center) | Gale winds 17.5 m/s (40 mph; 35 kn; 65 km/h) extending 18.5 km (11.5 mi) from center | October 7, 2008 | Tropical Storm Marco in the Bay of Campeche | [26] |
| Largest eye | 370 km (230 mi) | August 20, 1960 August 17, 1997 | Typhoon Carmen and Typhoon Winnie in the northwest Pacific Ocean | [27] [28] |
| Smallest eye | 3.7 km (2.3 mi) | October 19, 2005 | Hurricane Wilma in the Caribbean Sea | [29] |
| Fastest intensification (1-minute sustained surface winds) | 54 m/s (120 mph; 105 kn; 195 km/h), from 38 m/s (85 mph; 75 kn; 135 km/h) to 91.6 m/s (205 mph; 180 kn; 330 km/h) in under 24 h | October 22, 2015 – October 23, 2015 | Hurricane Patricia in the northeast Pacific Ocean | [15] |
| Fastest intensification (pressure) | 100 mb (100 hPa), from 976 mb (976.0 hPa; 28.8 inHg) to 876 mb (876.0 hPa; 25.9 inHg) in under 24 h | September 22, 1983 – September 23, 1983 | Typhoon Forrest in the northwest Pacific Ocean | [30] [31] |
| Fastest seafloor current produced by a tropical cyclone | 2.25 m/s (5 mph; 5 kn; 10 km/h) | September 16, 2004 | Hurricane Ivan in the north Atlantic Ocean | [32] [33] |
| Fastest updraft produced in a tropical cyclone | 27.4 m/s (60 mph; 55 kn; 100 km/h) | October 23, 2015 | Hurricane Patricia in the northeast Pacific Ocean | [34] |
| Highest forward speed | 31.18 m/s (70 mph; 60 kn; 110 km/h) | September 15, 1961 | Tropical Storm Six in the north Atlantic Ocean | [35] |
| Closest proximity to the equator | 1.4° N | December 26, 2001 | Tropical Storm Vamei in the South China Sea | [36] |
| Heaviest natural object moved by a tropical cyclone | 160,572 kg (177 short tons) | November 8, 2013 | Typhoon Haiyan in Samar, Philippines | [37] |
| Highest number of tropical storms in a season | 39 official storms during the 1964 Pacific typhoon season | May 12, 1964 – December 17, 1964 | Northwest Pacific Ocean | [38] |
| Warmest eye | 34.0 °C (93.2 °F) at 700 hPa height | August 19, 1979 | Typhoon Judy in the northwest Pacific Ocean | [39] |
| Coldest cloud tops produced by a tropical cyclone | −109.35 °C (−164.83 °F) | November 30, 2019 | Typhoon Kammuri over the Philippine Sea | [40] |
In meteorology, a cyclone is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above. Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure. The largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale. Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale. Mesocyclones, tornadoes, and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale.
The National Hurricane Center (NHC) is the division of the United States' NOAA/National Weather Service responsible for tracking and predicting tropical weather systems between the Prime Meridian and the 140th meridian west poleward to the 30th parallel north in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the 31st parallel north in the northern Atlantic Ocean. The agency, which is co-located with the Miami branch of the National Weather Service, is situated on the campus of Florida International University in University Park, Miami, Florida.
In meteorology, a low-pressure area, low area or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclement weather, while high-pressure areas are associated with lighter winds and clear skies. Winds circle anti-clockwise around lows in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, due to opposing Coriolis forces. Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the atmosphere (aloft). The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as cyclogenesis. In meteorology, atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two kinds of places:
A Pacific hurricane is a tropical cyclone that develops within the northeastern and central Pacific Ocean to the east of 180°W, north of the equator. For tropical cyclone warning purposes, the northern Pacific is divided into three regions: the eastern, central, and western, while the southern Pacific is divided into 2 sections, the Australian region and the southern Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. Identical phenomena in the western north Pacific are called typhoons. This separation between the two basins has a practical convenience, however, as tropical cyclones rarely form in the central north Pacific due to high vertical wind shear, and few cross the dateline.
A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere and which produces sustained hurricane-force winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph). This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, accounting for almost one third of the world's tropical cyclones. The term hurricane refers to a tropical cyclone in the north central and northeast Pacific, and the north Atlantic. In all of the preceding regions, weaker tropical cyclones are called tropical storms. For organizational purposes, the northern Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions: the eastern, central, and western. The Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for tropical cyclone forecasts is in Japan, with other tropical cyclone warning centres for the northwest Pacific in Hawaii, the Philippines, and Hong Kong. Although the RSMC names each system, the main name list itself is coordinated among 18 countries that have territories threatened by typhoons each year.
An Atlantic hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean primarily between June and November. The terms "hurricane", "typhoon", and "cyclone" can be used interchangeably to describe this weather phenomenon. These storms are continuously rotating around a low pressure center, which causes stormy weather across a large area, which is not limited to just the eye of the storm. They are organized systems of clouds and thunderstorms that originate over tropical or subtropical waters and have closed low-level circulation, and should not be confused with tornadoes, which are just another type of cyclone. They form over low pressure systems. In the North Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific, the term "hurricane" is used, whereas "typhoon" is used in the Western Pacific near Asia. The more general term "cyclone" is used in the rest of the ocean basins, namely the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration seeks to correct and add new information about past North Atlantic hurricanes. It was started around 2000 to update HURDAT, the official hurricane database for the Atlantic Basin, which has become outdated since its creation due to various systematic errors introduced into the database over time. This effort has involved reanalyses of ship observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) as well as reanalyses done by other researchers over the years. It has been ongoing as of 2024.
Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere. The mechanisms through which tropical cyclogenesis occur are distinctly different from those through which temperate cyclogenesis occurs. Tropical cyclogenesis involves the development of a warm-core cyclone, due to significant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment.
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean. A typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean and South Pacific, comparable storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones". In modern times, on average around 80 to 90 named tropical cyclones form each year around the world, over half of which develop hurricane-force winds of 65 kn or more.
Traditionally, areas of tropical cyclone formation are divided into seven basins. These include the north Atlantic Ocean, the eastern and western parts of the northern Pacific Ocean, the southwestern Pacific, the southwestern and southeastern Indian Oceans, and the northern Indian Ocean. The western Pacific is the most active and the north Indian the least active. An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones, super typhoons, or major hurricanes.
The Hurricane Databases (HURDAT), managed by the National Hurricane Center (NHC), are two separate databases that contain details on tropical cyclones that have occurred within the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Pacific Ocean since 1851 and 1949 respectively.
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