Cyclone Freddy

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir-Simpson scale .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Map key Saffir-Simpson scale .mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column} .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Tropical depression (<=38 mph, <=62 km/h) Tropical storm (39-73 mph, 63-118 km/h) Category 1 (74-95 mph, 119-153 km/h) Category 2 (96-110 mph, 154-177 km/h) Category 3 (111-129 mph, 178-208 km/h) Category 4 (130-156 mph, 209-251 km/h) Category 5 (>=157 mph, >=252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression Freddy 2023 path.png
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Cyclone Freddy can be traced back to 4 February 2023, when the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) reported that Tropical Low 13U had formed during an active phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation in conjunction with an equatorial Rossby wave, [4] while it was situated to the south of the Indonesian archipelago. [4] [9] The American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began issuing warnings on the system, classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 11S early on 6 February. [10] Later, however, pronounced deep convection around the circulation, prompting the BoM to upgrade the tropical low to Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale by 12:00 UTC, and it was assigned it the name Freddy. [11] Freddy then rapidly intensified and developed an eye feature on microwave imagery, leading the JTWC to classify it as having near-equivalent intensity around 15:00 UTC on 7 February. [12] The system became increasingly susceptible to wind shear and dry air intrusion, [13] causing Freddy to weaken back into a minimal tropical storm on 9 February. [14] The cyclone quickly restrengthened with the storm becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone—and at 18:00 UTC on 11 February, the cyclone reached as a high-end Category 4 severe tropical cyclone in the Australian basin. [15]

Cyclone Freddy as seen from the International Space Station on 20 February. Freddy 2023-02-20 1218Z.jpg
Cyclone Freddy as seen from the International Space Station on 20 February.

On 14 February, the system tracked over the 90th meridian east and into the South-West Indian Ocean cyclone region, and hence responsibility for the storm transitioned to Météo-France (MFR) at La Réunion. [16] On 15 February, the system reached Category 5-equivalent intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale, with 1-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph). [6] On 19 February, the MFR upgraded Freddy to a very intense tropical cyclone based on a Dvorak technique rating of T7.0, with 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph) and an estimated barometric pressure of 931 hPa (27.49 inHg). [17] In post-analysis, the MFR concluded a peak wind speed of 230 km/h (145 mph), and minimum central pressure of 927 hPa (27.37 inHg). [5] The cyclone's eye pattern quickly deteriorated while it was traversing north of the Mascarene Islands. [18] It then developed a pinhole eye while approaching Madagascar as a compact tropical cyclone. [19]

Freddy made landfall as a strong Category 2-equivalent intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) near Mananjary, Madagascar on 21 February. [20] This made Freddy the strongest storm to impact the island nation since Cyclone Batsirai a year earlier. [21] After crossing Madagascar, its circulation became exposed, and the deep convection was stripped away from the center. [22] Freddy emerged into the Mozambique Channel, [23] quickly re-intensifying into a severe tropical storm on 23 February. [24] Freddy reached Mozambique south of Vilankulos on 24 February, bringing winds of 85 km/h (50 mph), which was just shy of severe tropical storm intensity, [25] before moving into Zimbabwe late on 26 February, where it remained for a couple of days. [26] Freddy entered the channel early on 1 March and continued to intensify, reaching tropical cyclone status as it accelerated eastward towards the coast of Madagascar on 5 March, [27] but then weakened to just below minimal tropical storm strength due to increased wind shear and dry air intrusion. [28] Freddy rapidly intensified once more and made its final landfall near Quelimane, Mozambique, with the JTWC estimated winds of about 175 km/h (110 mph) on 11 March; [29] however, the storm's circulation dissipated shortly thereafter, marking the end of Freddy's time as a tropical cyclone on 14 March. [5]

Records

Freddy lasted 36 days, made it the longest-lasting tropical cyclone worldwide, in terms of the number of days maintaining tropical storm status or higher, beating the previous record set by Hurricane John in 1994. [2] Freddy was also the second-farthest traveling tropical cyclone globally, behind 1994's Hurricane John, with a distance traveled of 12,785 km (7,945 mi). [2] Freddy also holds the record for the all-time highest accumulated cyclone energy—a metric used to measure the total energy generated by tropical cyclones—of a tropical cyclone worldwide, [30] surpassing the previous record set by Hurricane Ioke in 2006. [1] Freddy was the first tropical cyclone to undergo seven separate rounds of rapid intensification. [1] It was also one of only four systems to traverse the entire southern Indian Ocean from east to west, along with cyclones Litanne in 1994 as well as Leon–Eline and Hudah in 2000. [31]

Preparations

Mauritius

Cyclone Freddy approaching Mauritius on 19 February. Freddy 2023-02-19 1345Z - 1815Z.gif
Cyclone Freddy approaching Mauritius on 19 February.

