Television Infrared Observation Satellite

Television InfraRed Observation Satellite
	TIROS 6 satellite
Manufacturer	RCA Astrospace ; Lockheed Martin
Country of origin	United States
Operator	NASA
Applications	Meteorology
Specifications
Bus	TIROS
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Production
Launched	45
Lost	4

Last updated April 07, 2024

First TV image of Earth from space TIROS-1-Earth.png — First TV image of Earth from space

TIROS, or Television InfraRed Observation Satellite, is a series of early weather satellites launched by the United States, beginning with TIROS-1 in 1960. TIROS was the first satellite that was capable of remote sensing of the Earth, enabling scientists to view the Earth from a new perspective: space.^[1] The program, promoted by Harry Wexler, proved the usefulness of satellite weather observation, at a time when military reconnaissance satellites were secretly in development or use. TIROS demonstrated at that time that "the key to genius is often simplicity".^[2] TIROS is an acronym of "Television InfraRed Observation Satellite" and is also the plural of "tiro" which means "a young soldier, a beginner".^[3]

Participants in the TIROS project included the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), United States Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Radio Corporation of America (RCA), the United States Weather Bureau Service, the United States Naval Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).^[4]

Description

The 122 kg (269 lb) satellite was launched into a nearly circular low Earth orbit by a Thor-Able rocket. Drum-shaped with a 42-inch (110 cm) diameter, and height of 19 inches (48 cm), the TIROS satellite carried two 6-inch (15 cm) long television cameras. One of the cameras had a wide-angle lens with an f/1.6 aperture that could view an 800-mile-wide area of the Earth. The other camera had a telephoto lens with an f/1.8 aperture and 10- to 12-power magnification^{[ citation needed ]} compared to the wide angle camera.

The satellite itself was stabilized in its orbit by spinning like a gyroscope. When it first separated from the rocket's third stage, it was spinning at about 136 revolutions per minute (rpm). To take unblurred photographs, a de-spin mechanism slowed the satellite down to 12 rpm after the orbit was achieved.

The camera shutters made possible the series of still pictures that were stored and transmitted back to earth via 2-watt FM transmitters as the satellite approached one of its ground command points. After transmission, the tape was erased or cleaned and readied for more recording.

Series

TIROS continued as the more advanced TIROS Operational System (TOS),^[5] and eventually was succeeded by the Improved TIROS Operational System (ITOS) or TIROS-M,^[6] and then by the TIROS-N ^[7] and Advanced TIROS-N^[8] series of satellites. NOAA-N Prime (NOAA-19) is the last in the TIROS series of NOAA satellites that observe Earth's weather and the environment.^[9]

The naming of the satellites can become confusing because some of them use the same name as the over-seeing organization, such as "ESSA" for TOS satellites overseen by the Environmental Science Services Administration (for example, ESSA-1) and "NOAA" (for example, NOAA-M) for later TIROS-series satellites overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.^[9]

TIROS-1 (A): launched on 1 April 1960, suffered electrical system failure on 15 June 1960
TIROS-2 (B): launched on 23 November 1960, failed on 22 January 1961
TIROS-3 (C): launched on 12 July 1961, deactivated on 28 February 1962
TIROS-4 (D): launched on 8 February 1962, failed on 30 June 1962 (both cameras failed earlier)
TIROS-5 (E): launched on 19 June 1962, failed on 13 May 1963
TIROS-6 (F): launched on 18 September 1962, failed on 21 October 1963
TIROS-7 (G): launched on 19 June 1963, deactivated on 3 June 1968
TIROS-8 (H): launched on 23 December 1963, deactivated on 1 July 1967
TIROS-9 (I): launched on 22 January 1965, failed on 15 February 1967. First Tiros satellite in near-polar orbit
TIROS-10 (OT-1): launched on 2 July 1965, deactivated on 1 July 1967.

