Cyclone Hina

Last updated

Not to be confused with Cyclone Gina.This article is about the 1997 South Pacific cyclone. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Hina.
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During March 11, 1997, a shallow tropical depression developed within the monsoon trough near the Fijian Dependency of Rotuma. [1] [2] Over the next two days the depression remained near Rotuma with little to no movement, as it started to develop further in an area of minimal vertical wind shear and good upper air divergence. [1] [3] During March 13, as the system moved northwards, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) subsequently initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 33P. [4] During that day after having moved to the north, Hina curved to the east and later south-eastwards, before it passed about 55 km (35 mi) to the southeast of Niulakita the southernmost island of Tuvalu during March 14. [1] Early on March 15, after the system had passed near Niulakita, the depression developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and was named Hina by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS). [1] After being named the system accelerated towards the south-southeast and an area of increasing vertical wind shear, as it passed near the west coast of Futuna Island. [1] The system also crossed the 180th meridian during that day, which prompted the JTWC to pass the responsibility for warning the United States Government to the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (NPMOC). [5] [6]

Early on March 16, as Hina passed over the southern islands of Tonga, the FMS reported that based on satellite imagery and guidance from other meteorological centers, the system had 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 85 km/h (55 mph). [1] [7] Hina subsequently passed over the islands of Tongatapu and ʻEua in southern Tonga at around 08:30 UTC and took less than 2 hours to inflict considerable damage on the islands. [1] [8] The system subsequently emerged back into the South Pacific Ocean, with the FMS estimating that the system had storm-force winds of about 95 km/h (60 mph). [1] Later that day the NPMOC estimated that Hina had peak 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) as it rapidly moved below 25°S and out of the FMS's area of responsibility. [1] [9] Over the next few days the system continued to move towards the south-southeast and gradually weakened, before the NPMOC issued its final advisory during March 18, as the system was undergoing a transition to become an extratropical cyclone. [10] The system weakened below tropical cyclone intensity during the next day, before it was last noted by MetService on March 21, while it was located about 1,500 km (930 mi) to the south of the Pitcairn Islands. [8] [11]

After an analysis of the observed data and the damage in Tonga, the FMS found that Hina's landfall intensity had been underestimated. [1] The observed wind data suggested that the system had storm-force sustained winds, but had peak gusts comparable to hurricane force. [1] Furthermore, the lowest pressure values indicated that the winds had to be stronger than estimated, for it to fit known wind-pressure relationships. [1] The FMS subsequently deduced that Hina was a minimal category 3 severe tropical cyclone, with peak 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 120 km/h (75 mph) when it passed near or over Tongatapu at around 08:30 UTC (21:30 UTC+13). [1] The NPMOC also revised their estimate of Hina's peak 1-minute sustained wind speeds from 110 km/h (70 mph) to 140 km/h (85 mph) during post-analysis, which made the system equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. [9] [11] [12]

Preparations and impact

Cyclone Hina caused over

Tuvalu

On March 12, the FMS issued gale warnings for the southern islands of Tuvalu and a tropical cyclone alert for the rest of the archipelago. [1] The gale warning was subsequently extended out to cover the whole of the archipelago during the next day, after marginal squally gale-force winds were observed to the north of the monsoon trough in association with the system. [1] Over the next two days the warning was kept in force while Tuvalu experienced strong to gale-force winds because of a convergence zone located over the islands and Hina which passed about 55 km (35 mi) to the southeast of Niulakita, Tuvalu. [1] Cyclone Hina was the second of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996-97 cyclone season, after Cyclone Gavin had severely damaged the islands a weak earlier and Cyclone Keli affected the islands during June 1997. [14] [15]

Cyclone Gavin and Hina's waves, storm surge and strong winds both caused a severe amount of coastal erosion on all of the country’s nine atolls with about 6.7% of the land washed into the sea. [16] Both cyclones caused severe coastal erosion and destruction to food crops, mostly to the southern islands of Niulakita and Nukulaelae, while damage in northern and central islands was confined mostly to houses. [14] A damage assessment team noted that it was difficult to assess damage done by Hina alone and estimated the total damage from both cyclones at

Wallis and Futuna

Severe Tropical Cyclone Hina
Cyclone Hina 1997.JPG
Cyclone Hina near its peak intensity
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Wallis and Futuna
Highest-known totals
PrecipitationStormLocationRef.
Rankmmin
1674.926.57 Raja 1986 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [20]
2556.721.92 Fran 1992 Hihifo, Wallis Island [20]
3291.211.46 Val 1975 Hihifo, Wallis Island [20]
4220.68.69 Hina 1997 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [20]
5186.07.32 Evan 2012 Futuna Island [20]
6180.07.09 Val 1980 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [20]
7171.66.76 Keli 1997 Hihifo, Wallis Island [20]
8160.86.33 Unnamed 1966 Malaetoli, Wallis Island [20]
9160.06.30 Amos 2016 Hihifo, Wallis Island [21]
10119.04.69 Waka 2001 Hihifo, Wallis Island [20]

