Severe Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle was a severe tropical cyclone that devastated parts of the North Island of New Zealand and affected parts of Vanuatu and Australia in February 2023. It is the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the Southern Hemisphere, with total damages estimated to be at least NZ$13.5billion (US$8.4billion),[2] of which the cost of insured damage is at least NZ$1.79billion (US$1.1billion).[3] The total cost in the Hastings District alone is estimated to surpass NZ$2billion (US$1.25billion).[4] It was also the deadliest cyclone and weather event overall to hit New Zealand since Cyclone Giselle in 1968, surpassing Cyclone Bola in 1988.[5][6][7] The fifth named storm of the 2022–23 Australian region cyclone season, and the first severe tropical cyclone of the 2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season, Gabrielle was first noted as a developing tropical low on 6 February 2023, while it was located on the south of the Solomon Islands, before it was classified as a tropical cyclone and named Gabrielle by the Bureau of Meteorology. The system peaked as a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone before moving into the South Pacific basin, then rapidly degenerated into a subtropical low on 11 February 2023.
Norfolk Island was placed under a red alert as Gabrielle approached, while heavy rain and wind warnings were issued across the North Island of New Zealand. Existing states of emergency in Auckland and the Coromandel due to recent floods were extended, and new states of emergency were declared in other areas. The cyclone impacted New Zealand from 11 to 17 February, with a national state of emergency being declared on 14 February 2023. All states of emergency had been lifted by 14 March.[8]
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
On 5 February, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) reported that Tropical Low 14U had developed within a monsoonal trough of low pressure over the northeastern Coral Sea, about 400km (250mi) to the southeast of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[9][10][11][12] During that day, the system passed near or over Rennell Island in the Solomon Islands as it moved westwards into the Australian region from the South Pacific basin.[12] At this stage, the system was located within a favourable environment for further development with low vertical wind shear of 10–30km/h (5–15mph) and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30°C (84–86°F).[9][13] Over the next couple of days, the system gradually developed further as it moved south-westwards along a ridge of high pressure towards Queensland, Australia, before the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 12P during 8 February.[14][15] At around the same time, the BoM reported that the tropical low had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Gabrielle.[15][16]
Gabrielle slowly drifted southwards while deep convection consolidated,[17] and the cyclone was upgraded into a Category 2 tropical cyclone, while the JTWC upgraded Gabrielle to the equivalent of a low-end Category 1-equivalent cyclone with winds of 120km/h (75mph).[18] By 18:00 UTC on 9 February, the storm continued to intensify and soon became a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[19] During 10 February as Gabrielle moved back into the South Pacific basin, the BoM reported that Gabrielle had peaked as a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 150km/h (90mph).[12][20][21] Gabrielle began to experience an increase in northwesterly vertical wind shear, the JTWC downgraded it to a Category 1-equivalent cyclone.[22] On 10 February, Gabrielle moved into MetService's area of responsibility.[23] The JTWC also discontinued warnings on the system around 21:00 UTC that day[24] Gabrielle was downgraded to a Category 2 tropical cyclone by the MetService.[25] During 11 February, after Gabrielle had passed directly over Norfolk Island, the BoM and MetService reported that Gabrielle had weakened into a deep subtropical low.[26][27]
Effects
Cyclone Gabrielle intensifying off the coast of Australia on 8–9 February
In Vanuatu, Malpoi, a village in the northwest of Espiritu Santo, was severely affected by landslides, mud, and the destruction of houses and gardens.[28] The water supply was also contaminated. As their plantations were damaged by the landslide, chairman Allan Taman of Vanuatu's Santo Sunset Environment Network stated that the villagers may require long-term financial assistance.[28] Some villagers in the disaster-affected areas were also forced to evacuate.[29] In New Caledonia, strong swell warnings were put in place for 16 districts; 14 boats were damaged and one sank due to wind and swells, leading to an evacuation plan for the damaged ships.[28]
Norfolk Island
