Cyclone Hudah

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At 18:00 UTC on 22 March, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring an area of disturbed weather in the central Indian Ocean, [1] approximately 685 km (426 mi) southeast of Christmas Island. The system was embedded mostly in the monsoon trough, surrounded by favorable environmental conditions, [2] which prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 00:30 UTC on 24 March. [1] Convection increased as vertical wind shear decreased, [2] and the system developed a curved band pattern. [3] Throughout the day, the storm showed signs of potential rapid intensification, due to its quick organization. The Bureau of Meteorology's Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (Perth TCWC) noted the system as a tropical low at 10:00 UTC on 24 March, [2] and the JTWC issued its first warning two hours later. [1] However, for reasons which remain unclear, the Bureau of Meteorology did not extensively monitor the system. [3]

Initially, the storm moved westward under the influence of a strong subtropical ridge to the south. Despite having reached tropical cyclone intensity according to Perth TCWC, it was not assigned a name. Once the storm crossed 90°E on 25 March, the Météo-France's La Réunion Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (MFR) began tracking the system as a moderate tropical storm, giving it the name Hudah. [2] [3] [4] [5] Gradually intensifying, Hudah developed an eye with an eyewall primarily in the northern semicircle, indicated by a Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) pass over the system. [2] [4] On 26 March, Hudah ceased strengthening as cloud tops warmed and the eye became no longer evident. [2] Atmospheric divergence remained favorable, [2] and Hudah eventually restrengthened, attaining tropical cyclone intensity at 00:00 UTC on 27 March, [5] while located approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) southeast of Diego Garcia. [2] This period of strengthening was short-lived, likely due to dry air. The cloud structure fluctuated as well, with a poorly-defined eye appearing at times on satellite imagery. [4] Hudah was able to attain an initial peak intensity of 155 km/h (96 mph) at 06:00 UTC on 29 March according to the MFR, shortly after passing 1,010 km (630 mi) south of Diego Garcia. [5] An anticyclone that had been over Hudah showed signs of weakening later that day, spurring an increase in wind shear and causing weakening. [2] This period of weakening was short-lived, and Hudah resumed its former strengthening trend by the night of 30 March as shear decreased and convective organization and areal extent increased. [2] [4] After passing 275 km (171 mi) north of Rodrigues Island, [2] Hudah attained intense tropical cyclone status by 12:00 UTC on 31 March. [5] Satellite imagery indicated a large, cloud-free eye, indicative of a strong tropical cyclone. [2]

On 1 April, Hudah continued intensifying while approaching eastern Madagascar, and by 06:00 UTC that day, the MFR upgraded the storm to very intense tropical cyclone intensity [5] – the highest rating on the agency's cyclone classification scale. [6] Shortly after, at 12:00 UTC, the storm was analyzed to have reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 225 km/h (140 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 905 mbar (905 hPa; 26.7 inHg), ranking Hudah among some of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded in the Southwest Indian Ocean. [4] The JTWC listed a similar intensity for the storm, with winds of 235 km/h (146 mph), though these winds were for 1-minute sustained winds instead of 10-minute sustained winds. [7] This intensity was later analyzed to have been very near the theoretical maximum for tropical cyclones in the environmental conditions Hudah was in. At the time, TRMM imagery indicated that the storm featured two concentric eyewalls. [4] Cyclone Hudah maintained peak intensity up until it made its first landfall approximately 28 km (17 mi) southeast of Antalaha, Madagascar at 17:30 UTC on 2 April. [5] [7] Hudah substantially weakened as it traversed the mountainous terrain of northern Madagascar, and was downgraded to tropical depression status by the time it entered the Mozambique Channel at 12:00 UTC on 3 April. [7]

