1481

February 6: The first of many uses of the auto-da-fé of the Spanish Inquisition is carried out in the city of Seville as six people are burned alive after being convicted of heresy against the Roman Catholic Church

1481 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1481 MCDLXXXI
Ab urbe condita	2234
Armenian calendar	930 ԹՎ ՋԼ
Assyrian calendar	6231
Balinese saka calendar	1402–1403
Bengali calendar	887–888
Berber calendar	2431
English Regnal year	20  Edw. 4  – 21  Edw. 4
Buddhist calendar	2025
Burmese calendar	843
Byzantine calendar	6989–6990
Chinese calendar	庚子年 (Metal  Rat) 4178 or 3971     — to — 辛丑年 (Metal  Ox) 4179 or 3972
Coptic calendar	1197–1198
Discordian calendar	2647
Ethiopian calendar	1473–1474
Hebrew calendar	5241–5242
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1537–1538
- Shaka Samvat	1402–1403
- Kali Yuga	4581–4582
Holocene calendar	11481
Igbo calendar	481–482
Iranian calendar	859–860
Islamic calendar	885–886
Japanese calendar	Bunmei 13 (文明１３年)
Javanese calendar	1397–1398
Julian calendar	1481 MCDLXXXI
Korean calendar	3814
Minguo calendar	431 before ROC 民前431年
Nanakshahi calendar	13
Thai solar calendar	2023–2024
Tibetan calendar	ལྕགས་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Iron-Rat) 1607 or 1226 or 454     — to — ལྕགས་མོ་གླང་ལོ་ (female Iron-Ox) 1608 or 1227 or 455

Year 1481 ( MCDLXXXI ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar).

Events

January–March

• January 6 – Ahmed Khan bin Küchük, Khan of the Great Horde, is killed by the Khan of Sibir, Ibak Khan in battle and is succeeded by his son, Sheikh Ahmed. ^[1]
• February 6 – The first execution during the Spanish Inquisition is carried out in Seville in an auto-da-fé as six people convicted of heresy are burned alive. ^[2] As a result of this and other murders, thousands of conversos— mostly Jewish people who had converted to Christianity— flee their homes.
• March 15 – The first of a series of earthquakes to affect the island of Rhodes occurs, leading up to the deadly earthquake in May.

April–June

• April 2 – King James III of Scotland gives royal assent to the six Defence of the Realm Acts and to the Benefices Act 1481, passed by his parliament in anticipation of a war with England. ^[3]
• April 5 – Mahmud Gawan, the chief minister (peshwa) of India's Bahmani Kingdom (now in the state of Karnataka) is executed in Bidar on orders of the Sultan Muhammad Shah III Lashkari, after being falsely convicted of treason. ^[4] The preparer of the forged document that led to Gawan's overthrow, Malik Hasan Bahri, becomes the new peshwa. ^[5]
• April 8 – Pope Sixtus IV issues the papal bull Cogimur jubente altissimo , calling for Roman Catholics to participate in a crusade against the Ottoman Empire, starting with the Turkish-occupied southern Italian area in and around Otranto, with the liberation of Valona (now in Albania) to follow. ^{[6] [7]}
• May 3
  • The 1481 Rhodes earthquake, the largest of a series, strikes the island of Rhodes, causing an estimated 30,000 casualties.
  • Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son, Bayezid II. ^[8]
• May 21 – King Christian I of Denmark and Norway dies at the age of 55. Although his eldest son, Prince Hans of Oldenburg, is accepted as the new King of Denmark, the Riksrådet (Council of the Realm) of the Kingdom of Norway postpones its decision pending negotiations to possibly reunite with the Kingdom of Sweden. ^{[9] [10]}
• June 21 – The papal bull Aeterni Regis grants Portugal first option to all newly conquered African and Asian lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal. ^[11]

July–September

• July 24 – Fire destroys the roof and the spires of Reims Cathedral.
• August 29 – John II of Portugal starts to rule in his own right.
• September 10 – Alphonso II of Naples recaptures the city of Otranto.

October–December

• October 13 – The bodies of the Martyrs of Otranto, who had been killed in Italy in 1480 by the Ottomans who had conquered the city of Otranto, are discovered in the city's cathedral "uncorrupted" ^[12] , and the group as a whole is celebrated as martyrs to the Roman Catholic faith. The 813 martyrs will be canonized more than 500 years later on May 12, 2013. ^[13]
• November 16 – At Târgoviște, Basarab Țepeluș cel Tânăr replaces his successor, Vlad Călugărul as the voivode (prince) of Wallachia (now part of Romania) ^[14]
• December 10 – With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou reverts to the French crown under Louis XI, as does the Provence, which until then was part of the Holy Roman Empire.
• December 14 – Ayas Pasha, the Ottoman Empire's sanjak of Bosnia, captures the city of Herceg Novi after a month-long siege when the Duke Vlatko Hercegović agrees to surrender. ^[15]
• December 22 – The Canton of Fribourg ^[16] and the Canton of Solothurn ^[17] are admitted as cantons of Switzerland by the Swiss Confedderation
• December 26 – At the Battle of Westbroek, Holland defeats the troops of Utrecht. ^[18]
• December 28 – The city of Zahara de la Sierra, now part of Spain, is captured by the Moorish Emir Abu'l-Hasan Ali of Granada in a surprise attack ^{[19] [20]} , leading to a counterattack by the Kingdom of Castile two months later.