The Australian territory of Norfolk Island was placed under a red alert as Gabrielle approached, with the center of the storm forecast to pass over or close to the island.[30] Australian military and emergency personnel were on standby and ready to respond.[31] The Emergency Management Norfolk Island (EMNI) sent out a warning on Saturday afternoon, advising people to stay inside and announcing that most businesses would close.[32]
On Norfolk Island, a red alert warning was issued before the cyclone.[33] During 11 February, Gabrielle passed directly over Norfolk Island.[34] Although the cyclone brought down trees and disrupted power, there were no reports of significant damage.[35] Norfolk Island's emergency controller George Plant said there had been 40 calls for help, but the damage was "manageable".[36]
New Zealand
Heavy rain and wind warnings were issued for across the North Island of New Zealand as Gabrielle approached the country, including red heavy rain warnings in Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Gisborne District, and Hawke's Bay, and red wind warnings in Northland, Auckland, Coromandel Peninsula, and Taranaki.[37][38] During 9February, states of emergency in place in Auckland and the Coromandel Peninsula as a result of earlier floods were extended in anticipation of Gabrielle's arrival,[39][40] while a precautionary state of emergency was declared in Northland on 12 February.[41] Many residents across the upper North Island who had been affected by earlier flooding prepared themselves for the cyclone, while emergency services were on high alert.[42] Residents were warned that power cuts were likely and it was suggested that people withdraw some cash because electronic payment systems would not work in a power cut.[43] People were encouraged to have three days of supplies.[44]
Air New Zealand cancelled many domestic and international flights as the cyclone approached, while Bluebridge and Interislander cancelled Cook Strait ferry crossings.[37][45] The Ministry of Education advised Auckland schools to close, but the decision remained with individual boards of trustees.[46] Prime Minister Chris Hipkins said citizens should take the severe weather warning seriously and make sure they were prepared.[47] Some authorities compared the likely effect of Gabrielle with the effects of Cyclone Hola (2018) and the devastating Cyclone Bola (1988).[48] The cyclone brought gale-force winds to the North Island.[49] During 12 February, areas of the upper North Island began experiencing widespread power outages and property damage as the outer edges of the cyclone swept the country,[41] with over 225,000 homes losing power as conditions worsened through 13 and 14 February.[50] Severe flooding occurred,[51][52] while some buildings had their roofs torn off in the wind or were damaged by landslides.[45][51] Over 140,000 landslides were mapped following the cyclone.[53] Numerous roads across the North Island were closed due to flooding and high winds, including Auckland Harbour Bridge.[37] Hundreds of people across the North Island were mandatorily evacuated, while hundreds more self-evacuated.[51] An estimated 10,000 people were displaced as a result of the cyclone.[54] 1,720 claims of injuries were accepted by ACC.[55] On 23 February, there were 6,960 reports of people uncontactable.[56] By 19 February, Hipkins confirmed that 3,200 people were registered as uncontactable, though he stated that the number was expected to drop, while the direct death toll rose to 11.[57] Hipkins confirmed that 28,000 homes, mostly in Napier and Hastings, still had no power. Hundreds of police staff worked on locating people and every person uncontactable was finally accounted for on 7 March,[58][59] except for one man who disappeared north of Napier on the morning of 14 February and remains missing as of 24 July.[60] A man died in Australia on 27 June, with his family claiming that the stress after losing his home in the cyclone had detrimental effects on his health which he never recovered from.[61]
More flooding later occurred in Auckland and Northland on 24 February as rain storms struck the North Island,[62] and weather warnings were issued for Coromandel Peninsula, Auckland and Northland.[63]
Northland
Extensive flooding occurred across the region, while multiple roads were closed, including SH 1 near the Brynderwyn Range which was closed for the third time in just over a month.[64] Many people across the region lost electricity, phone service, and internet connections.[65] The North Auckland Line was undermined and covered by a 60,000m3 (78,000cuyd),[66] or 35,000m3 (46,000cuyd), slip, just south of Tahekeroa tunnel, as well as about 50 other slips between Swanson and Whangārei. Closure of the railway for up to 3 months was expected.[67]
Auckland
