Cyclone Orson

Last updated

Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Cyclone Orson originated out of a tropical low, monitored by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, that formed northwest of Darwin, Northern Territory on 17 April 1989. The system tracked southwest throughout the day before turning due west and strengthening into a tropical cyclone, at which time it received the name Orson. [3] At this time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also began monitoring the storm as Tropical Storm 28S. [4] The forward motion of the storm gradually slowed as it intensified and on 19 April, Orson attained Category 3 status on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, classifying Orson as a severe tropical cyclone. [2] Later that day, as the storm attained Category 4 status, an eye developed. By this time, Orson began to turn towards the southwest and on 20 April, [3] the storm intensified into a Category 5 cyclone with winds of 210 km/h (130 mph) (10-minute sustained). [2]

The JTWC also reported significant strengthening during the same period. They assessed Orson to have attained an intensity equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale on 22 April with winds of 260 km/h (160 mph)1-minute sustained). [4] Around this time, the storm tracked directly over the North Rankin gas platform. The platform was in the 40 km (25 mi) wide eye of Orson for roughly 40 minutes. [5] A weather station there recorded a barometric pressure of 904  hPa (mbar; 26.69  inHg) [1] and wind gusts of 250 km/h (160 mph) before the station was damaged. This was, at the time, the lowest pressure ever recorded in the Australian region since records began. [5] It was later surpassed by Severe Tropical Cyclone Gwenda in 1999 when that storm attained a pressure of 900 hPa (mbar). [6] By this time, Cyclone Orson was roughly 555 km (345 mi) in diameter. [7]

Cyclone Orson intensifying on 21 April Orson 21 apr 1989 0605Z.jpg
Cyclone Orson intensifying on 21 April

Continuing on a southerly track, accelerating ahead of an approaching cold front, Cyclone Orson made landfall, near Dampier, around 4:45 am AWST on 23 April (2045 UTC 22 April). [5] with winds of 220 km/h (140 mph) (10-minute sustained). [2] The JTWC also reported that Orson had weakened, with winds at landfall estimated at 230 km/h (140 mph)1-minute sustained). [8] Tracking at 28 km/h (17 mph), the weakening storm passed over Pannawonica. [5] Less than 12 hours after landfall, the storm weakened below Category 3 status. [2] By this time, the JTWC was no longer monitoring the system. [8] Around 5:00 am AWST on 24 April (2100 UTC 23 April), Orson weakened to a tropical low while situated over southern Western Australia. [2] Continuing to accelerate to nearly 50 km/h (31 mph), the remnants of the storm moved over the Great Australian Bight late on 24 April. [3] Several hours after moving back over water, the storm dissipated. [5]

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology uses 10-minute sustained winds, while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center uses one-minute sustained winds. [9] The conversion factor between the two is 1.14. [10] The Bureau of Meteorology's peak intensity for Orson was 250 km/h (160 mph) 10-minute sustained, or 290 km/h (180 mph) one-minute sustained. [2] [10] The JTWC's peak intensity for Orson was 260 km/h (160 mph) one-minute sustained, or 220 km/h (140 mph) 10-minute sustained. [8] [10]

Preparations and impact

Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson
Orson 1989-04-22 0555Z.jpg
Orson at peak intensity on 22 April
Most intense Australian cyclones
RankCycloneYearMin. pressure
1 Gwenda 1999 900  hPa (26.58  inHg)
Inigo 2003
3 George 2007 902 hPa (26.64 inHg)
4 Orson 1989 905 hPa (26.72 inHg)
Marcus 2018
6 Theodore 1994 910 hPa (26.87 inHg)
Vance 1999
Fay 2004
Glenda 2006
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology [11]

As Cyclone Orson approached the coast of Western Australia, residents were urged to prepare for the storm; people proceeded to clean up litter, secure outdoor items and make sure their disaster kits were stocked. All 200 personnel from a A$1.5 billion gas platform off the coast were evacuated ahead of the storm. [12] Since Cyclone Orson made landfall in a sparsely populated region, its effects were relatively light compared to its intensity. [3] More than 20 fishermen were reported missing during the storm. [13]