Despite losing much of its convection over land, Hudah maintained a well-organized cloud structure once in the Mozambique Channel on 3 April. [4] As a result of moving back over warm waters, the system began to re-intensify, and attained moderate tropical storm intensity at 00:00 UTC on 4 April. [5] Meanwhile, a large central dense overcast developed, and Hudah began to track west-southwestward as opposed to its previous westward trajectory. Despite computer forecast models suggesting that Hudah would continue westward, the storm instead turn to a southward drift, giving it time to strengthen in the Mozambique Channel. This was the result of a mid-latitude trough weakening the nearby subtropical ridge. [4] By 18:00 UTC on 5 April, Hudah was upgraded back to tropical cyclone intensity. [5] A banding eye began to appear on satellite imagery, though it remained generally unstable, [4] and a large banding feature formed over the western half of Hudah. The nearby trough later weakened in intensity, causing the tropical cyclone to move north-northwestward towards the Mozambique coast on 7 April. [7] It was at this time that Hudah reached a tertiary peak intensity with winds of 160 km/h (99 mph). [5] The tropical cyclone accelerated northwards throughout the day, eventually making its final landfall near Pebane, Mozambique at 06:00 UTC on 8 April as a slightly weaker storm. [1] [7] Once inland, Hudah rapidly weakened, and was no longer tracked by the MFR by 00:00 UTC on 9 April. [5] The JTWC issued its final warning on the system six hours later, [1] as the remnants of Hudah moved through northeastern Mozambique, producing spotty convection. [7]

Preparations, impact, and aftermath

Cyclone Hudah reintensifying in the Mozambique Channel on 7 April Cyclone Hudah 7 Apr 2000 0456z.png
Cyclone Hudah reintensifying in the Mozambique Channel on 7 April

Rodrigues Island, Saint Brandon, and Tromelin Island

Passing north of Rodrigues Island on 30 March, Hudah produced moderate winds, though effects to infrastructure and crops on the island were minimal. During the night of the following day, Hudah passed near the Saint Brandon archipelago. A weather station on the island maintained by the Mauritius Meteorological Services reported a minimum pressure of roughly 996 mbar (996 hPa; 29.4 inHg) and a maximum sustained wind measurement of 70 km/h (43 mph). During the night of 1 April, the cyclone passed approximately 35 km (22 mi) south of Tromelin Island, producing strong winds. A Météo-France station on the isle recorded sustained winds of 125 km/h (78 mph) and a gust of 180 km/h (110 mph). A minimum pressure of 972 mbar (972 hPa; 28.7 inHg) was also recorded. Due to a lack of sustainable infrastructure on the latter two islands, damage was minimal. [4]

Madagascar

As the cyclone moved closer to Madagascar on 2 April, Radio Madagascar called for residents of Toamasina to take precautionary measures. At the time, forecasts predicted that Hudah would make landfall in northern Madagascar later that day. [8]

Upon making landfall, Hudah impacted the same regions that were affected earlier in the year by Cyclone Leon–Eline and Severe Tropical Storm Gloria. [9] The cyclone produced waves at least 8 m (26 ft) in height, which impacted the coast. [10] Across affected areas, coffee plantations, fruit trees, and rice crops in low-lying areas were damaged. [11] Food warehouses in the northeastern areas of Madagascar were destroyed. [12] In the small town of Antalaha, up to 90 percent of all homes were destroyed, and two people were killed. [13] The city's water and electrical systems were cut off. [14] Only eight homes remained intact along a stretch of road leading from the town to the local airstrip. [13] As a result, only concrete structures remained standing, while those made of iron sheeting or wood materials were destroyed. [15] Thus, the road was covered in debris, slightly delaying airlift operations to the region in the storm's aftermath. [16] Nearby vanilla fields were also severely damaged. [11]

Due to the effects of Hudah, the cyclone was considered the worst to strike the Antalaha region in 20 years. [7] The towns of Maroantsetra and Andapa were also hit hard, with 60 to 70 percent of homes in the latter town destroyed. [13] Maroantsetra, a coastal town, was flooded by the storm surge, [16] and as a result seven people died. [12] The commune of Mananara Nord was completely flooded by the storm. [15] Other isolated villages could not be reached via road or telecommunications due to the storm. [13] One of these cities was Sambava, which suffered from a lack of available telephone links since late on 2 April. [17] One person died in Sambava. [12] A resort in the town of Cap Est was flattened. [16] Initial estimates indicated that Hudah caused at least 100,000 people to become homeless. [13]

