1891 Atlantic hurricane season

Last updated
1891 Atlantic hurricane season
1891 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJuly 3, 1891
Last system dissipatedNovember 6, 1891
Strongest storm
Name"Martinique"
  Maximum winds125 mph (205 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
  Lowest pressure961 mbar (hPa; 28.38 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total storms10
Hurricanes7
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)
1
Total fatalities700+
Total damageUnknown
Related article
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893

The 1891 Atlantic hurricane season began during the summer and ran through the late fall of 1891. The season had ten tropical cyclones. Seven of these became hurricanes; one becoming a major Category 3 hurricane.

Contents

Because there were no modern satellite or other remote-sensing technologies, only cyclones that affected populated land areas or that encountered ships at sea are currently known, so the true total could be higher. For the years 1886 through 1910, an undercount bias of zero to four tropical cyclones per year has been estimated. [1]

The tracks of four of the ten cyclones were revised in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas. [2] Following re-analysis in 2003, two storms previously considered distinct are now regarded as a single system, Tropical Storm 8. A number of other storms from 1891 were considered for inclusion in the Atlantic hurricane database, HURDAT, but are currently excluded due to a lack of evidence of tropical storm intensity. [3]

Timeline

Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale1891 Atlantic hurricane season

Systems

Hurricane One

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic hurricane 1 track.png  
DurationJuly 3 – July 8
Peak intensity90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min); 977  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical storm formed in the Gulf of Mexico northwest of Campeche on July 3. By the evening of July 6 it was approaching the coastline of Texas and had become a Category 1 hurricane. It made landfall just west of Galveston and quickly weakened to a tropical storm. It dissipated near the Alabama-Tennessee state line two days later after further weakening to a tropical depression. [4] Sections of Galveston were flooded by a storm surge. [5] At Baton Rouge, tornadoes related to the hurricane demolished one hundred homes and caused two floors of the state penitentiary to collapse, killing ten prisoners. [2]

Hurricane Two

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic hurricane 2 track.png  
DurationAugust 17 – August 29
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); ≤997  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical storm formed south of the Cape Verde Islands on August 17 and travelled on a northwesterly path before dissipating in the Atlantic Ocean on August 29 without making landfall. For the majority of this period, it is believed to have been at least a Category 1 hurricane based on several factors: readings taken at Bermuda, which it passed on August 27; the capsizing of a steamer, the Dunsmurry, on August 29; and observations from another ship, La Touraine, which on August 30-31 encountered the rough seas left in the hurricane's wake. [2]

Hurricane Three

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic hurricane 3 track.png  
DurationAugust 18 – August 25
Peak intensity125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min); 961  mbar  (hPa)

The Martinique Hurricane of 1891 or Hurricane San Magín of 1891

A Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) was first seen at mid-day on August 18 about 100 mi (160 km) east of Barbados. The hurricane tracked northwestward and intensified into a major Category 3 hurricane. Late on August 18, the cyclone struck Martinique at its peak intensity with sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 961 mbar (28.4 inHg). The storm weakened over the northeastern Caribbean and fell to Category 2 intensity early on August 20. Several hours later, the system turned northward and brushed the extreme eastern edge of the Dominican Republic with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). Resuming its northwestward motion on August 21, the cyclone passed north of Grand Turk early the next day. The hurricane continued to weaken while traveling northwestward through the Bahamas and passed directly over Crooked Island. On August 23, a ridge of high pressure situated off the southeast coast of the United States prevented the storm, which had weakened to a Category 1 hurricane, from curving back to the north. Instead, the cyclone struck Florida near Homestead on August 24 and subsequently moved into the Gulf of Mexico, where it dissipated on August 25. [4]

