Gaua

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Gaua
Santa Maria
Map-Gaua-Vanuatu.png
Map of Gaua
Womtelo Map-Banks-Vanuatu 1000.png
Geography
Location Pacific Ocean
Coordinates 14°15′54″S167°31′12″E / 14.26500°S 167.52000°E / -14.26500; 167.52000
Archipelago Vanuatu, Banks Islands
Area330 km2 (130 sq mi)
Highest elevation767 m (2516 ft)
Highest point Mount Gharat
Administration
Vanuatu
Province Torba Province
Largest settlementJolap
Demographics
Population2,491 (2009)
Pop. density7.5/km2 (19.4/sq mi)

Gaua [gawa] (formerly known as Santa Maria Island) is the largest and second most populous of the Banks Islands in Torba Province in northern Vanuatu. It covers 342 km2.

Contents

Geography

Location of the Torres and Banks Islands, in the north of Vanuatu. Gaua is the largest island, in the south of that area. Torba in Vanuatu.svg
Location of the Torres and Banks Islands, in the north of Vanuatu. Gaua is the largest island, in the south of that area.

Gaua is subject to frequent earthquakes and cyclones. The climate is humid tropical; the average annual rainfall exceeds 3500 mm. It has rugged terrain, reaching up to Mount Gharat (797 m), the peak of the active stratovolcano which lies at the center of the island. Its most recent eruption was in 2013. The volcano has a 6 × 9 km caldera, within which lies a crater lake, known as Lake Letas, which is the largest lake in Vanuatu. To the east of the lake is Siri Waterfall (120 m drop).

Natural History

Geology

Gaua's geology is fairly typical of an immature volcanic island arc. The oldest part of the island is the southwestern corner, which consists largely of primitive basalts and ankaramites. [1] Most of the island is covered by the Santa Maria Pyroclastic Series, a mafic ignimbrite unit that was produced by the eruption that formed the caldera. [2] Gaua is rare in hosting a mafic ignimbrite, as most similarly explosive eruptions are more silicic; other examples include Masaya in Nicaragua, [3] and on Ambrym, [4] and Tanna, [5] also in Vanuatu. The eruption of the SMPS was also associated with the activation of ring faults, and the production of parasitic volcanic cones around the upper slopes of the volcano. [2]

Wildlife

The upper slopes of the island have been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, because they support populations of Vanuatu megapodes, Vanuatu imperial pigeons, Tanna fruit doves, red-bellied fruit doves, palm lorikeets, cardinal myzomelas, fan-tailed gerygones, long-tailed trillers, streaked fantails, Melanesian flycatchers, southern shrikebills, Vanuatu white-eyes, and red-headed parrotfinches. Other animals found there include long-tailed fruit bats, Vanuatu flying foxes, and coconut crabs. [6]

Population and languages

In 2009, the island had a population of 2,491, and an annual growth rate of 2.0 percent. [7] The inhabitants are scattered among various coastal villages on the western, southern and northeastern sides of the island. The eastern side has a few hamlets with an immigrant community, the members of which have come from the two smaller islands Merig and Merelava, that lie southeast of Gaua. The largest village on Gaua is Jolap [ʧʊlap] , on the west coast. [8]

In addition to Mwerlap (the language of the immigrant population), there are five languages traditionally spoken on Gaua: Lakon (also called Vuré), Olrat, Koro, Dorig, and Nume.

Economy

The livelihood of the people of Gaua is based on the agricultural economy that is traditional throughout of Melanesia: a combination of fishing and horticulture. Their principal exports are copra and cacao.

The island is served by Gaua Airport, which is located in the northeast corner of the island.

Names

The modern name Gaua is pronounced [gawa] in Bislama, the lingua franca of Vanuatu, and in French or English.

In the local Banks languages, the island was traditionally known not by one name, but two. One name reconstructs in Proto-Torres–Banks as a form *ɣaua [ɣaˈua] , the other one as *laᵑgona. These respectively referred to the northeast half of the island, and its southwestern half (where one finds Lakona Bay, and also where the Lakon language is spoken).

Thus the Mota language, which missionaries used when naming most places in the Banks Islands, has the forms Gaua [ɣaua] and Lakona [lakona] ; Olrat and Lakon have Gaō [ɣaˈʊ] and Lakon [laˈkɔn] ; and the immigrant language Mwerlap has Gō [ɣʊ] and Lakon [laˈkɔn] . Other Torres-Banks languages that have reflexes of the two etyma include Mwotlap Agō [aˈɣʊ] and Alkon [alˈkon] ; [9] and Vurës Gō [ɣo] and Lokon [lɔˈkɔn] .

Some modern languages have generalized one of these two etyma to refer to the whole island. Thus it is called Gog [ɣɔɣ] in Nume, Gō [ɣʊ] in Koro (both < *ɣaua), and Lkon [lkɔn] in Dorig (< *laᵑgona). Other Torres-Banks languages that have only one reflex of the two etyma include Hiw and Lo-Toga Gawe [ˈɣawə] (< *ɣaua), Vera'a Lōkōno [lʊkʊnɔ] (< *laᵑgona) and Mwesen Gō [ɣʊ] (< *ɣaua).