A class I cyclone warning was issued by Mauritius for Rodrigues, and later a class II cyclone warning was issued. [32] [33] Flights from Rodrigues to Saint-Denis, Réunion, were canceled or rescheduled due to inclement weather. [34] Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth stated this during a radio and television address urging vigilance and caution. [35] The Mauritius Meteorological Services (MMS) issued a class III cyclone warning, estimating that Freddy's center gusts might reach up to 300 km/h (185 mph). [36] The country also shut down its stock exchange as the storm neared. [37] A total of 1,019 people sought refuge in public shelters. [38]

Réunion

On 18 February, a cyclone yellow pre-alert was issued for the island of Réunion by the MFR. [39] The following day, this was upgraded to an orange alert which prompted all schools to close. Hospital patients whose conditions did not require immediate treatment were to return home while those with more care-intensive needs were to be transported to designated facilities. [40] The island's power company, EDF La Réunion, prepped 200 personnel with a further 100 people from subcontracted companies for immediate repairs once storm conditions subsided. Call centers were staffed with 60 additional workers. The company also prepped 50 vehicles, electrical equipment, 15 generators, and 4 helicopters for use. [41] Residents in areas hard-hit by Cyclone Batsirai in February 2022 worried of exacerbated damage upon Freddy's arrival. [42] Authorities in Le Tampon were mobilizing for the system's arrival. [43]

High seas prompted the closure of the Nouvelle route du Littoral with bus shuttles established to transport residents through inland routes to and from communities in the north and west. [44] [45] On 20 February, the RSMA-R mobilized 250 personnel for relief efforts. [46] All service at Roland Garros Airport was suspended the same day, with service to resume following the cyclone's passage. [47] A red alert for coastal flooding was issued for areas between Champs Borne and Pointe des Cascades. [48] The city of Saint-Benoît opened two public shelters and closed all sporting facilities. [49] Officials in Saint-Pierre postponed a local carnival for more than two weeks. [50]

Madagascar

Cyclone Freddy passing by Mauritius on 20 February Freddy 2023-02-20 0540Z.jpg
Cyclone Freddy passing by Mauritius on 20 February

Cyclone Freddy threatened areas of Madagascar still reeling from the successive impacts of Cyclones Batsirai and Emnati in 2022; 874,000 people remained food insecure in the region. [51] Medair noted that the region was suffering from a surge in childhood malnutrition stemming from an inadequate humanitarian response to the aforementioned cyclones. [52] On 18 February, General Directorate of Meteorology issued warnings for the Analanjirofo and Sava regions, advising residents to take precautions as the cyclone was expected to make landfall. [53] In the landfall area, Madagascar's weather service noted "torrential rains" and "very high to enormous seas" were of concern. [37] The government of Madagascar pre-positioned 120 tonnes (120 long tons; 130 short tons) of rice to areas threatened by Freddy. [51] Transportation services and schools were closed on 21 February. [54] Residents at risk of Freddy placed sandbags over their homes' roofs for reinforcement. [55]

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in Madagascar announced it was preparing for the cyclone. [53] Météo-France noted on 19 February that accumulations for 200 mm (7.9 in) were possible for the southern regions of Madagascar. [56] The Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System estimated over 2.2 million people would be affected by Freddy's storm surge and flooding in the country. [57] Tents, ropes, chainsaws, and other supplies have been sent by the National Office for Risk and Disaster Management (BNGRC) to the eastern districts. [58] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and its partners deployed 80 humanitarian staff to Mahanoro, Mananjary, and Manakara, and placed two aircraft on standby. The agency was unable to sufficiently allocate emergency supplies due to a lack of funding and shortages from Cyclone Cheneso the month prior. [51] Medair already had field offices in place after Cyclone Cheneso in southern and southeastern Madagascar. Emphasis was placed on providing clean drinking water and emergency kits to residents in Marondava and Maroansetra. [52] At least 7,000 people were pre-emptively evacuated from at-risk coastal regions before Freddy's arrival. [59]

Mozambique

In February 2023, local reports had estimated over 600,000 people were expected to be affected in the country by the cyclone alone. [60] Rainfall predictions reached 200–300 mm (7.9–11.8 in) south of Beira into Inhambane Province, with 400 mm (16 in) locally. Overall, a month's worth of rain was forecasted. [61] The country's national meteorological service issued a red alert on 21 February. Freddy's intense and prolonged rainfall was also feared to worsen flooding in central and northern areas, affecting up to 1.75 million people, this rainfall also caused deadly landslides. [62] Rescue teams, food supplies, tents, and boats were put in place to support the aftermath. [63]

During March 2023, as Freddy approached a second time, the Mozambique National Meteorology Institute (INAM) predicted torrential rains of more than 200 mm (7.9 in) in 24 hours in the provinces of Manica, Sofala, Tete, and Zambezia. Peak rainfall was forecasted to be between 400–500 mm (16–20 in). [64] According to the National Institute for Disaster Risk Management and Reduction (INGD), approximately 565,000 people were at risk, [65] though a United Nations and European Union-led disaster alert predicted 2.3 million were at risk. Thousands were moved to evacuation shelters as precaution. [66]

Malawi

Cyclone Freddy was expected to hit Malawi, and bring with it torrential rains and damaging winds to the southern region. [67] Forecasts predicted accumulations of rainfall there could reach 400–500 mm (16–20 in). [67] The Ministry of Education ordered the suspension of all classes in districts at risk. [67]

Impact

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy
Freddy 2023-02-19 0900Z.jpg
Freddy at its peak intensity while northeast of Rodrigues on 19 February
IBTrACS: 1, 2
Deaths and damage by country
Nation/TerritoryFatalitiesMissingInjuriesAffectedDamage
(2024 USD)
Madagascar17 [68] 3 [69] —299,000 [68] —
Malawi1,216 [70] [71] [72] —1,724 [73] >500,000 [74] —
Mauritius1 [75] 16 [76] [nb 1] 02,500 [78] —
Mozambique198 [79] [80] —280 [81] ≥1,074,970 [80] —
Réunion 000≥25,000—
Zimbabwe2 [82] 00——
Totals:1,434192,004≥1,712,987$481 million [2]

In general, Freddy produced extraordinarily heavy rains, primarily in Mozambique and Malawi. Heavy winds lashed areas as well, and infrastructure took heavy hits due to excessive flooding. Freddy's stalling over Mozambique and Malawi worsened the rains immensely.