On Martinique, the storm destroyed houses, crops, and trees across the entire island. Fifty boats in harbors around Martinique were damaged or destroyed. At Ducos, only four homes remained following the storm, and at St. Pierre, at least 34 people lost their lives. At Fort de France, twenty people were killed. A military camp at Balata was destroyed, with a number of soldiers there sustaining injuries from airborne debris. [6] Property damage across the island reached approximately $10 million. [2] In total, the hurricane killed approximately 700 people on Martinique. [7] Puerto Rico observed heavy rainfall and hurricane-force wind gusts. The Humacao River overflowed, inundating the city. Waterways between Cabo Rojo and Hormigueros also exceeded their banks, flooding many low-lying areas and sweeping animals away. [2] The steamship Ozama reported hundreds of downed fruit trees and numerous damaged homes in the Dominican Republic. [8] The storm drowned three people on Grand Turk and damaged some small homes and vessels. [2] In South Florida, the cyclone also produced hurricane-force winds that blew boats ashore near present-day Cutler. [9]

Hurricane Four

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic hurricane 4 track.png  
DurationSeptember 2 – September 8
Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); 

On September 2 a tropical storm formed northeast of the Leeward Islands. It began moving northwestward and reached category 2 hurricane strength by September 4. By September 7 the cyclone was off the coast of New England and was bringing heavy rain to that area. When the hurricane made landfall in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland on September 8, it destroyed a number of small vessels [2] but then quickly weakened and dissipated north of Newfoundland in the Labrador Sea on September 10. [4]

In Nova Scotia, the storm was compared to a hurricane in 1873. [10] Observed sustained winds reached 60 mph (97 km/h), causing "great destruction to crops, shipping, and buildings", according to the The Huddersfield Daily Chronicle. Damage to fruit crops totaled nearly $58,000. The storm also partially destroyed a drain elevator and several small bridges, [11] while about two-thirds of a larger railroad bridge linking Halifax and Dartmouth collapsed, causing more than $50,000 in damage. [10] Rough seas beached a few schooners and several Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron vessels in the Halifax area, while hundreds of other small watercraft suffered some degree of damage. Farther east, several other vessels wrecked at Cape Breton Island. [10]

Hurricane Five

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic hurricane 5 track.png  
DurationSeptember 16 – September 26
Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); ≤980  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical storm formed in the open Atlantic near 19°N 47°W on 16 September before developing into a Category 2 hurricane on September 20. This hurricane never made landfall but did pass within 100 km of Bermuda on the night of September 21. A ship was reported wrecked on the coast of the island that night. [2] The hurricane became an extratropical storm on September 26 in the mid-Atlantic off the coast of Nova Scotia. [4]

Hurricane Six

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic hurricane 6 track.png  
DurationSeptember 29 – October 5
Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); ≤981  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical storm formed in the open Atlantic near 21°N 54°W on 29 September. It moved northwestward becoming first a Category 1 hurricane then, on October 3, a Category 2 hurricane. At this strength it passed to the south then to the west of Bermuda on October 4. It quickly weakened as it continued heading north and was already an extratropical storm when it made landfall in Nova Scotia on October 6. It also struck Newfoundland before dissipating in the Labrador Sea on October 8. [4]

Tropical Storm Seven

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic tropical storm 7 track.png  
DurationOctober 4 – October 8
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 1004  mbar  (hPa)

A moderate tropical storm formed in the Caribbean Sea south of Jamaica on October 4 and passed to the west of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands before striking the Isla de la Juventud and Cuba on October 6. The next day it passed across southern Florida before travelling northeastward off the east coast of the United States and then dissipating in the open Atlantic on October 8. The storm drove some vessels on the coast of Cuba ashore, and two people drowned in flooding on the island. [2]

Tropical Storm Eight

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic tropical storm 8 track.png  
DurationOctober 7 – October 9
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); ≤1004  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical depression formed north of Honduras on October 7 and strengthened into a tropical storm the next day. On October 9 it passed across Cuba and quickly weakened to become an extratropical storm. It made landfall in Florida on October 10 and, five days later, in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland where it dissipated. [4]

Hurricane Nine

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic hurricane 9 track.png  
DurationOctober 12 – October 20
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min); ≤992  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical storm formed north of Grenada on October 12 and made landfall on Saint Croix and the main Virgin Islands on October 14. The system strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane as it proceeded north. The hurricane's storm centre passed west of Bermuda on October 18 but weakened to a tropical storm just before reaching the southern tip of Newfoundland on October 20. [4]