History

Gaua was first sighted by Europeans during the Spanish expedition of Pedro Fernández de Quirós, from 25 to 29 April 1606. The island’s name was then charted as Santa María. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Torba Province</span> Province of Vanuatu

Torba is the northernmost and least populous province of Vanuatu. It consists of the Banks Islands and the Torres Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanua Lava</span> Island in Vanuatu

Vanua Lava is the second largest of the Banks Islands in Torba Province, Vanuatu, after slightly larger Gaua.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mota Lava</span> Island in Vanuatu

Mota Lava or Motalava is an island of the Banks group, in the north of Vanuatu. It forms a single coral system with the small island of Ra.

Qat is the principal god in the oral mythology of the Banks Islands, a small archipelago of northern Vanuatu, Melanesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuwae</span> Submarine caldera between the Epi and Tongoa islands in Vanuatu

Kuwae was a landmass that existed in the vicinity of Tongoa and was destroyed by volcanic eruption in fifteenth century, probably through caldera subsidence. The exact location of the caldera is debated. A submarine caldera, now known as Kuwae caldera that is located between the Epi and Tongoa islands, is a potential candidate. Kuwae caldera cuts through the flank of the Tavani Ruru volcano on Epi and the northwestern end of Tongoa. Another potential candidate is a proposed caldera between Tongoa and Tongariki.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ureparapara</span> Island of Vanuatu

Ureparapara is the third largest island in the Banks group of northern Vanuatu, after Gaua and Vanua Lava.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siri Waterfall</span> Waterfall in Vanuatu

Siri Waterfall, formerly called Santa Maria Waterfall, is a 120-metre-high (390 ft) waterfall located about 3 km inland from the eastern coast of the island of Gaua in northern Vanuatu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Letas</span> Crater lake in Gaua

Lake Letas is the largest lake in Vanuatu, located in the center of the volcanic island of Gaua of the Banks Islands in northern Vanuatu. The place submitted an application to be considered an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, and has been listed as a protected Ramsar site since 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Gharat</span> Volcano in Vanuatu

Mount Gharat or Mount Garet, a somma volcano, is the highest peak on the volcanic island of Gaua of the Banks Islands in northern Vanuatu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexandre François</span> French linguist

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The North Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in northern Vanuatu.

Lakon is an Oceanic language, spoken on the west coast of Gaua island in Vanuatu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Merelava</span> Island in Vanuatu

Merelava is an island in the Banks Islands of the Torba Province of northern Vanuatu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorig (Vanuatu)</span>

Dorig is a village located on the south coast of Gaua, in the Banks Islands of Vanuatu.

Nume is an Oceanic language spoken on Gaua island in Vanuatu. Its 700 speakers live on the northeast coast of Gaua.

Olrat was an Oceanic language of Gaua island, in northern Vanuatu. It became extinct in 2009, with the death of its last speaker Maten Womal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tefala (Vanuatu)</span> Uninhabited island in the country of Vanuatu

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Fatumiala is a small island in the Pacific Ocean, a part of the Shefa Province of Vanuatu.

The Torres–Banks languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in the Torres Islands and Banks Islands of northern Vanuatu.

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References

  1. ↑ Beaumais, Aurélien; Bertrand, Hervé; Chazot, Gilles; Dosso, Laure; Robin, Claude (2016-08-15). "Temporal magma source changes at Gaua volcano, Vanuatu island arc". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 322: 30–47. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.026 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  2. 1 2 Robin, Claude; Eissen, Jean‐Philippe; Monzier, Michel (1995). "Mafic pyroclastic flows at Santa Maria (Gaua) Volcano, Vanuatu: the caldera formation problem in mainly mafic island arc volcanoes". Terra Nova. 7 (4): 436–443. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1995.tb00539.x. ISSN   0954-4879.
  3. ↑ Bice, David C. (1985). "Quaternary volcanic stratigraphy of Managua, Nicaragua: Correlation and source assignment for multiple overlapping plinian deposits". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 96 (4): 553. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<553:QVSOMN>2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0016-7606.
  4. ↑ Robin, Claude; Eissen, Jean-Philippe; Monzier, Michel (March 1993). "Giant tuff cone and 12-km-wide associated caldera at Ambrym Volcano (Vanuatu, New Hebrides Arc)". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 55 (3–4): 225–238. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90039-T.
  5. ↑ Robin, Claude; Eissen, Jean-Philippe; Monzier, Michel (1994-03-01). "Ignimbrites of basaltic andesite and andesite compositions from Tanna, New Hebrides Arc". Bulletin of Volcanology. 56 (1): 10–22. doi:10.1007/s004450050013. ISSN   0258-8900.
  6. ↑ "Gaua". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  7. ↑ "2009 National Census of Population and Housing: Summary Release" (PDF). Vanuatu National Statistics Office. 2009. Retrieved November 21, 2010.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Satellite photo of Jolap village.
  9. ↑ See entries Agō and Alkon in the Online Mwotlap dictionary.
  10. ↑ Kelly, Celsus, O.F.M. La Austrialia del Espíritu Santo. The Journal of Fray Martín de Munilla O.F.M. and other documents relating to the Voyage of Pedro Fernández de Quirós to the South Sea (1605-1606) and the Franciscan Missionary Plan (1617-1627) Cambridge, 1966, p.39, 62.
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