Mascarene Islands

According to the MMS, the cyclone passed within 200 km (120 mi) of Mauritius, just north of Grand Bay. [83] Strong winds and waves were observed along the northern coast of Mauritius. [37] Winds in Port Louis reached 104 km/h (65 mph) while a peak gust of 154 km/h (96 mph) was observed on Signal Mountain. [84] Flooding and gale-force winds also affected the country. [85] According to media reports, there was one fatality, and at least 500 displaced families in a variety of shelters across Mauritius. [75]

Around 4:00 a.m. local time on 20 February, contact was lost with the Taiwanese-flagged fishing trawler LV Lien Sheng Fa with a crew of 16 just outside the territorial waters of Mauritius. [86] The crew included a Taiwanese captain and 15 Indonesian fishermen. An alert was sent out by Taiwan's Fisheries Agency for the missing vessel on 23 February. [87] The MV Star Venture found the ship capsized on 25 February about 400 km (250 mi) northeast of Mauritius within the nation's exclusive economic zone. Later sorties by the aircraft Dornier and the ship CGA Baracuda failed to find any survivors. [77] [87] Mauritius deployed a diving team to confirm the identity of the ship. [87] The vessel's lifeboat was confirmed to have been deployed; however, it has not been found as of 3 March. [87]

Freddy impacted Réunion on 20–21 February, with its effects being relatively limited. [88] Nearly 25,000 customers were left without power at the height of the cyclone; all but 500 had their service restored within a day. [89] In Saint-Paul, 20 tons of mangoes were destroyed. [90] Highway RD48 in Salazie was closed due to a landslide. [91] Eleven mobile sites maintained by Orange S.A. were knocked offline in Tampon, Saint-Louis, and Saint-Paul. [88] On 23 February, Foehn winds on the backside of the storm led to temperatures reaching 31 to 36 °C (88 to 97 °F) along the southwestern coast of Réunion. [92]

Madagascar

Cyclone Freddy approaching Madagascar on 21 February Freddy 2023-02-21 0620Z.jpg
Cyclone Freddy approaching Madagascar on 21 February

Damage was less than expected due to Freddy's weaker-than-forecasted winds, and early preparations. [93] [62] Freddy made its first landfall near Mananjary, which was still recovering from Cyclone Batsirai a year earlier. [94] [95] In total, over 14,000 homes were affected, with 1,206 destroyed, 3,079 flooded, and at least 9,696 damaged. [59] At least 22,500 people were displaced, with over 12,000 in Mananjary alone. [96] [97] Freddy also left 79 schools roofless, and damaged or destroyed 37 and 6 respectively. The storm's effects caused more 11,000 to flee their homes. [98] The impact zone of Freddy included 13-15 municipalities. [93] About 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) of land was flooded according to UNOSAT. [99] Overall, the cyclone was responsible for seven deaths, and affected 226,000. [100]

On its second arrival, Cyclone Freddy brought severe rains to the southwestern portion of the country. [101] At least 72,600 people were affected by the cyclone, including 20 people who were displaced, of whom 16,367 are in 34 temporary sites in several districts, and over 7,900 are living with relatives in the regions of Menabe and Atsimo Andrefana. [101] 158 of which were destroyed, 67 of which were damaged, and 55 of which had no roofs. [101] Overall, 12,400 houses (6,000 of which were flooded, 900 of which were damaged, and 5,500 of which were destroyed) and 280 classrooms, some 28,000 students were prevented from attending school. [101] Ten people have died and three were missing. [101]

Mozambique

During February 2023, Cyclone Freddy made its first landfall in Mozambique (and second landfall overall) south of Vilanculos, Inhambane Province, causing heavy rains, strong winds, and rough seas. [102] [103] Some damage was reported, primarily due to fallen trees and rooftops. [104] Public infrastructure and services have also suffered widespread damage, including 60 health units, 1,012 schools. [105] [106] At least ten people died in the country during the first landfall. Over 166,600 were affected. [107] [108] Much of the southern half of the country saw rainfall totaling 200 to 500 mm (7.9 to 19.7 in). [109] Thousands of homes were damaged, with approximately 28,300 destroyed. [108] 1,265 km (786 mi) of road across many were damaged. [109] More than 92,000 hectares of crops were affected, and more than 18,700 hectares of crops were lost in areas where 400,000 were food insecure. [107] [109] The storm struck during a cholera outbreak, raising worries of the storm worsening its effects. [106]

Cyclone Freddy off the coast of Mozambique on 11 March. 2023 CIMSS 11S Freddy visible infrared satellite loop.gif
Cyclone Freddy off the coast of Mozambique on 11 March.