The West Auckland communities of Piha, Karekare, Waimauku and Muriwai were heavily affected.[68] Two firefighters died after being caught in a landslide in Muriwai.[69] Two people went missing at sea near Great Barrier Island and Northland, but were both later found.[70] 50 apartments were evacuated in Mount Eden on the evening of the 13th after engineers determined strong winds could cause the historic Colonial Ammunition Company Shot Tower to collapse.[71] The tower was demolished a week later.[72] 224 buildings were red stickered across the region, meaning entry is prohibited, 323 were yellow stickered, meaning access is restricted, while 977 were white stickered, meaning minor damage only.[73] Of these, 130 red stickered homes were in the town of Muriwai; nearly a third of all the homes in the town.[74] Of the 600,000 customers connected to the Vector network, 42,000 were without power on 14 February.[75] Most connection problems were fixed by 3 March.[76]
Waikato
The town of Port Waikato was completely cut off after Gabrielle brought flooding and slips to the area, while a slip behind Maunsell Road impacted a line of houses.[77] In the Coromandel area, the storm was the fifth severe weather event to impact the peninsula that summer, heavily impacting businesses and extending already prolonged road closures.[78]
Gisborne
The maximum rainfall from Gabrielle was 488 millimetres (19.2in), which occurred at Hikuwai.[79] A man was found dead at Te Karaka.[80] The potable water supply to the Gisborne urban area was impacted with failures in the distribution system between the water treatment plant and the city. This prompted the use of Emergency Message alerts to residents to 'Stop using Water'. 9 buildings were red stickered across the region, while 149 were yellow stickered.[81] Roading networks were significantly affected with townships along State Highway 35 disconnected. SH35 was closed between Tolaga Bay and Te Puia Springs due to the road being lost south of Te Puia and the Hikuwai Bridge washing out.[82] Many local roads are closed, which further restricts access to communities.[83]
Hawke's Bay
Damage at Redclyffe Bridge and Waiohiki 17 days after the storm
Stopbanks were overtopped by floodwater in Hawke's Bay, caused partly by the buildup of debris at structures such as bridges. Overtopping caused erosion of stopbanks, leading to thirty breaches of them, covering five kilometres.[84] Power was cut to over 40,000 properties, almost 32,000 of them in and around Napier, when the main Redcliffe substation was damaged after the Tutaekuri River burst its banks,[85] and phone[86] and internet services were lost. Downstream, 1,000[failed verification] people were evacuated from the low-lying Heretaunga Plains surrounding the river, where parts of Taradale, Meeanee, and Awatoto were submerged.[86] 8,000 additional people were evacuated or self-evacuated across the region by nightfall.[87] 83 buildings across the region were red stickered, while 991 were yellow stickered.[81] Eight people were found dead.[80]
A flash flood swept through the Esk Valley as the Esk River burst its banks, submerging properties under 7 metres of water and burying homes in silt up to their roof lines.[88][89] One house was moved 600 metres from its original position.[90] The Ngaruroro River burst its banks, flooding the small settlement of Omahu, where 20 people required evacuation by helicopter.[91][failed verification] Floodwaters washed away spans and piers of a rail bridge between Clive and Napier, and also damaged two other rail bridges just north of Hastings, and the one at Waipawa.[92] They destroyed six road bridges on the Heretaunga Plains and in its hinterland: Brookfields Bridge over the Tūtaekurī at Pakowhai; Redclyffe Bridge, a major crossing of the Tūtaekurī from Taradale to Waiohiki; the Vicarage Road bridge over the Tūtaekurī at the settlement of Puketapu; Dartmoor Bridge over the Mangaone River, a tributary of the Tūtaekurī, between Puketapu and Dartmoor; the Rissington Bridge over the Mangaone in the Rissington area; and a bridge on Hawkston Road in the Patoka area.[93]
Between Napier and Wairoa, the State Highway 2 bridge over the Waikari River just north of Putorino was destroyed.[93] The Wairoa River burst its banks, flooding 10 to 15 percent of Wairoa, containing about half the town's population.[86] Access to Wairoa was cut off after extensive damage on SH2's Mohaka River Bridge in the south, and landslides to the north.[86] A number of bridges in the Wairoa District were destroyed or damaged.[94]
Water supply in Central Hawke's Bay failed, and a mandatory evacuation was ordered for eastern Waipawa after the Waipawa River rose to record levels.[86][91] SH5 linking Napier with Taupō was closed indefinitely following major slips and infrastructure damage, as was SH2 north of Napier and the Napier–Taihape Road to the west.[95] SH2 south linking Hastings with Tararua District was closed temporarily, opening to limited traffic capacity 4 days later.[95][96] SH5 reopened to freight convoys from 14 March[97] and was open to all traffic from 27 March.[98] The railway to Hastings reopened on 3 April.[99]
Manawatū-Whanganui