On 23 April, a rescue mission with three aircraft recovered roughly 20 fisherman, while one was still missing. [13] Offshore, the storm killed four Indonesian fishermen after their ships sank in swells up to 20 m (66 ft) produced by the storm. [3] The North Rankin gas platform sustained minor damage despite wind gusts reaching 270 km/h (170 mph) [14] and waves estimated at 21 m (69 ft). [15] The large swells also delayed the find of a major oil field that contained more than 200 million barrels (32,000,000 m3) of oil. The waves knocked a drill rig used to find oil out of position; it would take several days for the drill rig to be repositioned. [16] After an assessment of damage, it was found that the drill rig snapped off and broke the chains of two anchors before drifting nearly 2 km (1.2 mi) from the platform. The repositioning and cleanup of the drill rig delayed the project by nearly two weeks. [17] The damages from Cyclone Orson increased the total cost of the platform to roughly

Upon making landfall, Orson produced a storm surge of 3.1 m (10 ft). [5] This came during low tide, having a height of 1.6 m (5.2 ft). [3] Severe erosion was recorded along coastal areas, some losing nearly 20 m (66 ft) of rocks. [3] [19] Wind gusts in Dampier reached 183 km/h (114 mph) and a station near where Orson made landfall recorded a wind gust of 211 km/h (131 mph). [5] Harbour officials stated that several ships were knocked off their moorings and washed up onshore. [19] In Karratha, the local weather radar sustained roughly A$900,000 (US$760,000) in damages. [12] A nearby airport was also damaged. [19] The jetty at Point Samson was severely damaged and eventually removed. [20]

The most severe damage took place in the mining town of Pannawonica, where 70 homes were damaged by the storm. Numerous trees and power lines were downed along the storm's path. Before dissipating, the storm left one additional person missing after contact was lost with his yacht. [19] Later reports confirmed that the missing person drowned during the storm. [21] Twenty people were also injured during the storm, 60 were left homeless and about 1,000 were affected. [22] Total damages from the storm were estimated at A$20 million (US$16.8 million) and repair costs reached A$5 million (US$4.1 million). [3] [23] Due to the severity of the storm, the name Orson was retired after the season. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 North Indian Ocean cyclone season</span>

The 1992 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was unofficially the most active year on record for the basin, with 10 tropical storms developing, according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean – the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent – and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the JTWC releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Nina (1987)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1987

Typhoon Nina, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Sisang, was the most intense typhoon to strike the Philippines since Typhoon Irma in 1981. Typhoon Nina originated from an area of convection near the Marshall Islands in mid-November 1987. It gradually became better organized, and on November 19, was first classified as a tropical cyclone. Moving west-northwest, Nina attained tropical storm intensity that evening. Late on November 20, Nina passed through the Chuuk Lagoon in the Federated States of Micronesia. After a brief pause in intensification, Nina intensified into a typhoon on November 22. Two days later, the typhoon intensified suddenly, before attaining its peak 10 minute intensity of 165 km/h. During the afternoon of November 25, Nina moved ashore in Southern Luzon at the same intensity. It gradually weakened over land, before entering the South China Sea and turning to the north. By November 30, Nina dissipated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Kim (1983)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 1983

Tropical Storm Kim, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Rosing, was the only storm in 1983 to move from the Western Pacific basin into the North Indian Ocean basin. Kim originated as a weak tropical disturbance that formed to the northeast of Truk during the second week of October. It drifted westward over the subsequent days, and on October 15, while located over the South China Sea, the disturbance was classified as a tropical depression. Late the following day, the system was briefly upgraded into a tropical storm, but the storm dissipated quickly after making landfall in Vietnam early on October 17. After trekking across Indochina, the remnants of Kim moved into the Andaman Sea and re-developed into a tropical cyclone on October 19. However, Kim dissipated for good the next day while located inland over Burma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone season</span> Cyclone season in the North Indian ocean

The 1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was a below-average season in annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. Despite this, the season had the second highest Accumulated Cyclone Energy in the basin on record behind only 2019 The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) releases unofficial advisories. An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1988–89 Australian region cyclone season</span>

The 1988–89 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly above average tropical cyclone season. It officially started on 1 November 1988, and officially ended on 30 April 1989. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan defines a "tropical cyclone year" separately from a "tropical cyclone season"; the "tropical cyclone year" began on 1 July 1988 and ended on 30 June 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Dan (1989)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1989

Typhoon Dan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Saling, was the third of a series of tropical cyclones that impacted the Philippines and Vietnam in October 1989. The storm developed on October 6, and tracked generally westward throughout its course. After crossing Luzon, the typhoon emerged into the South China Sea and reached its peak intensity, with sustained 10-minute winds of 140 km/h (85 mph), 1-minute winds of 130 km/h (80 mph), and a minimum barometric pressure of 960 millibars. The storm moved ashore in central Vietnam and dissipated after moving inland. The storm caused extensive damage throughout its course. In the Philippines, Dan left hundreds of thousands homeless and killed 58 people. Power outages were extensive in the Manila region. In Vietnam, the storm's high winds and heavy rains caused extensive damage and loss of life. More than 500,000 structures were damaged or destroyed and at least 43 people were killed across the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Olivia</span> Category 4 region cyclone in 1996

Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia was a powerful cyclone, the 13th named storm of the 1995–96 Australian region cyclone season, which formed on 3 April 1996 to the north of Australia's Northern Territory. The storm moved generally to the southwest, gradually intensifying off Western Australia. On 8 April, Olivia intensified into a severe tropical cyclone and subsequently turned more to the south, steered by a passing trough. On the morning of 10 April, passing over Barrow Island off the Western Australian northwest coast, Olivia produced the strongest non-tornadic winds ever recorded, with peak gusts of 408 kilometres per hour (254 mph). On the same day the cyclone made landfall on the Pilbara coast, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) north-northwest of Pannawonica. The storm quickly weakened over land, dissipating over the Great Australian Bight on 12 April.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Aivu</span>

Severe Tropical Cyclone Aivu was a powerful late-season tropical cyclone that caused extensive damage across parts of Queensland, Australia in April 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Alex (1987)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1987

Typhoon Alex, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Etang, affected the Taiwan, China, and South Korea during July 1987. Typhoon Alex developed from the monsoon trough that spawned a tropical disturbance late on July 21 southwest of Guam which organized into a tropical depression shortly thereafter. The system steadily became better organized, and the next day, a tropical depression had developed. Satellite intensity estimates gradually increased, and on July 23, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Alex. After initially tracking west-northwest, Tropical Storm Alex started tracking northwest. An eye developed on July 24, and on the next day, Alex was classified as a typhoon, when Alex attained its peak intensity of 120 km/h (75 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar (29 inHg). Alex weakened while tracking more northward, though interaction with Taiwan resulted in a more westward track starting on July 27. The storm struck near Shanghai as a tropical storm, and weakened over land, although it remained identifiable through August 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Amy (1991)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1991


Typhoon Amy, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Gening, was the second typhoon to strike China in a week during mid-July 1991. An area of convection was first observed on July 13 within the vicinity of Yap. A tropical depression developed the next day. While initially tracking westward, the system slowly deepened, becoming Tropical Storm Amy on July 16. After briefly turning northwestward, Amy intensified into a typhoon on July 17. Continuing to intensify as it tracked through the Luzon Strait, Amy reached its peak intensity of 175 km/h (110 mph) on July 18. That evening, the typhoon began to show signs of weakening, although it was still believed to have been a typhoon when it made landfall in the province of Guangdong on July 19, becoming the strongest tropical cyclone to hit the province in 22 years. Once inland, the storm rapidly weakened, and by late on July 20, had dissipated completely.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Clara (1981)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1981

Typhoon Clara, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Rubing, left flooding in the northern Philippines and southern China during September 1981. An area of disturbed weather was first detected on September 11 near Ponape. After moving westward, the system gradually became better organized and thunderstorm activity increased. On September 16, the system attained tropical storm status. Two days later, Clara attained typhoon intensity and subsequently began to deepen at a faster rate. On September 19, Clara reached maximum intensity, before making landfall along the northern tip of Luzon. Clara steadily weakened after interacting with land, but by late on September 20, Clara leveled off in intensity over the South China Sea. The next day, Clara moved ashore to the east-northeast of Hong Kong while still at typhoon intensity before rapidly dissipating over land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Tess</span> Pacific severe tropical storm in 1988

Severe Tropical Storm Tess known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Welpring was the second of three tropical cyclones to directly impact the Philippines in a two-week time frame in 1988. An area of disturbed weather near the Philippines was first observed on November 1. Following an increase in organization, the disturbance was designated as a tropical cyclone on November 4. Moving west, Tess steadily strengthened due to favorable conditions aloft. During the evening of November 5, Tess was estimated to have achieved its highest intensity, with winds of 115 km/h (70 mph). Rapid weakening then ensured as Tess neared Vietnam, and after making landfall in the country on November 6, Tess dissipated the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Gerald</span> Pacific typhoon in 1987