Mozambique

While Hudah was located in the Mozambique Channel, the cyclone was expected to cause flood conditions in the Mozambican provinces of Nampula, Cabo Delgado, and potentially Zambezia. [11] Even prior to Hudah, Mozambique was already facing a widespread flood and resultant humanitarian crisis; conditions which were further exacerbated by three tropical cyclones which impacted the country within the previous four months. [10] The Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades (INGC) warned residents in potentially affected areas to take precautionary measures and secure fishing boats. [11] The South African National Defense Force (SANDF) maintained 50 soldiers and other military personnel and a number of aircraft to monitor the ongoing floods in Mozambique and potential impacts from Hudah. An Australian contingency held operations for a hospital and water purification plant in Chibuto to assist potentially affected populations. [18] Multiple other relief organizations began to supply Mozambique with relief supplies due to the threat of the impending storm. The UN World Food Programme (WFP) sent 1,000 tonnes (1,100 short tons) of food to Nampula Province and 500 tonnes (550 short tons) of food to Quelimane Province. The WFP also placed relief aircraft on standby. The Mozambican Ministry of Health sent 30 tents and 10 rolls of plastic to Cabo Delgado, Nampula, and Zambezia provinces. [19] The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) dispatched a group of 12-member search and rescue team to Maputo in order to train local relief crews. [20]

Just 46 days after Cyclone Eline's devastating landfall in Mozambique, Hudah brought further flooding to the nation, although farther north than Eline. [4] Before the storm moved ashore, Hudah dropped 80 mm (3.1 in) of rainfall over 24 hours in Quelimane along the coast. [21] Despite the heavy rainfall from Hudah, there was not a repeat of the deadly river flooding that followed Eline. [22] The Licungo River rose due to the rains, but the water levels did not rise above the banks. [23] Some roads near Pebane were flooded, although not deep enough to disrupt travel. The storm's strong winds knocked over many trees in its path, [22] mostly in a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius around Pebane, blocking the main road into the city. The winds also damaged about 10% of the roofs in Pebane, as well as four schools; [24] about 160 boarding school children had to be sheltered elsewhere due to damage. [25] A damaged wall fell and injured four people. [26] Outside of the city, the winds damaged the manioc crop, [24] and about 60 ha (150 acres) of crop fields were destroyed. [25] The cyclone destroyed around 100 huts in Pebane and nearby Moma, leaving 300 people homeless. [27] There were three deaths in Mozambique related to Hudah; [4] strong winds knocked a coconut off a tree, killing a child. [21] Overall damage was less than anticipated. [24]

Aftermath

After the storm, the United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT) assisted the Conseil National de Secours (CNS) in Madagascar with surveying areas affected by Hudah. [15] [28] The UNDMT also appealed for relief materials for at least 50,000–100,000 people. Two light helicopters in Mahajanga and Sambava were dispatched to support two planes in providing assistance to affected populations. [28] Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) also provided food and medical aid. [29] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) served as a channel for donations to relief efforts, and also made available US$50,000 from the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID) for immediate relief purposes. [11] [28] Although the Red Cross had appealed for relief materials for Madagascar before Hudah had hit, these materials would arrive in April, assisting residents affected by Hudah and serving as a backbone for a long-term rehabilitation plan. [16] Due to inclement weather, surveys by humanitarian organizations on the island were not conducted until 4 April, a full two days after Hudah first struck the island. [11] A Malagasy aircraft delivered 6 tonnes (6.6 metric tons) of rice along with packages of other various supplies to affected regions. The CNS planned to deliver 10 tonnes (11 short tons) of rice to Antalaha. [12] Although initial reports indicated that 24 people were killed due to Hudah, later reports raised the death toll in Madagascar to 111. [4]