In March 2023, Freddy made its second landfall in Zambezia Province on 11 March, bringing torrential rainfall, storm surge, and much stronger winds compared to the prior landfall. The Zambezi and Tambarara river basins had reported above-average water levels before its landfall. [106] The power utility had turned off the electricity completely as a precaution against the cyclone. [110] Locals reported seeing roofs torn off houses, broken windows, and streets flooded in Quelimane. [111] Sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph), gusting up to 215 km/h (130 mph) were recorded in the city. [112] All flights were suspended due to the inclement weather brought by Freddy. [113]

Communications and electrical supplies were cut early into the storm, hampering damage assessments. Power company Electricidade de Moçambique said that most areas had electricity restored by 11 March mid-afternoon. The nation's UNICEF chief of advocacy, communications, and partnerships, Guy Taylor, stated that there was "lots of destruction", and that Freddy was "potentially a disaster of large magnitude". [114] Taylor also noted that rural areas were completely destroyed. Access to clean water was effectively cut off in Quelimane. [115]

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Mozambique
Highest-known totals
PrecipitationStormLocationRef.
Rankmmin
167226.46Freddy 2023 Marromeu [116]
260024 Idai 2019 Chimoio
350219.76 Eline 2000 Levubu [117]
428111.06 Delfina 2003 [118]
52007.87 Jokwe 2008 Nampula [119]
61907.50 Japhet 2003 [120]

State TV reported that hundreds were displaced in Freddy's wake. More than 650 houses in Marromeu District, and over 3,000 in Sofala province were affected by flooding. [121] The nation saw a year's worth of rainfall in just 4 weeks. Locals said localized flooding was an issue even before landfall. [122] In a preliminary satellite evaluation of 24,000 km2 (9,300 sq mi) of land, 900 km2 (350 sq mi) was estimated to be flooded. [123] Widespread areas received over 500–1,000 mm (20–39 in) of rainfall, with smaller, localized pockets of 1,000–1,500 mm (39–59 in), [124] eclipsing the maximum accumulations of Cyclone Idai 4 years earlier. 348,000 hectares of cropland were damaged, and over 800,000 people were living in flooded areas following Freddy. Cholera cases also increased among affected populations. A total of 8 provinces were damaged by the cyclone. 1,017 schools took a hit, and more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) of road was damaged. This includes the main national road, N1, which was restored by 21 March. A total of 103,000 houses were destroyed, and another 25,000 had been flooded. Some 15,000 people were stranded when they moved to higher ground for protection. [125]

The old provincial hospital in Quelimane had its roof blown off, making supporting those in need more difficult. Many people were left homeless during the storm and took shelter in schools, the latter being turned into reception areas. Large amounts of crop fields were flooded as well. [126] The INGD stated that the storm's effects on Mozambique were worse than expected. Freddy affected areas were initially deemed safe beforehand. [115] Overall, Freddy caused at least 143 deaths on its second arrival. At least 886,487 people were affected as well. An estimated 49,000 were displaced and another 280 were injured. [127] [128] At least 22 deaths from cholera were blamed on Freddy and the subsequent flooding. [79]

Malawi

Moderate Tropical Storm Freddy weakening after its landfall in Mozambique on 12 March. Freddy 2023-03-12 1050Z.jpg
Moderate Tropical Storm Freddy weakening after its landfall in Mozambique on 12 March.

Before Freddy arrived in Malawi, the country had been experiencing its worst cholera outbreak in history. Freddy's effects increased fears among the public that it would worsen. [129] Rainfall was heaviest in the southern region of the country. [130] These districts include Blantyre, Phalombe, Mulanje, Chikhwawa, and Nsanje. [131] Flash floods devastated many regions, washing away homes and people and leaving infrastructure ruined. [132] The entire nation experienced blackout due to the Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (EGENCO) shutting down power to avoid further damage to power-generating machines. [122] The nation's hydroelectric power plant, which provides a large portion of the country with electricity, was rendered inoperable by debris. [132]

At least 1,216 people were killed in the onslaught of Freddy with 1,332 injuries reported. [133] [134] [71] At least 192 of these deaths were reported in Blantyre, and at least 40 of whom were children according to Médecins Sans Frontières. 135 of them were in Mulanje as well. [135] 180,000 people were displaced across the country and forced to evacuate their homes, [136] with 500,000 affected in general. Among these 280,000 were children. [74] [137] There were also around 90 fatalities in Mulanje. [136] More than 50,000 houses were damaged or destroyed. [138] In terms of rainfall, over a month's worth of rain was dumped in just a day, [139] totaling to six months of precipitation in six days. [138] The small village of Mtauchira in Chiradzulu District was completely destroyed by a landslide that fell from Chambe Peak. [140]

