Cyclone Anne

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On January 5, 1988, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started to monitor a shallow tropical depression that developed within the monsoon trough about 540 km (335 mi) northeast of Tuvalu. [1] [2] [3] At around the same time, a twin depression developed within the Northern Hemisphere monsoon trough, which eventually became Typhoon Roy. [4] Over the next two days the Southern Hemisphere system developed further as it was steered towards the south-southwest along an area of high pressure, before it became equivalent to a tropical storm while passing through the Tuvaluan islands. [3] [1] [5] As a result, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 07P and started to issue advisories on it. [3] [6] After organized further, the FMS named the storm Anne after it became equivalent to a modern-day Category 2 on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. [1] [2] [3] On January 9, the cyclone started to rapidly intensify while continuing to move towards the south-southwest. Later that day, the JTWC reported that the system had become equivalent to a Category 1 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS), and the FMS upgraded Anne to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale. [1] [3] Early on January 10, the cyclone passed through Temotu Province and about 55 km (35 mi) to the northwest of Anuta Island. [1] [3]

Later on January 10, Anne directly passed over Vanuatu's Torres Islands and came within 65 km (40 mi) of Ureparapara in the Banks Islands. [1] The cyclone continued to move to the south-southwest and affected the northern islands of Vanuatu. [1] Early on January 11, the FMS reported that Anne had peaked, with estimated 10-minute sustained winds near its center of 185 km/h (115 mph), equivalent to a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. [1] [3] At around the same time the JTWC reported that Anne had peak 1-minute peak sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), which made it equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the SSHWS. [3] [6] This made it one of the most intense tropical cyclones of the 1980s. [1] Over the next day, Cyclone Anne turned south and rapidly weakened as it encountered upper-level wind shear, approaching the French overseas territory of New Caledonia. [1] Late on January 12, Anne weakened into a modern-day Category 2 tropical cyclone, before it made landfall on New Caledonia about 110 km (70 mi) to the north-northwest of Noumea. [1] After the cyclone re-emerged into the Coral Sea, the JTWC downgraded Anne to tropical storm status. [3] Later on January 13, Cyclone Anne started to interact with Cyclone Agi, which had rapidly moved south-eastward towards the "relatively deeper" Anne. [1] [3] [7] Agi had developed two days prior near the Louisiade Archipelago, about 1,200 km (745 mi) northwest of Cyclone Anne. [3] [7] Early on January 14, Anne weakened into a depression and subsequently dissipated southeast of New Caledonia as it was caught up in the upper westerly flow. [2] [6] [3]

Preparations and impact

During its early stages of development, Anne passed through the central islands of Tuvalu, causing minor damage to houses and crops such as bananas and coconuts. [1] The storm passed to the north of Funafuti where strong gale force winds of 70 km/h (45 mph) were recorded. [8] The system subsequently affected the Solomon Island province of Temotu between January 9 – 10 while it had sustained winds of 150 km/h (95 mph). [1] However, the cyclone's center did not pass directly over any island, and the smaller islands escaped the destructive hurricane-force winds. [1] Because Anne moved through the province at about 30 km/h (20 mph), any gale and storm force winds that affected the islands were not prolonged. [9] Anuta, Utupua, the Duff Islands and the Reef Islands all reported extensive damage to property and crops, with at least 25 houses and 5 classrooms damaged. [9] [10]

The system affected the Northern Vanuatu Islands between January 10 – 11 and was the fourth major tropical cyclone to affect the island nation since 1985, after Severe Tropical Cyclones Eric, Nigel and Uma. [11] Ahead of Anne affecting Vanuatu, various alerts and warnings were issued including a hurricane warning. [10] During January 10, the cyclone directly passed over the Torres Islands and came within 65 km (40 mi) of the Banks Islands, although it missed Vanuatu's most populated districts around Port Vila and the rest of Espiritu Santo. [1] [12] Within Vanuatu, over 1600 people were made homeless while wind gusts of up to 225 km/h (140 mph) were recorded. [11] [13] [14] Torrential rain, flooding and storm surge caused damage to houses, crops and property while triggering a landslide on the island of Epi. [11] [13] [14] The hardest hit area was Torba Province with severe damage recorded on the islands of Ureparapara and the Torres Islands, while extensive damage was recorded on the islands of Vanua Lava and Gaua. [10] [11] [15] Within the province, virtually the whole population lost their houses, as well as their cash crops. [15] [16] There were reports of 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tidal waves, washing away houses on the west coast of Ureparapara, while significant wave heights of over 11 m (36 ft) were recorded. [1] [17] Within the province of Sanma, severe damage was recorded on Espiritu Santo after Anne flooded huts, unroofed school buildings, uprooted coconut trees and destroyed the main wharf. [16] [18] Overall the total damages from Anne in Vanuatu, were estimated at