As of June 2009, all TIROS satellites launched between 1960 and 1965 (with the exception of TIROS-7) were still in orbit.^[10]

TIROS Operational System

ESSA-1 (OT-3)^[11]
ESSA-2 (OT-2)^[12]
ESSA-3 (TOS-A)^[13]
ESSA-4 (TOS-B)^[14]
ESSA-5 (TOS-C)^[15]
ESSA-6 (TOS-D)^[16]
ESSA-7 (TOS-E)^[17]
ESSA-8 (TOS-F)^[18]
ESSA-9 (TOS-G)^[19]

ITOS/TIROS-M

TIROS-M (ITOS-1): launched on 23 January 1970
NOAA-1 (ITOS-A): launched on 11 December 1970
ITOS-B launched on 21 October 1971, unusable orbit
ITOS-C
NOAA-2 (ITOS-D): launched on 15 October 1972
ITOS-E launched on 16 July 1973, failed to orbit
NOAA-3 (ITOS-F): launched on 6 November 1973
NOAA-4 (ITOS-G): launched on 15 November 1974
NOAA-5 (ITOS-H): launched 29 July 1976

TIROS-N

TIROS-N (Proto-flight): Launched 13 October 1978 into a 470-nmi orbit; deactivated on 27 February 1981.^[20]
NOAA-6 (NOAA-A prior to launch): Launched 27 June 1979 into a 450-nmi orbit. The HIRS, a primary mission sensor, failed 19 September 1983. The satellite exceeded its two-year designed lifetime by almost six years when deactivated on 31 March 1987.^[20]^[21]
NOAA-B: Launched 29 May 1980. It failed to achieve a usable orbit because of a booster engine anomaly.^[9]
NOAA-7 (C): Launched 23 June 1981 into a 470-nmi orbit; deactivated June 1986.^[20]
NOAA-12 (D): Launched 14 May 1991 into a 450-nmi AM orbit, out of sequence (see below). Placed in standby mode on 14 December 1998, when NOAA-15 became operational^[20] and deactivated on 10 August 2007, setting an extended lifetime record of over sixteen years.^[9]

Advanced TIROS-N

The Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft were similar to the NOAA-A through -D satellites, apart from an enlarged Equipment Support Module to allow integration of additional payloads. A change from the TIROS-N through NOAA-D spacecraft was that spare word locations in the low bit rate data system TIROS Information Processor (TIP) was used for special instruments such as the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBE) and SBUV/2. The search and rescue (SAR) system became independent, utilizing a special frequency for transmission of data to the ground.^[22]

NOAA-8 (E): Launched 28 March 1983 into a 450 nmi (830 km; 520 mi) orbit, out of sequence (before NOAA-D) to get the first SAR system on a US satellite operational.^[9] Deactivated 29 December 1985, following a thermal runaway which destroyed a battery.^[21]
NOAA-9 (F): Launched 12 December 1984 into 470 nmi "afternoon" orbit and was the first satellite to carry an SBUV/2 instrument. It was deactivated on 1 August 1993 but was reactivated three weeks later, after the failure of NOAA-13. The SARR transmitter failed on 18 December 1997 and the satellite was permanently deactivated on 13 February 1998.^[20]^[21]
NOAA-10 (G): Launched 17 September 1986 into a 450 nmi "morning" orbit. Placed in standby mode on 17 September 1991 (when NOAA-12 became operational)^[21] and deactivated on 30 August 2001.^[20]
NOAA-11 (H): Launched 24 September 1988 into a 470 nmi PM orbit. Placed in standby mode in March 1995 and was reactivated in May 1997 to provide soundings after an HIRS anomaly on NOAA-12.^[21] Decommissioned 16 June 2004.^[23]
NOAA-13 (I): Launched 9 August 1993 into a 470 nmi PM orbit; two weeks after launch the spacecraft suffered a catastrophic power system anomaly. Attempts to contact or command the spacecraft were unsuccessful.^[20]
NOAA-14 (J): Launched 30 December 1994 into a 470 nmi PM orbit and decommissioned 23 May 2007 after more than twelve years of operation.^[23]
NOAA-15 (K): Launched 13 May 1998 into a 450 nmi morning orbit and replaced NOAA-12 on 14 December 1998, as the primary AM spacecraft. Now secondary, with MetOp-B as the AM primary.^[24]
NOAA-16 (L): Launched 21 September 2000 into a 470-nmi afternoon orbit; replaced NOAA-14 on 19 March 2001, as the primary AM spacecraft.^[20] Decommissioned on 9 June 2014 due to major spacecraft anomaly.^[25]
NOAA-17 (M): Launched 24 June 2002 into a 450 nmi AM orbit and decommissioned 10 April 2013.^[23]
NOAA-18 (N): Launched 20 May 2005 into a 470 nmi afternoon orbit and replaced NOAA-16 as the PM primary spacecraft on 30 August 2005.^[24]^[25]
NOAA-19 (N Prime): Launched 6 February 2009 into a 470 nmi afternoon orbit^[26] and replaced NOAA-18 as the PM primary spacecraft on 2 June 2009.^[24]^[27]