In Mozambique, the country's National Institute of Disaster Management distributed 10 tons of food products and plastic housing tents to Pebane, where damage was worst. [22] Officials determined that the storm damage could be repaired by local governments. [30]

See also

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Severe Tropical Storm Eliakim was a tropical cyclone that affected Madagascar and killed 21 people in 2018. The seventh tropical depression, sixth tropical storm of the 2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, and fourth tropical cyclone in 2018 to impact Madagascar, Eliakim was first noted as an area of atmospheric convection south-southwest of Diego Garcia on 9 March. Developmental conditions were favorable in its vicinity, and on 14 March, both the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and Météo-France La Réunion (MFR) began issuing warnings on the system, with MFR designating it as Tropical Disturbance 7 and the JTWC giving it the designation 14S. On the next day, MFR upgraded the system to a moderate tropical storm, assigning it the name Eliakim. Eliakim further intensified into a severe tropical storm on 15 March, with the JTWC upgrading it to a Category 1-equivalent cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson scale on 16 March. Eliakim made landfall on Masoala at 07:00 UTC, after which MFR estimated maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 110 km/h (70 mph) within the system. Eliakim weakened into a moderate tropical storm before abruptly turning southwards and re-emerging over water on 17 March. Despite unfavorable conditions, Eliakim re-intensified into a severe tropical storm on 19 March before being downgraded back into a moderate tropical storm 6 hours later. Eliakim transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone on 20 March as it moved away from Madagascar, with the MFR last tracking the system on 22 March.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season</span> Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean

The 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season featured the record latest start for the first system to develop. Despite the late start, it was an above-average season that produced 12 named storms, with 5 becoming tropical cyclones. The season began on 15 November 2021, and ended on 30 April 2022, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it ended on 15 May 2022. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. However, tropical cyclones that form at any time between 1 July 2021 and 30 June 2022 will count towards the season total. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion and unofficially by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Dumako</span> South-West Indian Ocean tropical storm in 2022.

Moderate Tropical Storm Dumako was a weak tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in Madagascar. The fourth disturbance and fourth named storm of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, it was the third storm to make landfall on Madagascar in 2022 after Ana and Batsirai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Gombe</span> South-West Indian Ocean cyclone in 2022