Date unknown

• The Constitució de l'Observança is approved by the Catalan Courts, establishing the submission of royal power to the laws of the Principality of Catalonia.
• Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by his brother Tízoc.
• The Aztec Calendar Stone or Sun Stone is carved.

Births

• January 15 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1511)
• March 2 – Franz von Sickingen, German knight (d. 1523)
• March 7 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (d. 1536)
• May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (d. 1534)
• May 14 – Ruprecht of the Palatinate, German bishop (d. 1504)
• July 1 – King Christian II of Denmark, Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union (d. 1559) ^[21]
• August 21 – Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra (d. 1550)
• August 28 – Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Portuguese poet (d. 1558) ^[22]
• November 11 – Christoph von Scheurl, German writer (d. 1542)
• December 18 – Sophie of Mecklenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Duchess of Saxony (d. 1503)
• December 27 – Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Margrave of Bayreuth (d. 1527)
• date unknown
  • Yan Song, Chinese prime minister (d. 1568)
  • Antonio de Guevara, Spanish chronicler and moralist (d. 1545)
  • Imperia La Divina, Roman courtesan (d. 1512)

Deaths

Mehmed II, the Conqueror

• January 6 – Akhmat Khan, khan of the Great Horde
• April 30 – Ichijō Kaneyoshi, Japanese court noble (b. 1402)
• May 3 – Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1432)
• May – Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha, Ottoman (Turkish) grand vizier
• May 21 – King Christian I of Denmark and Norway (b. 1426) ^[21]
• August 23 – Thomas de Littleton, English judge and legal author (b. c. 1407)
• August 28 – King Afonso V of Portugal (b. 1432) ^[23]
• September 3 – Amalie of Brandenburg, Countess Palatine and Duchess of Zweibruecken and Veldenz (b. 1461)
• September 5 – John I, Duke of Cleves (b. 1419)
• November 19 – Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (b. 1472)
• date unknown
  • Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan (b. c. 1449) ^[24]
  • Charles IV, Duke of Anjou, titular King of Naples (b. 1436)
  • Jean Fouquet, French painter (b. 1420)
  • Ikkyu, Japanese Zen Buddhist priest and poet (b. 1394)
  • Mary Woodville, English noblewoman (b. c. 1454)
  • Erik Axelsson Tott, regent of Sweden (b. 1415)

References

1. Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century): A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN   9789004191907. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
2. Kamen, Henry (1998). The Spanish Inquisition: a Historical Revision. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-07522-9.
3. Alexander, William (1841). "Acta Parliamentorum Regis Jacobi Tertii". An Abridgement of the Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. pp. 444–445 – via Google Books.
4. Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1946). The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study. Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan. pp. 335–336. OCLC   3971780.
5. Haig, Wolseley (1925). Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–420.
6. Ludwig Pastor, The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, Volume IV (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co., 1894), p.341
7. Graya, Marco Enrico de. Papi e Antipapi: La vera storia [Popes and Antipopes: The True History] (in Italian). Marco Enrico de Graya.
8. "Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
9. "Christian I | Scandinavian king". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
10. Gillingstam, Hans (1969–1971). "Hans". Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
11. Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1993-02-27). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press. p. 187. ISBN   9780521446525.
12. Paolo Ricciardi, Gli Eroi della Patria e i Martiri della Fede: Otranto 1480–1481 (Heroes of the Fatherland and Martyrs of the Faith: Otranto 1480–1481), Vol. 1 (Editrice Salentina, 2009) (in Italian)
13. Tom Kington (May 12, 2013). "Pope Francis proclaims 800 Italian saints". The Telegraph (London).
14. Eagles, Jonathan (2014). Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History. I.B. Tauris. p. 216. ISBN   978-1-78076-353-8.
15. Ćirković, Sima M. (1964). "Chepter 7: Slom Bosanske države (The collapse of the Bosnian state)); Part 3: Pad Bosne (the Fall of Bosnia)". Istorija srednjovekovne bosanske države [History of the medieval Bosnian state] (in Serbian). Srpska književna zadruga. pp. 340–341. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
16. Ruffieux, Roland (1981). Histoire du Canton de Fribourg[History of the Canton of Fribourg] (in French). Vol. 1.
17. Peter Heim:Solothurn (Kanton) in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland .
18. André Tourneux; Joost vander Auwera; Jacques Paviot (2001). Interpreting the Universe as Creation (in Dutch). Peeters Publishers. p. 177. ISBN   978-90-429-1052-2.
19. Hillgarth, Jocelyn N. (1978). The Spanish Kingdoms: 1250–1516. Volume II: 1410–1516, Castilian Hegemony. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 370. ISBN   978-0-19-822531-7.
20. Anita George, Annals of the Queens of Spain (Baker and Scribner, 1850) p.117
21. The Encyclopedia Americana: Cathedrals-Civil War. Grolier. 2000. p. 642. ISBN   978-0-7172-0133-4.
22. Lilia Moritz Schwarcz; Paulo Cesar de Azevedo (2003). O livro dos livros da Real Biblioteca (in Portuguese). Ministério da Cultura, Fundação Biblioteca Nacional. p. 309. ISBN   978-85-85023-88-1.
23. Kenneth Meyer Setton (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 372. ISBN   978-0-87169-127-9.
24. "Axayácatl, "El de la máscara de agua" (1469-1481)" [Axayácatl,, "He with the Water Mask"]. Arqueologia Mexicana (in Spanish). July 6, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2019.