Related Research Articles

NOAA-4, also known as ITOS-G was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS. NOAA-4 was launched on a Delta rocket on November 15, 1974. The launch carried two other satellites: AMSAT-OSCAR 7 and Intasat. It remained operational for 1463 days until it was deactivated by NOAA on November 18, 1978.

NOAA-18, also known as NOAA-N before launch, is an operational, polar orbiting, weather satellite series operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-18 also continued the series of Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft begun with the launch of NOAA-8 (NOAA-E) in 1983 but with additional new and improved instrumentation over the NOAA A-M series and a new launch vehicle. NOAA-18 is in an afternoon equator-crossing orbit and replaced NOAA-17 as the prime afternoon spacecraft.

The Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) is a constellation of polar orbiting weather satellites funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) with the intent of improving the accuracy and detail of weather analysis and forecasting. The spacecraft were provided by NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA), and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center oversaw the manufacture, integration and test of the NASA-provided TIROS satellites. The first polar-orbiting weather satellite launched as part of the POES constellation was the Television Infrared Observation Satellite-N (TIROS-N), which was launched on 13 October 1978. The final spacecraft, NOAA-19, was launched on 6 February 2009. The ESA-provided MetOp satellite operated by EUMETSAT utilize POES-heritage instruments for the purpose of data continuity. The Joint Polar Satellite System, which was launched on 18 November 2017, is the successor to the POES Program.

NOAA-13, also known as NOAA-I before launch, was an American weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-I continued the operational, polar orbiting, meteorological satellite series operated by the National Environmental Satellite System (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-I continued the series (fifth) of Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft begun with the launch of NOAA-8 (NOAA-E) in 1983. NOAA-I was in an afternoon equator-crossing orbit and was intended to replace the NOAA-11 (NOAA-H) as the prime afternoon (14:00) spacecraft.

NOAA-7, known as NOAA-C before launch, was an American operational weather satellite for use in the National Operational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-1984. The satellite design provided an economical and stable Sun-synchronous platform for advanced operational instruments to measure the atmosphere of Earth, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space environment. An earlier launch, NOAA-B, was scheduled to become NOAA-7, however NOAA-B failed to reach its required orbit.

ESSA-1 was a spin-stabilized operational meteorological satellite. Its name was derived from that of its oversight agency, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ESSA-9</span> Meteorological satellite

ESSA-9, also known as TOS-G, was a meteorological satellite. Its name was derived from that of its oversight agency, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA). ESSA-9 replaced the ESSA-7 satellite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TIROS-N</span> U.S. weather satellite

TIROS-N satellite is the first of the TIROS-N series. It is a weather satellite launched on 13 October 1978. It was designed to become operational during 2 years. Its mass is 734 kilograms. Its perigee to Earth is 829 kilometers. Its apogee is 845 kilometers away from Earth. Its inclination is 98.70°. It was managed by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); designed and launched by NASA. The spacecraft was 3-axis stabilized. TIROS-N was operated for 868 days until deactivated by NOAA on 27 February 1981.