Over 430 km2 (170 sq mi) of general land was flooded, causing many smallholder farmers to have their crops and fields lost to the storm. Approximately 204,833 hectares of cropland were inundated - 84,930 being submerged and 119,930 were washed away. The storm struck just as farmers were about to harvest, compounding to local food insecurities in the nation. Farms were also damaged and many were destroyed. Livestock was severely impacted, with 194,500 dying and a further 91,000 being injured. [141] [142] Notable rainfall recordings include a record-setting 458 mm (18.0 in) in 24 hours in Phalombe District. Several other districts also reported 300 mm (12 in) in the same time range. [139] [143] [138] Flood waters rose in some areas days after Freddy died, with an analyzed area of 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi) increasing by 60 km2 (23 sq mi) between 14 and 17 March. Houses whose foundations were weakened by the system also collapsed in Mangochi District. [137]

Dozens of houses were reported being washed away in floodwaters in Chilobwe. Schools in ten southern regions were ordered to be closed until 15 March. [115] Heavy rains also were reported in Salima and Lilongwe. [122] Malawian president Lazarus Chakwera declared a state of disaster in the southern regions. [115] Victims were thought to be buried under rubble and debris. [144] During Freddy's extended stay in the country, visibility remained at near-zero levels. Several roads and bridges were cut, and many areas were cut off. [145] Landslides across Chiradzulu Mountain blocked roadways, leaving Chiradzulu Boma inaccessible. [140] It was stated that 14 [146] districts suffered impacts from Freddy, equating to over half the country. Chakwera also said that 36 roads were broken, nine bridges washed away, and there were still many villages inaccessible by 20 March. [147]

Elsewhere in mainland Africa

Heavy rainfall extending from Freddy impacted eastern Zimbabwe for a prolonged period as it meandered over Mozambique and the Mozambique Channel. [148] At the end of February as the storm moved over Mozambique, heavy rains and strong winds impacted the nation. Five homes and two schools had their roofs torn off in Mashonaland Central Province. One person was killed in Shamva on 26 February when the tree they were sheltering from the rain under collapsed. [149] A second person was killed by unspecified causes. [82] In Masvingo Province, one home was destroyed by rainfall and another was struck by lightning. [149] Manicaland Province in particular was heavily affected with continuous rainfall from 12 to 14 March. Observed rainfall totals include 102 mm (4.0 in) in Nyanga and 97 mm (3.8 in) in Mukandi. [148] Crops were adversely affected in the Chipinge and Chiredzi districts. [148] [149] Rainfall of at least 251 mm (9.9 in) occurred across regions of South Africa and Eswatini. [124] Heavy rainfall also occurred in Zambia. [150]

Aftermath

Due to the storm striking during a historic cholera outbreak, water purification supplies were in critical need, and in short supply. [151] Following Freddy, many countries sent relief aid to southern Africa, with a particular emphasis on the humanitarian disaster in Malawi. Among the items were hygiene supplies, food rations, and safe drinking water. [152] Total donations reach the millions in USD, and there was a main focus on the region's historic and ongoing Cholera outbreak. Several nations also expressed condolences to Malawi, Mozambique, and Madagascar. [153]

As a result of the major loss of life and damage in Malawi and surrounding countries, the name Freddy was removed from the rotating lists of Australian region cyclone names and will never be used to name a storm in that basin again. A replacement name is yet to be announced. [7]

Madagascar

64 tons of food relief rations were made available following Freddy's passing. [97] Several shelter sites were opened, with many being vacated within a day of the storm. The World Food Programme offered thousands of hot meals to those in shelters. Financial assistance was planned to be provided to 100,000 people for up to two months, and food assistance to 40,000 for three months. [93] OCHA has provided WFP with a $100 million Emergency Cash Grant, which will be utilized for immediate aerial inspections and logistics support following the cyclone. [154] WFP has sent a 6x6 truck carrying five metric tons of high-energy biscuits to Toliara as part of the emergency response. [155]

Mozambique

UNICEF provided water purification supplies, medical items, tents, and hygiene kits among other things to help families and children. [102] By 13 March, 5,000 were living in the accommodation and over 100,000 needed humanitarian assistance. The government was not prepared for a storm of Freddy's magnitude, and struggled to provide an effective response. [126] Amnesty International suggested that Mozambique be compensated for impacts by Freddy, due to being least responsible for climate change. [156] By 24 March 230 accommodation centers remained operational, housing 184,282 people. The WFP also provided 7-day rations of food through cash-based transfers for 17,545 people. [80]

Mozambican president, Filipe Nyusi, appealed for aid and to rebuild infrastructure. [157] He also provided MT250 million ($3.9 million) to Zambezia province to help restore everyday activities. [158] The WFP requires $26.7 million to assist 541,000 people impacted by Cyclone Freddy. [159] As a result of flooding caused by the storm as well as the cutoff of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene services, cholera cases began to rapidly increase. At least 36 districts spanning 8 provinces are having outbreaks; the Inhambane and Zambezia provinces, which were heavily affected by Freddy, have declared outbreaks of cholera. [160] The cumulative figure for the cases by 21 March stood at 11,158 across the provinces, and other waterborne illnesses such as diarrhea and malaria were of risk. The INGD did not have food and supplies for immediate response, significantly slowing emergency aid. [128] As the nation tries to contain a rapidly spreading outbreak, Mozambique has requested an additional 2 million doses of a cholera vaccine from the World Health Organization. [161]

Malawi

By 18 March the Government of Malawi established 534 camps to house 508,244 displaced persons, equating to 101,648 households. [142] Humanitarian partners worked closely with the government despite the harsh conditions brought by Freddy. Relief items placed before the storm were used to support families. [162] Rescue teams were sent in Chilobwe, Machinjiri and Ndirande residential areas in Blantyre. Malawian citizens pooled resources to help displaced victims in Blantyre residential areas. [122] Amnesty International suggested that Malawi be compensated for impacts by Freddy, due to being least responsible for climate change as well. [156]

Operational Land Imager captured this satellite (top right), which depicts damaged farmland in southern Malawi on 10 April. Freddy Brings Lean Times to Malawi.jpg
Operational Land Imager captured this satellite (top right), which depicts damaged farmland in southern Malawi on 10 April.