In conjunction with Tropical Cyclone Agi, Anne affected the whole of New Caledonia between January 11–15, becoming the most powerful tropical cyclone to affect the French overseas territory in 12 years. [20] Winds in Noumea reached up to 150 km/h (95 mph), although there was no serious damage there. [21] Prolonged storm force winds left extensive damage to the island, with the eastern and southern coasts particularly affected. [1] [10] On January 12, the system produced the highest daily rainfall totals since 1951, with Noumea recording 262 mm (10.3 in). [22]

Larger rainfall totals included 713 mm (28.1 in) in Goro and 519 mm (20.4 in) in Thio. [23] Two people were killed after they attempted to cross a flooded river. [20] Floods also swept away crops, huts and topsoil belonging to indigenous Melanesians that lived in coastal villages. [24] [25] Some areas reported crop damage between 90 and 100%. [10] [26] Most of the roads within the territory were left unusable while all international flights to the territory were cancelled. [21] About half of the houses in Poindimié were damaged or destroyed. [21] The last wooden Royal Navy boat was scheduled to be sunk on January 12, but was moved to January 19 due to the cyclones. [27] [28] Overall, there were about 80 injuries related to the cyclone in New Caledonia. [20]

Aftermath

The aftermath of the cyclone was marked by a distinct lack of a quantitative assessment within the Solomon Islands; with few boats or aircraft near the remote islands, relief measures were slow to get underway. [9] However, 11 men aboard the United States Navy vessel USS Barbour County received Humanitarian Service Medals from the United States Department of Defense after aiding storm victims on Tikopia and Anuta from January 16 to 19. [29] [30] [31]

With some residents forced to seek refuge in caves, the Government of Vanuatu asked the Australian, New Zealand and American governments for emergency food supplies and other assistance. [10] [15] [16] In accordance, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) dispatched two Hercules transport planes to help with recovery efforts. [32] The first carried a helicopter that transported Vanuatu military forces, medical teams and supplies to the affected northern islands, especially remote villages inaccessible to larger aircraft. [12] [32] [33] The other plane was used to transport more than 16,000 kilograms (35,000 lb) of fuel and relief supplies including food and shelter provisions. [32] [34] The Royal New Zealand Air Force also provided a plane, which transported relief supplies from Espiritu Santo to the northern islands up to three times daily, with the bulk of supplies donated by Australia. [12] The European Commission provided Vanuatu with €100,000 in emergency aid to purchase local foods, including rice, preserved meat, and fish, and to distribute it to Anne's victims. [35] The total cost of relief and reconstruction efforts was estimated between US$1.2–2 million. [11] [16]

Within the Paiti-la-Tonuatua area to the north of Noumea, New Caledonia Air Force helicopters rescued several people who had moved to the roofs of their houses. [36] Despite the severe crop damage, no areas were declared disasters by January 20. The South Pacific division of the Adventist Development and Relief Agency sent

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Esau</span>

Severe Tropical Cyclone Esau was the strongest tropical cyclone to affect New Caledonia on record. A shallow tropical depression developed within the monsoon trough during 24 February 1992, about 370 km (230 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next day, the system gradually developed further as it moved towards the south-west under the influence of a northerly steering flow, before it passed over Pentecost Island in northern Vanuatu during 25 February. After passing over Pentecost the system continued to move towards the southwest and passed near the island of Malampa before the depression turned northwards and executed a small clockwise loop as it passed over the island of Espiritu Santo. The system was subsequently named Esau during 26 February, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone. Over the next couple of days, the system moved south-westwards towards Australia and away from the islands of Vanuatu. Esau subsequently executed a second clockwise loop during 28 February, before it peaked as a Category 4 tropical cyclone on both the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. After it had peaked the system moved south-eastwards and threatened Southern Vanuatu, before turning southwards and threatening the French overseas territory of New Caledonia. Esau made landfall on the French territory during 4 March, as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone before degenerating into an extratropical cyclone during 5 March. The systems remnants made landfall on New Zealand's North Island during 8 March, before they were last noted during the next day over the South Pacific Ocean.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Sose</span> Category 2 South Pacific cyclone in 2001

