1568

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century 16th century 17th century
Decades:	1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s
Years:	1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571

1568 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1568 MDLXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2321
Armenian calendar	1017 ԹՎ ՌԺԷ
Assyrian calendar	6318
Balinese saka calendar	1489–1490
Bengali calendar	975
Berber calendar	2518
English Regnal year	10  Eliz. 1  – 11  Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar	2112
Burmese calendar	930
Byzantine calendar	7076–7077
Chinese calendar	丁卯年 (Fire  Rabbit) 4264 or 4204     — to — 戊辰年 (Earth  Dragon) 4265 or 4205
Coptic calendar	1284–1285
Discordian calendar	2734
Ethiopian calendar	1560–1561
Hebrew calendar	5328–5329
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1624–1625
- Shaka Samvat	1489–1490
- Kali Yuga	4668–4669
Holocene calendar	11568
Igbo calendar	568–569
Iranian calendar	946–947
Islamic calendar	975–976
Japanese calendar	Eiroku 11 (永禄１１年)
Javanese calendar	1487–1488
Julian calendar	1568 MDLXVIII
Korean calendar	3901
Minguo calendar	344 before ROC 民前344年
Nanakshahi calendar	100
Thai solar calendar	2110–2111
Tibetan calendar	阴火兔年 (female Fire-Rabbit) 1694 or 1313 or 541     — to — 阳土龙年 (male Earth-Dragon) 1695 or 1314 or 542

May 23: Battle of Heiligerlee

Year 1568 ( MDLXVIII ) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1568th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 568th year of the 2nd millennium, the 68th year of the 16th century, and the 9th year of the 1560s decade.

Events

May 19: Mary, Queen of Scots, is arrested.

January–June

• January 6 – 13 – In the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, the delegates of Unio Trium Nationum to the Diet of Torda make Europe's first declaration of religious freedom, adopted on January 28 as the Edict of Torda.
• February 17 – Treaty of Adrianople (sometimes called the Peace of Adrianople): The Habsburgs agree to pay tribute to the Ottomans.
• March 23 – The Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. Again Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX make substantial concessions to the Huguenots.
• May 2 – Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Loch Leven Castle.
• May 13 – Battle of Langside: The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants, under James Stewart, Earl of Moray, her half-brother. ^[1]
• May 16 – Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.
• May 19 – Queen Elizabeth I of England arrests Mary, Queen of Scots.
• May 23 – Battle of Heiligerlee: Troops under Louis of Nassau, brother of William I of Orange, defeat a smaller loyalist force under the Duke of Arenberg, in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands. This effectively begins the Eighty Years' War. ^[2]

July–December

• July 21 – Battle of Jemmingen: The main Spanish army of the Duke of Alba utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army, in the Northeastern Netherlands.
• August 18 – The Third War of Religion begins in France, after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to capture Condé and Coligny, the Huguenot leaders.
• September 24 – Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (Anglo-Spanish War): In the Gulf of Mexico, a Spanish fleet forces English privateers under John Hawkins to end their campaign.
• September 29 – The Swedish king Eric XIV is deposed by his half-brothers John and Charles. John proclaims himself king John III the next day.
• October 5 – William I of Orange invades the southeastern Netherlands.
• October 20 – Battle of Jodoigne: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alba destroy Orange's rearguard. Orange abandons his offensive. ^[3]

Date unknown

• The Russo-Turkish War begins in Astrakhan.
• Ashikaga Yoshiaki is installed as Shōgun, beginning the Azuchi–Momoyama period in Japan.
• Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire besieges and captures the massive Chittor Fort, in northern India.
• Polybius' The Histories are first translated into English, by Christopher Watson. ^[4]
• Huguenots besiege Chartres.
• A Spanish expedition under Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira discovers the Solomon Islands.
• Álvaro I succeeds his stepfather Henrique I as ruler of the Kingdom Kongo forming the Kwilu dynasty that ruled the kingdom without interruption until May 1622