As the system developed into a tropical cyclone during March 14, gale warnings were issued for the French territory of Wallis and Futuna. [1] The system at this time was located about 220 km (135 mi) to the northwest of Futuna Island and subsequently accelerated, towards the south-southeast and passed near the island during the next day. [1] Cyclone Hina was the second of four tropical cyclones to affect Wallis and Futuna in a ten-month period, after Cyclone Gavin had severely damaged food crops ten days earlier and Cyclones Keli and Ron affected the islands during June 1997 and January 1998. [14] [20] During March 15 as Hina affected the islands, winds of 76 km/h (47 mph) and 115 km/h (71 mph) were recorded at Hihifo on Wallis and Maopoopo on Futuna respectively. [20] Rainfall totals of 220.6 millimetres (8.69 in) and 182.5 mm (7.19 in) were also recorded at Maopoopo and in Point Vele respectively. [20] Hina caused no significant damage on Walls Island, while it caused some damage to the crops and destroyed parts of the road on Futuna. [1]

Tonga

Hina was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tonga during a ten-month period, with Cyclones Keli and Ron affecting the island nation during June 1997 and January 1998. [22] Late on March 15, ahead of the system affecting Tonga, gale warnings were issued for the Southern Tongan island groups of Haʻapai, Tongatapu and Vavaʻu. [1] During the next day, Hina took less than two hours to inflict considerable damage on the Tongan islands and became the worst tropical cyclone to affect Tonga since Cyclone Isaac during 1982. [8] The two worst-affected Tongan islands were Tongatapu and 'Eua after major damages were reported on both islands. [1] As the system impacted Tonga, the FMS received several reports of one or more tornadoes occurring in Tonga; however, during a post-disaster survey no evidence was found to prove or disprove this claim. [7] It was noted that several of the badly damaged houses had little or no cyclone protection while over 600 people were left homeless. [1] [7] [8] Damages were greater than had been expected, with an estimated damage total of about

On the main island of Tongatapu, extensive damages to utilities, vegetation and agriculture in places, with more than 12,000 tonnes (26,000,000 lb) of fruit and food crops including banana trees and coconut palms destroyed. [1] [7] [25] Some of the coconut palms were snapped, which suggested that wind gusts of between 165–185 km/h (105–115 mph) had been experienced on the island. [7] Within Nukuʻalofa the capital city of Tonga, there was not a lot of structural damage reported; however, the villages to the east of the capital were severely affected. [26] The roof and grand stand of Teufaiva Stadium was blown off, while the Parliament house, government buildings and schools were severely damaged. [24] The MV Lofa was driven by fierce winds onto Mounu Reef in Nuku'alofa Harbour. [24] The Electric and Water boards sustained over

During the system's aftermath, insurance companies flew in people to assess the damage, while agricultural authorities on Tongatapu and 'Eua advised landowners to plant fast maturing produce such as sweet potatoes. [28] [29] The Tongan Government provided

The Government of the United Kingdom granted

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 This damage total was originally reported in Australian Dollars and was converted to USD via the Oanda Corporation website. [17]

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References

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  3. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert March 12, 1997 14z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 12, 1997. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
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  16. ↑ McKenzie, Emily; Prasad, Biman; Kaloumaira, Atu (April 2005). Tool One: Guidelines for estimating the economic impact of natural disasters (PDF). USP Solutions, University of the South Pacific, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on Development in the Pacific: Volume 2: Economic Assessment Tools). The Australian Agency for International Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
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  26. 1 2 Cyclone Hina Situation Report Number 1 (Report). United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. March 5, 1997. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014. Alt URL
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cyclone Aid continues to pour in". Island Snapshot. April 10, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Country Report: Pacific Islands: Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western Samoa". Economist Intelligence Unit. 1997. p. 58.
  29. 1 2 3 "T$18million preliminary damage estimate, Cyclone Hina". Island Snapshot. March 27, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Cyclone Hina Situation Report Number 2 (Report). United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. March 25, 1997. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014. Alt URL
  31. 1 2 3 "In the wake of Cyclone Hina, is Cyclone Aid". Island Snapshot. April 3, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  32. 1 2 3 OCHA-Geneva Contributions Report: Tonga - Cyclone 'Hina' - March 1997 (Report). April 14, 1999. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  33. 1 2 "Reconstruction of Tongan Primary Schools Completed". Pacific Islands Report. Pacific Islands Development Program/Center for Pacific Islands Studies. September 9, 1997. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Big Insurance Payout". Island Snapshot. August 30, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
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