Tropical Cyclone Sose was a moderate storm system that chiefly impacted the island nation of Vanuatu in early April 2001. The developing cyclone was first detected on April 3, while situated well to the northeast of Vanuatu. As atmospheric conditions became more conducive to intensification, the disturbance gradually consolidated as it drifted toward the west-southwest. After receiving the name Sose on April 5, the cyclone was driven southeastward, passing just west of Espiritu Santo and neighboring islands. Although it never made landfall, Sose was particularly expansive, producing a wide area of gale-force winds. The cyclone peaked in strength between April 7 and 8 with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 110 km/h (68 mph) and 1-minute sustained winds of 130 km/h (81 mph), placing it at Category 2 intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. Ultimately, stronger wind shear and an increasingly hostile upper-air pattern took their toll on the cyclone as it progressed due south; Sose lost tropical characteristics to the northeast of Norfolk Island by April 12. The extratropical remnants of Sose continued into the Tasman Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Hola</span> Category 4 severe tropical cyclone in 2017

Severe Tropical Cyclone Hola had significant effects across Vanuatu in March 2018, resulting in the deaths of three people. Forming as a broad tropical disturbance on 5 March, the system slowly consolidated over the next few days before developing into a tropical cyclone on 6 March. Afterwards, a pinhole eye began to emerge and rapid intensification ensued.

The following is a list of all reported tropical cyclones within the South Pacific Ocean to the east of 160°E after the start of World War II in September 1939 and before the start of the 1950s decade.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Kishore, Satya; Fiji Meteorological Service (1988). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). Tropical Cyclone Anne (Mariners Weather Log: Volume 32: Issue 3: Summer 1988). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 33–34. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094005. ISSN   0025-3367. OCLC   648466886. Archived from the original on April 21, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (1988). "January 1988" (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 7 (1): 2. ISSN   1321-4233. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "1988 Tropical Cyclone ANNE (1988006S05182)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  4. ↑ Reese, Kenneth W; Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. Chapter III — Summary of Western North Pacific Ocean and North Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones: Typhoon Roy (01W) (PDF) (1988 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. pp. 29–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
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  19. ↑ Report of the WMO Post-Tropical Cyclone "Pam" Expert Mission to Vanuatu (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. p. 22.
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  23. ↑ New Caledonia Meteorological Office. "Phénomènes ayant le plus durement touché la Nouvelle-Calédonie: De 1880 à nos jours: Anne" [Phenomena having the hardest hit New Caledonia: From 1880 to the present: Anne]. Météo-France. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Pacific typhoon kills 2 injuries 80". The Reading Eagle. Reuters. January 13, 1988. p. 2.
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  31. ↑ Barbour County (LST 1195) – Naval Cruise Book – Class of 1988. United States Navy. 1988.
  32. 1 2 3 "In Brief: Cyclone Aid". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. January 18, 1988. p. 3. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
  33. ↑ "The Nation: Hercules assists". Australian Financial Review. January 13, 1988. p. 4. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  34. ↑ "Regular Shorts: $1M aid for Cyclone area". Sydney Morning Herald. January 18, 1988. p. 8. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  35. ↑ "Emergency Aid in favour of the Central African Republic, Vanuatu and Uganda" (Press release: IP-88-86). The European Union. February 22, 1988. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  36. ↑ Pacific Islands Monthly: February 1988. Vol. 59. Pacific Publications. 1988. p. 22.
  37. ↑ "Aide aux victimes du cyclone Anne". Le Monde (in French). January 24, 1988. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Emergency Aid for New Caledonia" (Press release: IP-88-116). The European Union. March 1, 1988. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  39. ↑ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Anne
Anne Jan 11 1988 0508Z.png
Cyclone Anne on January 11 near its peak intensity
Tropical cyclones of the 1987–88 South Pacific cyclone season
1987-1988 South Pacific cyclone season summary.jpg
TS
04P
1
Agi
4
Anne
4
Bola
3
Cilla
2
Dovi
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