Government-led search-and-rescue operations consisting of the Red Cross, local military, and police also commenced following the storm. On 16 March alone, 442 people were rescued. Sniffer dogs were also used for such operations, as many people were trapped under rubble and mud. Several areas were still rendered inaccessible days after Freddy dissipated. [163] [164] Millions of children were at risk of an increase in cholera cases as well. Due to cholera being transmitted through contaminated water and food, Freddy's flooding rose worries of the disease spreading greatly. [165] Chakwera also invited the country's former presidents to a caucus to discuss methods and strategies to respond to the cyclone. [166] It took up to a week or more for families in cut off areas to receive aid, mostly by helicopters provided by Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi's defense force. [71]

"The destruction and suffering that I witnessed in southern Malawi is the human face of the global climate crisis."

— Rebecca Adda-Dontoh, the United Nations Resident Coordinator for Malawi [167]

Food prices jumped by over 300%, quadrupling to record heights in an already food-insecure nation. Maize prices also shot up 400% in places like Nsanje. [168] The Everlasting Life Missionary Church donated assorted clothes to survivors in Zomba. They also fed children at camps, some of whom had not eaten at all since Freddy. They also sent out basic supplies such as body lotion, soap, and others. [169] The crisis that ensued after Freddy also presented several negative mental health consequences among locals and frontline aid workers. Various protection services were interrupted (including childcare centers), and gender-based violence was highlighted as a prominent issue. Those affected also trafficked women, adolescent girls, and other children. Families were separated, leaving youth unattended and alone. [170] EGENCO resumed operations at the Nkula and Tedzani power stations on 14 March as water along the Shire River returned to safer levels. [171] Lazarus Chakwera declared a national two weeks of mourning for the victims of Freddy. The government promised $1.5 million for aid to those affected. The president surveyed the damage, calling it "far worse than the images and footage we've seen". [157] Malawi's president Lazarus Chakwera has appealed for foreign assistance, claiming that the country requires $700 million for reconstruction. [172]

The OCHA brought vital emergency supplies to the hardest-hit regions. These included medical items, hygiene kits, and even support boats from the World Food Programme for those trapped in floodwaters and rubble. By 16 March, Nsanje had set up 24 camps to accommodate 4,502 households, with Chikwawa having 21 camps for 8,837 homes. [139] Malawian Former President Peter Mutharika has criticized the Chakwera administration of failing to evacuate people in the path of Cyclone Freddy before the disaster struck. [173]

See also

Other tropical cyclones similar to Freddy

Related tropical cyclones

Notes

  1. ↑ The missing persons for Mauritius were from a capsized Taiwanese-flagged fishing trawler that was found within the nation's exclusive economic zone. [77]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Leon–Eline</span> Australian and South-West Indian cyclone in 2000

Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon–Eline was the second longest-lived cyclone in the Indian Ocean, behind Cyclone Freddy, traveling over 11,000 km (6,800 mi) during its 29-day track through the Indian Ocean, throughout the month of February. The cyclone formed on 1 February 2000, in the Australian basin as Tropical Cyclone Leon, and was renamed Eline after crossing 90° E into the South-West Indian Ocean; there, the Météo-France office in Réunion (MFR) tracked the storm's movement and intensity. Late on 17 February, Eline made landfall near Mahanoro, Madagascar, with 10‑minute winds of 165 km/h (103 mph). The storm rapidly weakened over land, but restrengthened in the Mozambique Channel to reach peak 10‑minute winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), making it an intense tropical cyclone. On 22 February, Eline made landfall about 80 km (50 mi) south of Beira, Mozambique, near peak intensity. Eline quickly weakened over land as it moved across Southern Africa, finally dissipating over eastern Namibia on 29 February.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season</span> Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean

The 1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season was the first on record in which two storms – Leon–Eline and Hudah – struck Mozambique at tropical cyclone intensity, or with maximum sustained winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph). The most notable storm of the season was Eline, which was the third longest-lasting storm on record in the basin. It lasted for 29 days while traversing the southern Indian Ocean, making the strongest landfall in decades along eastern Madagascar in late February. The storm was the first in a series of three storms that struck the country in early 2000, along with Gloria in March and Hudah in April. Collectively, the three storms killed at least 316 people. The season started on November 1, 1999, and ended for most of the basin on April 30, 2000; for Mauritius and the Seychelles, the season continued until May 15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Funso</span>