Tropical Storm Ten

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
1891 Atlantic tropical storm 10 track.png  
DurationNovember 3 – November 6
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 

On November 3, a tropical storm formed northeast of present-day Nassau, Bahamas. It travelled north, passing east of Bermuda on November 5. The storm never made landfall before dissipating in the open Atlantic off of Nova Scotia on 6 November. [4]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1890 Atlantic hurricane season</span> 1890 hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1878 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1876 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1876 Atlantic hurricane season lasted from mid-summer to late-fall. Records show that 1876 featured a relatively inactive hurricane season. There were five tropical storms, four became hurricanes, two of which became major hurricanes. However, due to the absence of remote-sensing satellite and other technology, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded; therefore, the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1876 cyclones, both Hurricane One and Hurricane Four were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed large changes to the known tracks of Hurricane Two and of Hurricane Five. The track and start position of Hurricane Five was further amended in 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1875 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1875 Atlantic hurricane season featured three landfalling tropical cyclones. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. There were five recorded hurricanes and one major hurricane – Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1873 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1873 Atlantic hurricane season was quiet, with only two tropical storms and three hurricanes, two of which were major hurricanes, being recorded. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known cyclones, large alterations were made to the tracks of Hurricane Two and Hurricane Five in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz, who also proposed smaller changes to the known track of Hurricane Three. All of the tropical cyclones, other than Hurricane Two, made landfall in Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1866 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1866 Atlantic hurricane season was originally one of only four Atlantic hurricane seasons in which every known tropical cyclone attained hurricane status, along with 1852, 1858, and 1884. Initially, there were three known storms during the season, but a re-analysis confirmed the increased activity. There were also two other systems that were included as tropical cyclones at one time, although both were considered to have been other storms already in the database. All tropical activity occurred between the middle of July and the end of October. There may have been additional unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season. Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates that up to six storms were missed from the official database, due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1863 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1863 Atlantic hurricane season featured five landfalling tropical cyclones. In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. There were seven recorded hurricanes and no major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. Of the known 1863 cyclones, seven were first documented in 1995 by José Fernández-Partagás and Henry Diaz, while the ninth tropical storm was first documented in 2003. These changes were largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), with some adjustments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1858 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1858 Atlantic hurricane season was one of only three Atlantic hurricane seasons on record in which every tropical cyclone intensified into a hurricane. The first hurricane was first observed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on June 12. The sixth and final storm was last noted on October 26. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Three tropical cyclones during the season existed simultaneously. Two of the cyclones have only a single known point in its track due to a sparsity of data. Operationally, another tropical cyclone was believed to have existed over the eastern Atlantic between September 17 and September 18, but HURDAT – the official Atlantic hurricane database – excludes this system. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only cyclones that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are currently known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to four tropical cyclones per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the six known 1858 Atlantic cyclones, five were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz.

References

  1. Landsea, C. W. (2004). "The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database". In Murname, R. J.; Liu, K.-B. (eds.). Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 177–221. ISBN   0-231-12388-4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fernández-Partagás, José; Diaz, Henry F. (1997). A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources Part IV: 1891-1890. Boulder, Colorado: Climate Diagnostics Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  3. Hurricane Research Division (2008). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  5. David Roth (2010-02-04). "Texas Hurricane History" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
  6. "Fearful work of a storm" (PDF). The New York Times. August 21, 1891. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  7. Edward N. Rappaport & Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1996). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  8. "It Struck a Hurricane". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. September 7, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved September 5, 2023 via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  9. Taylor 1985 , p. 7
  10. 1 2 3 "Bridge Was Swept Away". The Boston Globe. September 9, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved September 6, 2023 via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  11. "Destructive Storm in Nova Scotia". The Huddersfield Daily Chronicle. Huddersfield, England. September 10, 1891. Retrieved September 6, 2023 via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg

Bibliography