Births

Pope Urban VIII

• January 6 – Henri Spondanus, French historian (d. 1643)
• January 14 – Johannes Hartmann, German chemist (d. 1631)
• January 20 – Daniel Cramer, German theologian (d. 1637)
• January 28 – Gustav of Sweden, Swedish prince (d. 1607)
• January 30 – Countess Katharina of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1636)
• February 2 – Péter Révay, Hungarian historian (d. 1622)
• February 11 – Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (d. 1625)
• March 9 – Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian Jesuit and saint (d. 1591)
• March 16 – Juan Martínez Montañés, Spanish sculptor (d. 1649)
• March 28 – Johannes Polyander, Dutch theologian (d. 1646)
• March 30 – Henry Wotton, English author and diplomat (d. 1639)
• April 5 – Pope Urban VIII (d. 1644)
• April 17 – George Brooke, English aristocrat (d. 1603)
• April 21 – Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1587)
• April 28 – Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza, Portuguese nobleman and father of João IV of Portugal (d. 1630)
• May 9 – Guglielmo Caccia, Italian painter (d. 1625)
• May 11 – Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1630)
• May 17 – Anna Vasa of Sweden, Swedish princess (d. 1625)
• May 29 – Virginia de' Medici, Duchess of Modena and Reggio (d. 1615)
• June 6 – Sophie of Brandenburg, Regent of Saxony (1591–1601) (d. 1622)
• June 25 – Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (d. 1597)
• July 1 – Philip Sigismund of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German Catholic bishop (d. 1623)
• August 27 – Hercule, Duke of Montbazon (d. 1654)
• September 3 – Adriano Banchieri, Italian composer (d. 1634)
• September 5 – Tommaso Campanella, Italian theologian and poet (d. 1639) ^[5]
• October 2 – Marino Ghetaldi, Croatian mathematician and physicist (d. 1626)
• October 18 – Henry Wallop, English politician (d. 1642)
• November 18 – Augustus the Elder, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Lutheran Bishop of Ratzeburg (d. 1636)
• December 17 – Jonathan Trelawny, English politician (d. 1604)
• December 25 – John Guy, English merchant venturer and first Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1629)
• date unknown
  • Nikolaus Ager, French botanist (d. 1634)
  • John Welsh of Ayr, Scottish Presbyterian leader
  • Barnabe Barnes, English poet (d. 1609)
  • Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester (d. 1648)
  • Nakagawa Hidemasa, Japanese military leader (d. 1592)
  • Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl, Mexican historian (d. 1648)
  • Gervase Markham, English poet and writer (d. 1637)
  • Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester (d. 1628)
  • Robert Wintour, English conspirator (executed 1606)
  • Wei Zhongxian, Grand Secretary of China (d. 1627)
  • Ōtsu Ono, Japanese woman poet, koto, and writer (believed to have learned how to write from Nobutada Konoe) (d. 1568)

Deaths

Albert, Duke of Prussia

• January 26 – Lady Catherine Grey, Countess of Hertford (b. 1540) ^[6]
• February 15 – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch reformer (b. 1531)
• March 20
  • Albert, Duke of Prussia (b. 1490)
  • Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Prussia (b. 1532)
• March 19 – Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell, English noblewoman (b.c. 1518))
• May 23 – Adolf of Nassau, Count of Nassau, Dutch soldier (b. 1540)
• April 7 – Onofrio Panvinio, Italian Augustinian historian (b. 1529)
• April 27 – Giovanni Michele Saraceni, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1498)
• May 6 – Bernardo Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1508)
• May 15 – Anna of Lorraine (b. 1522)
• May 23 – Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg (b. 1528)
• June 3 – Andrés de Urdaneta, Spanish explorer (b. 1508)
• June 5
  • Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish statesman (b. 1522)
  • Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn (b. c. 1524)
• June 11 – Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince of Wolfenbüttel 1514–1568 (b. 1489)
• July 1 – Levinus Lemnius, Dutch writer (b. 1505)
• July 6 – Johannes Oporinus, Swiss printer (b. 1507)
• July 7 – William Turner, British ornithologist and botanist (b. 1508)
• July 24 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias, son of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)
• August 15 – Stanislaus Kostka, Polish saint (b. 1550)
• August 21 – Jean Parisot de Valette, 49th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1495)
• August 23 – Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (b. 1495)
• September 26 – Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (b. 1536)
• September – Anna Pehrsönernas moder, influential Swedish courtier (b. year unknown)
• September – Jöran Persson, Swedish politician (b. c. 1530) (executed)
• October 3 – Elisabeth of Valois, Queen of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545) ^[7]
• October 14 – Jacques Arcadelt, Flemish composer (b. 1504)
• October 19 – Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis, German theologian (b. 1517)
• October 28 – Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (b. 1538)
• November 6
• November 9 – John Radcliffe, English politician (b. 1539)
  • Herman of Kazan and Svyazhsk, Archbishop of Kazan and later Metropolitan of Moscow
  • Anna of Brunswick-Lüneburg, duchess consort of Pomerania (b. 1502)
• December 23 – Roger Ascham, tutor of Elizabeth I of England (b. 1515)
• December 24 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (b. 1533)
• December 28 – Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1515)
• December 31 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese warlord (b. 1493)
• date unknown
  • Henry Sutton Dudley, English soldier and sailor (b. 1517)
  • Garcia de Orta, Portuguese Jewish physician (b. 1501)
  • Dirk Philips, early Dutch Anabaptist writer and theologian (b. 1504)
  • Yan Song, Chinese prime minister (b. 1481)
  • Amato Lusitano, Portuguese physician (b. 1511)

References

1. Peter G. B. McNeill; Hector L. MacQueen (1996). Atlas of Scottish History to 1707. Scottish Medievalists and Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh. p. 134. ISBN   978-0-9503904-1-3.
2. Marco van der Hoeven (1997). Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648. BRILL. p. 57. ISBN   90-04-10727-4.
3. Trevor Nevitt Dupuy; Curt Johnson; David L. Bongard (1992). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. HarperCollins. p. 800. ISBN   978-0-06-270015-5.
4. Polybius: "The Rise Of The Roman Empire", Page 36, Penguin, 1979.
5. Germana Ernst (March 16, 2010). Tommaso Campanella: The Book and the Body of Nature. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. ISBN   978-90-481-3126-6.
6. Robert Stedall (July 26, 2012). The Challenge to the Crown: Volume I: The Struggle for Influence in the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1567. Book Guild Publishing. p. 157. ISBN   978-1-84624-646-3.
7. St James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992). Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789. St. James Press. p. 372. ISBN   978-1-55862-159-6.