Intense Tropical Cyclone Funso was a powerful tropical cyclone which produced flooding in Mozambique and Malawi in January 2012. It was the eighth tropical cyclone, the sixth named storm and the second tropical cyclone to form during the 2011–12 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Funso was also the first intense tropical cyclone since Gelane in 2010 and the first storm to affect Mozambique since Jokwe in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Nadia</span> South-West Indian tropical cyclone in 1994

Intense Tropical Cyclone Nadia was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck both Madagascar and Mozambique in March 1994. It formed on 16 March and moved westward for the first ten days of its duration. Warm waters and low wind shear allowed for the storm to gradually strengthen. After developing a well-defined eye, Nadia intensified to reach winds of 175 km/h early on 22 March, according to Météo-France (MF). In contrast, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated winds of about 220 km/h. On 23 March, the cyclone struck northern Madagascar, causing flooding and localized damage where it moved ashore. There were 12 deaths in the country. Nadia emerged into the Mozambique Channel as a weakened storm, although it reintensified slightly before making landfall in northeastern Mozambique on 24 March. The storm turned southward through the country, emerging over water on 26 March. It turned to the northeast and meandered over waters before dissipating on 1 April.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Delfina</span> South-West Indian tropical storm in 2002 and 2003

Severe Tropical Storm Delfina was a damaging tropical cyclone that affected southeastern Africa in January 2003. The fourth named storm of the 2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Delfina formed off the northwest coast of Madagascar on December 30, 2002. It quickly intensified while moving westward, becoming a strong tropical storm before hitting northeastern Mozambique on December 31. Delfina weakened while moving inland, and it was no longer classifiable as a tropical cyclone by January 1, 2003. However, its remnants moved across the country and into Malawi, later looping around and crossing back over Mozambique; the remnants of Delfina were last observed on January 9.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Favio</span> South-West Indian cyclone in 2007

Intense Tropical Cyclone Favio was the first known tropical cyclone that passed south of Madagascar to strike Africa as an intense tropical cyclone. Early on 11 February 2007, a zone of disturbed weather formed east of Madagascar. Four days later, Favio was named as intensified to a moderate tropical storm while moving southwest. On 18 February, the storm was upgraded into a severe tropical storm. Then, it turned west in the general direction of Mozambique. Continuing to intensify, Favio was upgraded to a tropical cyclone early on 19 February. Subsequently, the storm began to undergo rapid deepening; the small storm reached intense tropical cyclone status the next day before peaking in intensity. However, the cyclone had weakened somewhat prior to making landfall on 22 February in the Inhambane Province in Mozambique. It rapidly weakened over land and dissipated the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Chedza</span>

Severe Tropical Storm Chedza was a deadly tropical cyclone that struck Madagascar in January 2015. It formed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone and moved over Mozambique, After moving open waters, the system began organizing on January 14, becoming Tropical Storm Chedza two days later. It quickly intensified over the Mozambique Channel due to warm waters and favorable conditions, and the storm attained peak 10 minute sustained winds of 100 km/h (60 mph) on January 16. That day, Chedza moved ashore western Madagascar between Belo sur Mer and Morondava, and it quickly crossed the island while weakening. The storm briefly re-intensified, passing southwest of Réunion before turning to the southeast. Chedza became extratropical on January 19, and was last noted two days later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season</span> Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean

The 2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was the costliest and the most active season ever recorded. Additionally, it is also the deadliest cyclone season recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean, surpassing the 1891–92 season in which the 1892 Mauritius cyclone devastated the island of Mauritius, and is mainly due to Cyclone Idai. The season was an event of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone and subtropical cyclone formation in the South-West Indian Ocean basin. It officially began on 15 November 2018, and ended on 30 April 2019, except for Mauritius and the Seychelles, which it ended on 15 May 2019. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Dineo</span> South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone in 2017

Tropical Cyclone Dineo was one of the deadliest tropical cyclones on record in the South-West Indian Ocean and Southern Hemisphere as a whole. It was the first tropical cyclone to hit Mozambique since Cyclone Jokwe in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Idai</span> South-West Indian Ocean cyclone in 2019

Intense Tropical Cyclone Idai was one of the worst tropical cyclones on record to affect Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. The long-lived storm caused catastrophic damage, and a humanitarian crisis in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, leaving more than 1,500 people dead and many more missing. Idai is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean basin. In the Southern Hemisphere, which includes the Australian, South Pacific, and South Atlantic basins, Idai ranks as the second-deadliest tropical cyclone on record. The only system with a higher death toll is the 1973 Flores cyclone that killed 1,650 off the coast of Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclones in Southern Africa</span> Storms affecting Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa

At least 30 tropical cyclones have affected the Southern African mainland. Three southeastern African countries border the Indian Ocean – Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa. Other inland countries also experience the effects of tropical cyclones, including Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Chalane</span> South-West Indian Ocean tropical storm in 2020

Severe Tropical Storm Chalane was the first of three consecutive tropical cyclones that struck Mozambique in the 2020-21 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. As the fourth tropical depression, third named storm, and second severe tropical storm of the season, Chalane developed out of a zone of disturbed weather which was first monitored RSMC La Réunion on 19 December. Despite conditions slowly becoming unfavorable, the system formed into a tropical depression on 23 December due to the presence of a Kelvin wave and an equatorial Rossby wave, as well as warm sea surface temperatures. The depression soon strengthened into Tropical Storm Chalane on the following day. Chalane made landfall on Madagascar on 26 December and weakened, before emerging into the Mozambique Channel a couple days later. Subsequently, Chalane restrengthened, before making landfall on Mozambique on 30 December. The system weakened as it moved inland, degenerating into a remnant low later that day. However, Chalane's remnants continued moving westward for another several days, emerging into the South Atlantic on 3 January, before dissipating later that day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Eloise</span> South-West Indian Ocean cyclone in 2021