NOAA-6, known as NOAA-A before launch, was an American operational weather satellite for use in the National Operational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-1984. The satellite design provided an economical and stable Sun-synchronous platform for advanced operational instruments to measure the atmosphere of Earth, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space environment.

NOAA B was an American operational weather satellite for use in the National Operational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-1984. The satellite design provided an economical and stable Sun-synchronous platform for advanced operational instruments to measure the atmosphere of Earth, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space environment.

TIROS 3 was a spin-stabilized meteorological satellite. It was the third in a series of Television Infrared Observation Satellites.

ESSA-4 was a spin-stabilized operational meteorological satellite. Its name was derived from that of its oversight agency, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA).

TIROS-M, also known as ITOS-1 was a weather satellite operated by the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS. TIROS-M was launched on a Delta rocket on January 23, 1970. The launch carried one other satellite, Australis-OSCAR 5. It was deactivated on June 18, 1971.

NOAA-1, also known as ITOS-A was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS.

NOAA-1 was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS. ITOS-B was released on October 21, 1971, from the Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, with a Delta rocket. It failed to achieve a successful Earth orbit. A malfunction in the second stage launch vehicle caused the spacecraft to reenter the Earth's atmosphere about 1 hour after lift-off.

NOAA-2, also known as ITOS-D was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS. NOAA-2 was launched on a Delta rocket on October 15, 1972. The launch carried one other satellite: AMSAT-OSCAR 6.

NOAA-3, also known as ITOS-F was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS. It was deactivated by NOAA in August 1976.

NOAA-5, also known as ITOS-H was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS, being the last of the series. NOAA-5 was launched on a Delta rocket on July 29, 1976.

NOAA-12, also known as NOAA-D before launch, was an American weather satellite operated by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an operational meteorological satellite for use in the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS). The satellite design provided an economical and stable Sun-synchronous platform for advanced operational instruments to measure the atmosphere of Earth, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space environment.

NOAA-14, also known as NOAA-J before launch, was an American weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-14 continued the third-generation operational, Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES) series operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-14 continued the series of Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft begun with the launch of NOAA-8 (NOAA-E) in 1983.

References

↑ Space-Based Remote Sensing of the Earth: A Report to the Congress. NASA Technical Reports Server (Report). September 1987. hdl: 2060/19880008662 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ "Modern Mechanix: How Tiros Photographs the World". Archived from the original on 18 September 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
↑ "tiro - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
↑ EXPLORES! (EXPloring and Learning the Operations and Resources of Environmental Satellites!) Archived 1997-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: TOS". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 3rd generation / ITOS". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 4th generation". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 4th generation / POES". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
1 2 3 4 5 "NOAA-N Prime" (PDF). NP-2008-10-056-GSFC. NOAA. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2010. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ "U.S. Space Objects Registry". Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-1". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-2". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-3". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-4". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-5". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-6". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-7". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-8". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
↑ "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-9". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "History of NOAA's environmental satellites". Spaceflight Now. 22 June 2002. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 NOAA-K (PDF) (Booklet), Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 1998, p. 20, NP-1997-12-052-GSFC, retrieved 12 June 2015
↑ Kidwell, Katherine B., ed. (November 1998). NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide (PDF). National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. sec. 1.1. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
1 2 3 "POES Decommissioned Satellites". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
1 2 3 "POES Operational Status". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA . Retrieved 5 June 2015.
1 2 "NOAA retires NOAA-16 polar satellite". NOAA News Archive. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015. NOAA exclusively operates afternoon polar orbit spacecraft, while its key international partner, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), flies mid-morning orbit spacecraft.
↑ Justin Ray (6 February 2009). "History Abounds in Launch of Crucial Weather Satellite". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 25 October 2010. A last-of-its-kind weather observatory...
↑ Harrod, Emily D. (28 May 2009). "PSB - All POES, All Instruments, Switch to NOAA-19 as Operational Afternoon Satellite, 2 June 2009". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA . Retrieved 7 June 2015.