Flooding occurred in Pohangina and Pohangina Valley East, while rivers such as the Rangitīkei, Manawatū and Ōroua flooded or rose, with some extending up to 500m across, and some roads were closed.[100] Widespread destruction occurred in the Tararua District, where flooding damaged or destroyed many roads.[101] The town of Ākitio was completely isolated after all road access to the town was closed.[102]
Other regions
Evacuations occurred in the Whakatāne and Ōpōtiki Districts,[103] while the storm surge from Gabrielle flooded some homes. Around 3,600 homes lost power in the Bay of Plenty region during the storm, and 75 schools closed.[104]
Strong winds up to 140 km/h battered Taranaki, resulting in power cuts affecting thousands of residents. Many roads both across the wider region and within the city of New Plymouth were closed as a result of fallen trees, resulting in bus cancellations.[105] All schools in Taranaki were closed on 14 February.[106]
Wind gusts up to 146 km/h (91 mph) were recorded in the Wellington region, while heavy rain caused surface flooding and minor slips.[107][108] A strong magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck offshore Paraparaumu on 15 February at 7:38 pm local time,[109] impacting some who were already being impacted by the cyclone.[110]
Rainfall of 230mm (9.06in) was recorded at Snowflake Ridge in Marlborough. Other stations, including Kaikōura and Picton, recorded totals of 59.8–130mm (2.35–5.12in).[111] Wind gusts of up to 93km/h (58mph) were recorded at Cape Campbell, and 65km/h (40mph) at Kaikōura.[111]
Responses
New Zealand
A Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) helicopter flies from Auckland to Northland in the response to the cycloneAn RNZAF helicopter distributing supplies near the flood-damaged community of AropaoanuiA New Zealand Army unimog travels through flooded roads near Puketapu
Relief
The National Emergency Management Agency deployed 60 Starlink Internet devices while the Royal New Zealand Navy dispatched HMNZS Canterbury with supplies and equipment to build temporary bridges. On 17 February, Australia sent a team of 25 impact assessment experts to aid with disaster relief in New Zealand at the request of the New Zealand Government.[112][113] The Royal Australian Air Force deployed a C-130 Hercules as part of the international relief effort. The New Zealand Government accepted an offer of help from Fiji.[114] It took until 14 June before all state highways in the Hawke's Bay and Gisborne regions were reopened.[115]
On 23 February, the New Zealand Police said they had conducted 507 prevention activities in the North Island's Eastern District on 22 February including reassurance patrols. During that time, they received 597 calls from the public including six burglary reports, 11 unlawful takings, and 38 family harm incidents. Police said they had arrested 59 people (42 in Hawke's Bay and 17 in Gisborne) for various offences including car conversion, serious assaults, burglary, and disorder. The police deployed 145 additional staff and an Eagle helicopter to the Eastern District.[116]
Government
Transpower declared a grid emergency on 14 February after Hawke's Bay and Gisborne District lost phone coverage, internet coverage, and electricity.[117] In addition to the states of emergency in place in Auckland, Northland, and Thames-Coromandel, regional states of emergency were declared in Gisborne District, the Bay of Plenty, and Waikato Region on 13 February, with local states of emergency being declared in the Waikato, Hauraki, Whakatāne, and Ōpōtiki Districts.[38] A regional state of emergency was declared in Hawke's Bay on 14 February, with local states of emergency being declared in the Napier, Hastings, and Tararua Districts,[51] before a national state of emergency was declared for only the third time in New Zealand's history later in the day.[118] On 27 February, the state of emergency for Bay of Plenty was lifted while others were renewed for another 7 days.[119][120] Sittings of the House of Representatives were adjourned for a week.[121][122] The 2023 New Zealand census was not postponed, but field collectors worked for an extra 8 weeks in the cyclone affected areas in order to reach more people.[123]
Prime Minister Hipkins announced on 13 February that the Government would provide NZ$11.5million to support the community response to the cyclone.[38][124] After the cyclone, the Government allocated a further NZ$50million to support businesses and the primary sector, while NZ$250million was allocated to assessing and fixing roads.[125] On 14 May, the New Zealand Government allocated NZ$941 million from the 2023 New Zealand budget to address flood and cyclone damage caused by the 2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods and Cyclone Gabrielle in the North Island. Of this amount, NZ$275 million would be allocated to Waka Kotahi and local councils to repairing damaged roads, NZ$200 million to repairing railways, NZ$117 million to repairing damaged schools, and NZ$35 million to covering various health services including mental health, general practitioners and frontline health workers.[126][127] The New Zealand Treasury estimated that the total damage from Cyclone Gabrielle and the Auckland floods would cost between NZ$9 billion to $14.5 billion; with NZ$5 to $7.5 billion being related to infrastructure owned by central and local government.[126] A special Lotto draw was held on March 18 with 50% of receipts, or $11.77 million, going to cyclone relief.[128][129]