Typhoon Gerald, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Neneng, affected the Philippines, Taiwan, and China during September 1987. A tropical depression developed on September 4, and within 24 hours, intensified into a tropical storm. After initially moving erratically within the Philippine Sea, Gerald moved west-northwest and then northwest while steadily deepening. Gerald obtained typhoon intensity on September 8, and the following day, attained maximum intensity. Shortly thereafter, the typhoon skirted southwestern Taiwan, which resulted in a steady weakening trend. On September 10, Gerald moved ashore north of Hong Kong near Amoy. Gerald dissipated the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Abby (1986)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1986

Typhoon Abby, known as Typhoon Norming in the Philippines, was the second typhoon to affect Taiwan in a month during September 1986. A tropical depression developed on September 13 and the next day attained tropical storm status, upon which it was named Abby. Continuing to intensify, Abby moved west-northwest and became a typhoon on September 16. Two days later, the typhoon attained maximum intensity. On September 19, the typhoon made landfall in Taiwan as it turned towards the northwest. Rapid weakening occurred due to land interaction, and on September 20, Typhoon Abby transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. Its extratropical remnants were last noted on September 24 as they raced off to the northeast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Betty (1980)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1980

Typhoon Betty, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Aring, was the strongest typhoon to strike the Philippines in ten years. An area of disturbed weather developed on October 27, 1980, near Truk Atoll. After turning east from south, the disturbance was classified as a tropical storm on October 29 as it passed near Guam, causing only minor damage. Following a turn to the west-northwest, Betty attained typhoon intensity the next day. On November 4, Betty peaked in intensity. Later that day, Betty moved ashore over Luzon, introducing a rapid weakening trend. Over land, Betty then began to turn north due to a weakening subtropical ridge to its north and a trough offshore Taiwan. By November 8, Betty, after moving offshore, had completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone, and dissipated that same day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Irving (1982)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1982

Typhoon Irving, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Ruping, was a mid-season tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines and China during September 1982. An area of disturbed weather developed within the monsoon trough during early September 1982 near Guam. Following an increase in organization, a tropical depression developed on the morning of September 5. Later that day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Irving. Irving tracked westward, nearly becoming a typhoon before hitting the central Philippines. There, Irving uprooted trees, downed power and telephone lines, triggered landslides, and forced the cancellation of several domestic airline flights. Irving damaged 7,890 houses in Albay and Sorsogon provinces alone, resulting in 138,500 people homeless. Nation-wide, 65 people were killed, 26 others were hurt, and 29 were rendered missing. A total of 44,383 families or 248,040 residents sought shelter. Moreover, 18,488 homes were damaged and 5,599 others were demolished. Damage in the country was assessed at US$23.3 million, including US$14.2 million in crops. While crossing the island chain, Irving turned northwestward. After entering the South China Sea, Irving continued generally northwest, and became a typhoon on September 11. After developing a well-defined eye, Irving attained its peak intensity of 160 km/h (100 mph) the following day. Land interaction with Hainan Island resulted in a weakening trend, and Irving was downgraded to a tropical storm before striking the southern coast of China on September 15. Across the Leizhou Peninsula, 90% of homes were damaged. Onshore, Irving rapidly weakened and the storm dissipated on September 16.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Warren</span> Pacific typhoon in 1988

Typhoon Warren, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Huaning, struck the Philippines and China during July 1988. An area of disturbed weather developed within the vicinity of the Caroline Islands during the second week of July. A tropical depression developed southeast of Guam on July 12, and on the next day, intensified into a tropical storm. Tracking generally west-northwest, Warren deepened into a typhoon on July 14. The storm subsequently entered a period of rapid intensification, commencing with Warren reaching its highest intensity on July 16. The following evening, the typhoon brushed Luzon, resulting in a weakening trend, although Warren was still a typhoon when it made landfall near Shantou. Warren rapidly dissipated inland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Percy (1990)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1990

Typhoon Percy, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Klaring, was the third tropical cyclone to affect the country in 1990. The fourth and the last tropical cyclone to be formed in June of the 1990 Pacific typhoon season, Typhoon Percy originated from an area of disturbed weather spawned by the Western Pacific monsoon trough on June 20. That same day, the disturbance was classified as a tropical depression as it slowly organized and on June 21, the depression obtained tropical storm intensity. After initially tracking westward, Percy turned towards the southwest while slowly deepening. During this time, Percy affected several of the Carolina Islands. Thirty homes were damaged and airline services were halted in and out of Yap. Farther south-southwest, seven homes were destroyed on the Ngulu Atoll. Furthermore, one boy was killed on Koror, where numerous homes lost their roofs and communication lines were downed. Percy then turned back to the west-northwest and became a typhoon on June 23. It then began to deepen at a faster rate, with Percy attaining its maximum intensity of 145 km/h (90 mph) on June 25. Two days later, on June 27, increased wind shear began to induce a weakening trend and the typhoon brushed Luzon, where eight people were killed and over 30,000 lost their homes. Despite that however, damages in the country was minor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Eli</span> Pacific typhoon in 1992