External links

NASA page on TIROS
NASA page on ESSA Archived 13 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine
NASA page on ITOS and NOAA Archived 13 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine
NASA page on TIROS-N Archived 10 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
NASA Goddard POES Program - POES Home
NOAA Office of Satellite Operations - POES
TIROS-1 50th Anniversary & Resources on Satellite Meteorology
NASA's YouTube video of TIROS-1

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] Space-Based Remote Sensing of the Earth: A Report to the Congress. NASA Technical Reports Server (Report). September 1987. hdl: 2060/19880008662 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[2] "Modern Mechanix: How Tiros Photographs the World". Archived from the original on 18 September 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2007.

[3] "tiro - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

[4] EXPLORES! (EXPloring and Learning the Operations and Resources of Environmental Satellites!) Archived 1997-07-24 at the Wayback Machine

[5] "WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: TOS". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[6] "WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 3rd generation / ITOS". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[7] "WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 4th generation". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[8] "WMO OSCAR | Details for Satellite Programme: NOAA 4th generation / POES". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[GSFC-9] 1 2 3 4 5 "NOAA-N Prime" (PDF). NP-2008-10-056-GSFC. NOAA. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2010. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[10] "U.S. Space Objects Registry". Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[11] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-1". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[12] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-2". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[13] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-3". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[14] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-4". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[15] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-5". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[16] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-6". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[17] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-7". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[18] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-8". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[19] "WMO OSCAR | Satellite: ESSA-9". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 20 March 2024.

[History-20] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "History of NOAA's environmental satellites". Spaceflight Now. 22 June 2002. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

[NOAA-K-21] 1 2 3 4 5 NOAA-K (PDF) (Booklet), Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 1998, p. 20, NP-1997-12-052-GSFC, retrieved 12 June 2015

[22] Kidwell, Katherine B., ed. (November 1998). NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide (PDF). National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. sec. 1.1. Retrieved 14 June 2015.

[Decommission-23] 1 2 3 "POES Decommissioned Satellites". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

[POES-status-24] 1 2 3 "POES Operational Status". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA . Retrieved 5 June 2015.

[NOAA16-25] 1 2 "NOAA retires NOAA-16 polar satellite". NOAA News Archive. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015. NOAA exclusively operates afternoon polar orbit spacecraft, while its key international partner, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), flies mid-morning orbit spacecraft.

[26] Justin Ray (6 February 2009). "History Abounds in Launch of Crucial Weather Satellite". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 25 October 2010. A last-of-its-kind weather observatory...

[27] Harrod, Emily D. (28 May 2009). "PSB - All POES, All Instruments, Switch to NOAA-19 as Operational Afternoon Satellite, 2 June 2009". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA . Retrieved 7 June 2015.

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v t e TIROS satellites
TIROS	TIROS-1 TIROS-2 TIROS-3 TIROS-4 TIROS-5 TIROS-6 TIROS-7 TIROS-8 TIROS-9 TIROS-10
TOS	ESSA-1 ESSA-2 ESSA-3 ESSA-4 ESSA-5 ESSA-6 ESSA-7 ESSA-8 ESSA-9
ITOS	TIROS-M NOAA-1 ITOS-B NOAA-2 NOAA-3 NOAA-4 NOAA-5 ITOS-E
TIROS-N	TIROS-N NOAA-6 NOAA-B NOAA-7
Adv. TIROS-N	NOAA-8 NOAA-9 NOAA-10 NOAA-11 NOAA-12 NOAA-13 NOAA-14 NOAA-15 NOAA-16 NOAA-17 NOAA-18 NOAA-19

Specifications
TIROS 6 satellite

Manufacturer	RCA Astrospace Lockheed Martin
Country of origin	United States
Operator	NASA
Applications	Meteorology


Bus	TIROS
Regime	Low Earth orbit



Production
Launched	45
Lost	4