On 3 October, Forestry Ministry Peeni Henare announced that the Government would tighten forestry slash practices to reduce the risk of damage to downstream communities in response to Cyclone Gabrielle. Under the new regulations, slash longer than two metres, with a large-end diameter over 10cm, must be removed after harvesting from erosion-prone land unless it is unsafe to remove it.[130]
On 11 February 2024, Prime Minister Christopher Luxon and Emergency Management and Recovery Minister Mark Mitchell announced that the Government would contribute NZ$63 million to aid the removal of sediment and debris caused by Cyclone Gabrielle in the Hawke's Bay and Gisborne District.[131]
Civil society
In early March 2023, Destiny Church leader Brian Tamaki blamed pornography, abortion, and gay rights for causing Cyclone Gabrielle during an hour long sermon based on the Old TestamentBook of Leviticus. He also claimed that Gisborne and Hastings had the highest number of pornography consumers in New Zealand. Tamaki's remarks were condemned by Mayor of GisborneRehette Stoltz, who described them as "disappointing, unhelpful and laughable" during a time when members of the community had lost their homes and livelihoods.[132][133]
In early October, Radio New Zealand reported that local organiser Lauren Treagus had organised the donation of plants to flood-hit households and gardens in Hawke's Bay.[134]
Inquiries
On 23 February, the Government ordered a ministerial inquiry into forestry companies' slash practices, which had exacerbated flood damage caused by Cyclone Gabrielle. The forestry industry's practice of stockpiling of discarded branches and "offcuts" had damaged buildings and land during the flooding. The inquiry will be led by former National Party cabinet minister Hekia Parata, former Hawke's Bay Regional Council chief executive Bill Bayfield, and forestry engineer Matthew McCloy. Several political and civil society leaders including National Party leader Luxon, the Forest Owners Association President Don Carson, Green Party co-leader Shaw and fellow Green MP Eugenie Sage, and Forestry Minister Stuart Nash supported calls for an inquiry into the forestry industry's practices and accountability for flood damage from forestry companies.[135][136]
On 1 June, affected properties across the Hawke's Bay region were grouped into three categories in order to clarify the impact of managed retreat. Around 10,000 were placed under category 2, meaning they would need extra flood protections in order to be rebuilt, while around 700 properties were placed under category 3, meaning they would be unsafe to rebuild.[142] Most of the Esk Valley was placed under category 3. Voluntary buyouts were offered to impacted residents.[143]
On 31 July, Cyclone Recovery Minister Grant Robertson proposed a cyclone recovery cost-sharing agreement with the Hawke's Bay Regional Council, Napier City Council, Hastings District Council, Wairoa District Council and Central Hawke's Bay District. This plan includes voluntary category 3 property buyouts, flood protection, and transport infrastructure repairs. In response, the five local councils confirmed that they would consider the Government's cost-sharing offer through a series of extraordinary meetings.[144] On 3 August, the five councils voted to accept the Government's NZ$556 million recovery cost-sharing package, which will be split on a 50/50 basis between the Government and councils. The package consists of NZ$92.5 million for category 3 property buyouts in Hawke's Bay, NZ$203.5 million towards flood protection for category 2 areas between Wairoa and Pōrangahau, and NZ$260 million for repairing roads and bridges.[145] The Human Rights Commission's Chief Commissioner Paul Hunt expressed concern about the lack of local input in the Government's cyclone recovery cost-sharing agreement.[146]
Retirement
Due to the severe damage caused by the storm in New Zealand, the name Gabrielle was retired from the list of Australian region cyclone names and will never be used to name a storm in that basin again. It was replaced by Gemm for future seasons.[147]
Hawke's Bay is a region on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island. The region is named for Hawke Bay, which was named in honour of Edward Hawke. The region's main centres are the cities of Napier and Hastings, while the more rural parts of the region are served by the towns of Waipukurau, Waipawa, and Wairoa.