Typhoon Eli, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Konsing, struck the Philippines and Hainan during mid-July 1992. A weak low pressure system developed in the Philippine Sea on July 7, which became a tropical depression on the next day. The depression tracked west-northwest and strengthened into a tropical storm on July 10. After turning more westward, Eli steadily intensified, and obtained typhoon intensity that evening. The storm attained its highest intensity of 130 km/h (80 mph) early on July 11 before striking northern Luzon. After entering the South China Sea, the storm maintained most of its intensity as it approached Hainan, although agencies disagree on how precisely strong it was. After passing through Hainan late on July 13, Eli passed through the Gulf of Tonkin on the next day before striking Vietnam, where Eli quickly dissipated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Zeke</span> Pacific typhoon in 1991

Typhoon Zeke, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Etang, was the first of two typhoons to make landfall in China within a week during mid-July 1991. An area of disturbed weather developed east of the Philippines towards the end of the first week of July. Tracking west-northwestward, the disturbance organized into a tropical depression on July 9. After tracking across the Philippines, where it left two people missing and injured three others, the depression intensified into a tropical storm on July 10. The storm steadily deepened as it moved across the South China Sea, and on July 12 it strengthened into a typhoon. While at its peak intensity of 120 km/h (75 mph), Zeke moved onshore at Hainan, where it began to weaken. The system tracked across Vietnam on July 13, and dissipated within two days after moving inland.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Buchan, S.J.; Tron, S.M.; Lemm A.J. (4 September 2002). Measured Tropical Cyclone Seas (PDF). 7th International Workshop on Wave hindcasting and forecasting preprints. Banff, Alberta, Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Best Tracks". Bureau of Meteorology. 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hanstrum, B.; Foley, G (1992). Report on Tropical Cyclone Orson (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  4. 1 2 Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Naval Western Oceanography Center (1990). 1989 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air force. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Drosdowsky L.; Woodcock F. (March 1991). "The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1988–89" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  6. ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (29 April 2009). Severe Tropical Cyclone Gwenda (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  7. ↑ Zhang, Q.P.; Lai, L.L.; Sun, W.C. (2006). "Location of Tropical Cyclone Center with Intelligent Image Processing Technique". Advances in Machine Learning and Cybernetics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3930. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. pp. 898–907. doi:10.1007/11739685_94. ISBN   978-3-540-33584-9 . Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  8. 1 2 3 "Tropical Cyclone 28S (Orson) Best Track". Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Naval Western Oceanography Center. United States Navy, United States Airforce. 2002. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  9. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (17 June 2011). "Frequently Asked Questions". United States Navy, United States Air force. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 "Section 2 Intensity Observation and Forecast Errors". United States Navy. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  11. ↑ "Australian Tropical Cyclone Database" (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  12. 1 2 "West Stays On Alert As Cyclone Tracks Inland". Courier-Mail. 24 April 1989. (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)
  13. 1 2 "Search and Rescue Finds 20 Fishermen". Sunday Tasmanian. 23 April 1989.
  14. ↑ Fahey, Martin (2005). "North Rankin 'A' Platform, North West Shelf". The University of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  15. ↑ Christopher C. Burt and Mark Stroud Extreme Weather p. 219
  16. ↑ "Cyclone Delays News of 'Major Oil Find'". Sydney Morning Herald. 25 April 1989. p. 23.
  17. ↑ Luker, Paul (9 May 1989). "Woodside faces further delay in WA oil tests". The Age. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  18. ↑ Hextall, Bruce (16 May 1989). "First Shelf gas shipment to Japan likely in July". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Cyclone Orson Was Nation's Strongest Ever". Holbart Mercury. 25 April 1989. (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)
  20. ↑ "Point Samson". Karratha and Districts Tourist Information Centre. 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011. (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)
  21. ↑ "Cyclone Death". Sydney Morning Herald. 23 April 1989. (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)
  22. ↑ "North-western coast, WA: Cyclone". Australian Emergency Management Agency. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  23. ↑ "Cyclone Orson's bill may top $20M". Courier-Mail. 25 April 1989. (Accessed via Lexis-Nexis)
  24. ↑ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2008). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 6 August 2009.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.