Tropical Cyclone Eloise was the strongest tropical cyclone to impact the country of Mozambique since Cyclone Kenneth in 2019 and the second of three consecutive tropical cyclones to impact Mozambique in the 2020–21 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. The seventh tropical depression, fifth named storm and the second tropical cyclone of the season, Eloise's origins can be traced to a disturbance over the central portion of the South-West Indian Ocean basin which developed into a tropical depression on 16 January, and strengthened into a tropical storm on 17 January, though the storm had limited strength and organization. On the next day, the storm entered a more favorable environment, and it soon intensified to a severe tropical storm on 18 January. Late on 19 January, Eloise made landfall in northern Madagascar as a moderate tropical storm, bringing with it heavy rainfall and flooding. The storm traversed Madagascar and entered the Mozambique Channel in the early hours of 21 January. After moving southwestward across the Mozambique Channel for an additional 2 days, Eloise strengthened into a Category 1-equivalent cyclone, due to low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures. Early on 23 January, Eloise peaked as a Category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson scale as the center of the storm began to move ashore in Mozambique. Shortly afterward, Eloise made landfall just north of Beira, Mozambique, before rapidly weakening. Subsequently, Eloise weakened into a remnant low over land on 25 January, dissipating soon afterward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season</span> Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean

The 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season featured the record latest start for the first system to develop. Despite the late start, it was an above-average season that produced 12 named storms, with five becoming tropical cyclones. The season began on 15 November 2021, and ended on 30 April 2022, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it ended on 15 May 2022. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. However, tropical cyclones that form at any time between July 1st, 2021 and June 30th, 2022 will count towards the season total. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion and unofficially by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Ana (2022)</span> South-West Indian Ocean tropical storm in 2022.

Severe Tropical Storm Ana was a deadly tropical cyclone that affected the African nations of Madagascar, Malawi and Mozambique and was the third-deadliest tropical cyclone in 2022, after the Western Pacific Tropical Storm Megi and Atlantic Hurricane Ian. The first named storm of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Ana developed from an area of convection that was designated as Invest 93S northeast of Madagascar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Dumako</span> South-West Indian Ocean tropical storm in 2022.

Moderate Tropical Storm Dumako was a weak tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in Madagascar. The fourth disturbance and fourth named storm of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, it was the third storm to make landfall on Madagascar in 2022 after Ana and Batsirai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Cheneso</span> South-West Indian Ocean cyclone in 2023

Tropical Cyclone Cheneso was a strong tropical cyclone that affected Madagascar in January 2023. The fourth tropical storm and fifth tropical cyclone of the 2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Cheneso developed out of a zone of disturbed weather status which was first monitored at RSMC La Réunion on 17 January. Despite convection wrapping into the curved band pattern, the system formed into a tropical depression on 18 January. The depression strengthened into Severe Tropical Storm Cheneso on the following day. Cheneso made landfall over northern Madagascar and weakened into an inland depression, before emerging into the Mozambique Channel. Cheneso later strengthened into a tropical cyclone on 25 January. The system continued moving southeast, before transitioning into a post–tropical depression on 29 January.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Cyclone Freddy</span>

Cyclone Freddy was the longest-lived tropical cyclone, lasting five weeks and three days, surpassing the previous record holder, 1994's Hurricane John. It also had the highest accumulated cyclone energy, a metric used to measure tropical cyclone activity, ever recorded worldwide. It also featured a record seven separate rounds of rapid intensification during February and March 2023. Freddy originated from a tropical low south of the Indonesian archipelago early on 4 February. Deep convection soon developed, and the system intensified Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale on 6 February. Located just within Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre Melbourne's area of responsibility, the storm was named Freddy—the third named storm of the 2022–23 Australian region cyclone season—by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. As it moved westward across the Indian Ocean, Freddy quickly intensified and became a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone before it moved into the area of responsibility of Météo-France La Réunion. As the second very intense tropical cyclone of the 2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Freddy peaked with 10-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a central barometric pressure of 927 hPa (27.37 inHg). It quickly strengthened, reaching 1-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph), making it a Category 5-equivalent intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humanitarian response to Cyclone Freddy</span>

Many countries allocated relief aid items to southern Africa after Cyclone Freddy, with a main focus on the humanitarian crisis in Malawi. Items included hygiene supplies, food rations, and safe drinking water among other things Total donations reach the millions in USD, and there was also a primary focal point on the historic and ongoing outbreak of Cholera in the region. Several nations also expressed condolences to Malawi, Mozambique, and Madagascar. The widespread and prolonged impacts prompted extensive relief efforts from the affected nations and multiple intergovernmental agencies. UNICEF and the WFP provided relief items for those affected, as well as temporary shelters.

From February to late-December 2023, floods killed over 2,600 people in 15 countries across Africa.

References

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