Napier is a city on the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Hawke's Bay region. It is a beachside city with a seaport, known for its sunny climate, esplanade lined with Norfolk pines, and extensive Art Deco architecture. Napier is sometimes referred to as the "Nice of the Pacific", although that is largely outdated and a more common nickname is 'The Art Deco Capital of the world'.
Wairoa is a town and territorial authority district in New Zealand's North Island. The town is the northernmost in the Hawke's Bay region, and is located on the northern shore of Hawke Bay at the mouth of the Wairoa River and to the west of Māhia Peninsula. It is on State Highway 2, 118 kilometres (73 mi) northeast of Napier, and 92 kilometres (57 mi) southwest of Gisborne. Wairoa is the nearest town to the Te Urewera protected area and former national park that is accessible from Wairoa via State Highway 38. It is the largest town in the district of Wairoa, and is one of three towns in New Zealand, the others being Kawerau and Ōpōtiki, where Māori outnumber other ethnicities, with 62.29% of the population identifying as Māori.
Waipawa is the second-largest town in Central Hawke's Bay in the east of the North Island of New Zealand. It has a population of 2,400.
The Ngaruroro River is located in the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It runs for a total of 164 kilometres southeast from the Kaweka Range, Kaimanawa Range and Ruahine Range and then east before emptying into Hawke Bay roughly halfway between the cities of Napier and Hastings, near the town of Clive. About 40% of the catchment is pasture, and 55% native forest. The meaning of Ngaruroro is obscure.
The Palmerston North–Gisborne Line (PNGL) is a secondary main line railway in the North Island of New Zealand. It branches from the North Island Main Trunk at Palmerston North and runs east through the Manawatū Gorge to Woodville, where it meets the Wairarapa Line, and then proceeds to Hastings and Napier in Hawke's Bay before following the coast north to Gisborne. Construction began in 1872, but the entire line was not completed until 1942. The line crosses the runway of Gisborne Airport, one of the world's only railways to do so since Pakistan's Khyber Pass Railway closed.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Bola was one of the costliest cyclones in the history of New Zealand, causing severe damage as an extratropical cyclone when it passed near the country in March 1988. It formed on February 24 to the north of Fiji, and tracking generally southwestward it reached hurricane-force winds near Vanuatu on February 28. The next day it generated peak wind velocities of 195 km/h (120 mph), though it quickly weakened as it accelerated southward. On March 4, Bola transitioned into an extratropical storm, passing to the north of the North Island of New Zealand on March 8. It weakened further and was absorbed by a stationary trough near the South Island on March 12.
The climate of New Zealand is varied due to the country's diverse landscape. Most regions of New Zealand belong to the temperate zone with a maritime climate characterised by four distinct seasons. Winters are relatively mild and summers comparatively cool. The main contributing factors are the Pacific Ocean and latitude, although the mountain ranges can cause significant climate variations in locations barely tens of kilometres from each other. Conditions vary from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and subtropical in Northland.
The Mangapōike River is a river beginning in the Gisborne Region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows generally southwest from sources south of Waingake, reaching the Wairoa River in Hawke's Bay 10 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Frasertown. Mangapōike River was Gazetted as an official name on 28 November 2022.
The Esk River of Hawke's Bay, in the eastern North Island of New Zealand, one of two rivers of that name in the country, is one of Hawke's Bay's major rivers. It flows south from the slopes of Taraponui in the Maungaharuru Range before turning east to reach Hawke Bay 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Napier. State Highway 5 follows the lower course of the river for several kilometres close to the settlement of Eskdale. The river is probably named after the Esk River in southern Scotland and north-west England.