Tropical Cyclone Gombe was a strong tropical cyclone that affected Mozambique. It became the first storm to make a major landfall in Nampula Province in Mozambique since Cyclone Jokwe in 2008. The eighth tropical storm, fourth tropical cyclone and fourth intense tropical cyclone of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Gombe originated from a tropical disturbance located off the coast of Madagascar. This area of convection was designated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center as Invest 97S on 6 March. The next day, it began to slowly move westward and executed a loop as it became more organized, which prompted Météo-France Reunion (MFR) to note the system as Zone of Disturbed Weather 09. The system became a depression on 9 March, and became a moderate tropical storm the same day. Soon after being named, Gombe made landfall in Madagascar, and entered in the Mozambique Channel the next day. The storm continued its westward motion while slowly intensifying, and was upgraded to a Tropical Cyclone by the MFR on 10 March. Closing in on Nampula Province, the storm underwent rapid intensification, and was upgraded to the fourth Intense Tropical Cyclone of the year and reached its peak intensity on 11 march, with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), and a minimum central pressure of 960 hectopascals (28 inHg). The storm proceeded to make landfall, and quickly lost its convection over land. On 12 March, Gombe degenerated into a remnant low overland. However, the system subsequently turned southeastward and reemerged over water, before briefly regenerating into a tropical depression on 17 March. Gombe dissipated later that day.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 2000 JTWC Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (JTWC Annual Tropical Cyclone Reports). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2000. p. 305. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Padgett, Gary (March 2000). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary March 2000". Global Tropical Cyclones Summaries and Operational Track Data. Australiasevereweather.com. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. "Tropical Cyclone Hudah" (PDF). Perth, Australia: Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Centre des Cyclones Tropicaux de La Réunion. Saison Cyclonique - Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien (PDF). La Saison Cyclonique A Madagascar (Report) (in French and English). La Réunion: Météo-France. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 La Réunion RSMC. "Donnees De Hudah" (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  6. ↑ "Tableau des alertes cycloniques" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Padgett, Gary (April 2000). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary April 2000". Global Tropical Cyclones Summaries and Operational Track Data. Australiasevereweather.com. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  8. ↑ Razafintsalama, Honore (2 April 2000). "Powerful new cyclone edges closer to Madagascar". Antananarvio, Madagascar: ReliefWeb. Reuters. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  9. ↑ "Successive storms batter Madagascar, threaten Mozambique". Antananarvio, Madagascar: ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 3 March 2000. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  10. 1 2 US Fund For UNICEF (4 April 2000). Mozambique: Latest Information 4 Apr 2000 (Situation Report). New York City, New York: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Southern Africa: Floods report 4 Apr 2000". Johannesburg, South Africa: ReliefWeb. Integrated Regional Information Networks. 4 April 2000. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Southern Africa: Floods report 5 Apr 2000". Johannesburg, South Africa: ReliefWeb. Integrated Regional Information Networks. 5 April 2000. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cyclone Hudah leaves two dead, up to 100,000 homeless, in Madagascar". Antananarvio, Madagascar: ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 3 April 2000. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  14. ↑ Médecins Sans Frontières (5 April 2000). Urgence Madagascar - Une nouvelle intervention se met en place à Madagascar suite au passage du cyclone Hudah (Urgence Madagascar) (in French). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 "Southern Africa: Floods report 3 Apr 2000". Johannesburg, South Africa: ReliefWeb. Integrated Regional Information Networks. 3 April 2000. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Cyclone demolishes Madagascar town, heads for Mozambique". ReliefWeb. DisasterRelief.com. 4 April 2000. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  17. ↑ "Malagasy vanilla capital isolated by former cyclone Hudah". Antananarvio, Madagascar: ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 3 April 2000. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  18. ↑ "Cyclone Hudah sparks red alert". Independent Online. 6 April 2000. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  19. ↑ Republic of Mozambique's Council of Disaster Management Coordinator for the National Institute of Disaster Management (5 April 2000). Mozambique: INGC Situation Report 05 Apr 2000 (INGC Situation Report). Maputo, Mozambique: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  20. ↑ "US deploys emergency personnel to Mozambique ahead of new storm's brunt". Washington, D.C.: ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 5 April 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  21. 1 2 "Cyclone Hudah bringing heavy rain to flood-hit Mozambique". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 7 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  22. 1 2 3 "Mozambique: INGC Situation Report 10 Apr 2000". Government of Mozambique. ReliefWeb. 10 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  23. ↑ "Mozambique: INGC Situation Report 14 Apr 2000". Government of Mozambique. ReliefWeb. 14 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  24. 1 2 3 "Southern Africa Cyclone Hudah Fact Sheet #4 (FY 2000)". United States Agency for International Development. ReliefWeb. 10 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  25. 1 2 "Mozambique - Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 24". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. 11 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  26. ↑ "Four injured as Cyclone Hudah hits central Mozambique". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 8 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  27. ↑ "Cyclone Hudah leaves 300 homeless in Mozambique". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 10 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  28. 1 2 3 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (3 April 2000). Madagascar - Cyclone "Hudah" OCHA Situation Report No. 1 (OCHA Situation Report). Geneva, Switzerland: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  29. ↑ Médecins Sans Frontières (4 April 2000). Lettre d'information de Médecins Sans Frontières N°9 - 4 avril 2000 (Lettre d'information de Médecins Sans Frontières) (in French). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  30. ↑ "Mozambique: Latest cyclone assessment". IRIN. ReliefWeb. 12 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah
Hudah 2000-03-31 0645Z.jpg
Cyclone Hudah on 31 March
1999-2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.png
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Damienne
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