The Waikari River is a river in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows generally east from its source at the northern end of the Maungaharuru Range passing the settlement of Putorino to reach Hawke Bay 25 kilometres southwest of Wairoa. The name Waikari comes from the Māori words wai meaning "water" and kari meaning "dig". The river was called Waikare until given an official name in 1941.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam was the second most intense tropical cyclone of the South Pacific Ocean in terms of sustained winds and is regarded as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of Vanuatu. A total of 15–16 people lost their lives either directly or indirectly as a result of Pam with many others injured. The storm's impacts were also felt, albeit to a lesser extent, to other islands in the South Pacific, most notably the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and New Zealand. Pam is the third most intense storm of the South Pacific Ocean according to pressure, after Winston of 2016 and Zoe of 2002. It is also the second most intense tropical cyclone in 2015, only behind Hurricane Patricia. In addition, Pam is tied with Orson, Monica, Marcus and Fantala for having the second strongest ten-minute maximum sustained winds in the Southern Hemisphere. Thousands of homes, schools and buildings were damaged or destroyed, with an estimated 3,300 people displaced as a result.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Ita was the strongest tropical cyclone in the Australian region by central pressure since George in 2007, and by wind speed since Monica in 2006. The system was first identified over the Solomon Islands as a tropical low on 1 April 2014, and gradually moved westward, eventually reaching cyclone intensity on 5 April. On 10 April, Ita intensified rapidly into a powerful Category 5 system on the Australian Scale, but it weakened to a Category 4 system in the hours immediately preceding landfall the following day. At the time of landfall at Cape Flattery at 12 April 22:00 (UTC+10), the cyclone's Dvorak intensity was approximately T5.0, consistent with a weak Category 4 system, and considerably lower than the T6.5 observed when the system was at its peak intensity. Meteorologists noted the system had, at that time, begun an eyewall replacement cycle; as a result, the system was considerably less powerful than various intensity scales had predicted. As a result, Ita's impact on terrain was lessened.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Gita was the most intense tropical cyclone to impact Tonga since reliable records began. The second named storm and first major tropical cyclone of the 2017–18 South Pacific cyclone season, Gita originated from a monsoon trough that was active in the South Pacific in early February 2018. First classified as a tropical disturbance on 3 February, the nascent system meandered near Vanuatu for several days with little development. After acquiring a steady east trajectory near Fiji, it organized into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on 9 February near Samoa. Arcing south in a clockwise turn, the system rapidly intensified, and became a severe tropical cyclone on 10 February near Niue.
Eskdale is a rural settlement in the Hastings District and Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located north of Napier on State Highway 5, near the mouth of the Esk River.
The 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season was a near average tropical cyclone season within the South Pacific Ocean to the east of 160°E. The season officially started from November 1, 2021, and officially ended on April 30, 2022, however a tropical cyclone could form at any time between July 1, 2021, and June 30, 2022, and would count towards the season total. During the season, tropical cyclones will be officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and New Zealand's MetService. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) will also monitor the basin and issue unofficial warnings for American interests. The FMS attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that form in or move into the basin while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. The BoM, FMS and MetService all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate windspeeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a 1-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS).
The 2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season was a below-average but very destructive tropical cyclone season that featured one of the costliest tropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere on record. The season officially started on November 1, 2022, and ended April 30, 2023; however, a tropical cyclone could form at any time between July 1, 2022, and June 30, 2023, and would count towards the season total. During the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and New Zealand's MetService. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also monitored the basin, issuing unofficial warnings for American interests. The FMS attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that form in or move into the basin while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. The BoM, FMS and MetService all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate windspeeds with a period of approximately ten minutes, while the JTWC estimates sustained winds over a 1-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS).
Severe Tropical Cyclone Dovi was a powerful tropical cyclone across the Southern Pacific in February 2022. The system became the third named tropical cyclone of the 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season. The storm first formed in the Australian basin on February 4 before crossing over into the South Pacific. The storm caused one death in New Caledonia, and several mudslides occurred in New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Dovi also caused flight cancellations and damage out of New Zealand.
Beginning on Friday, 27 January 2023, regions across the upper North Island of New Zealand experienced widespread catastrophic floods caused by heavy rainfall, with Auckland being the most significantly affected as the Auckland Anniversary holiday weekend began.
1 2 Quinlivan, Mark; Swift, Molly; Morrah, Michael; Heikell, Leighton; Hayes, Samantha; Cook, Alexa; Lynch, Jenna (16 February 2023). "Weather: Cyclone Gabrielle live updates". Newshub. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
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