1542

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century 16th century 17th century
Decades:	1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s
Years:	1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545

September 28 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claims California for the Spanish Empire.

1542 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1542 MDXLII
Ab urbe condita	2295
Armenian calendar	991 ԹՎ ՋՂԱ
Assyrian calendar	6292
Balinese saka calendar	1463–1464
Bengali calendar	949
Berber calendar	2492
English Regnal year	33  Hen. 8  – 34  Hen. 8
Buddhist calendar	2086
Burmese calendar	904
Byzantine calendar	7050–7051
Chinese calendar	辛丑年 (Metal  Ox) 4239 or 4032     — to — 壬寅年 (Water  Tiger) 4240 or 4033
Coptic calendar	1258–1259
Discordian calendar	2708
Ethiopian calendar	1534–1535
Hebrew calendar	5302–5303
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1598–1599
- Shaka Samvat	1463–1464
- Kali Yuga	4642–4643
Holocene calendar	11542
Igbo calendar	542–543
Iranian calendar	920–921
Islamic calendar	948–949
Japanese calendar	Tenbun 11 (天文１１年)
Javanese calendar	1460–1461
Julian calendar	1542 MDXLII
Korean calendar	3875
Minguo calendar	370 before ROC 民前370年
Nanakshahi calendar	74
Thai solar calendar	2084–2085
Tibetan calendar	阴金牛年 (female Iron-Ox) 1668 or 1287 or 515     — to — 阳水虎年 (male Water-Tiger) 1669 or 1288 or 516

Year 1542 ( MDXLII ) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 6 – In the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico, the Spanish colonists create the new town of Mérida.
• January 16 – The 8th Parliament of Henry VIII assembles at Westminster after having been summoned on November 23.
• January 20 – The first legislature for the Voivode of Transylvania meets at Vásárhely in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Târgu Mureș in Romania).
• January 23 – Tutul-Xiu, the Mayan ruler of the Maní in Yucatán, arrives at the Spanish settlement of Merida with food supplies for the colonists and offers to assist the Spaniards in their conquest of Yucatan in return for being installed as the leading Mayan ruler in Mexico. ^[1]
• February 2 – Battle of Baçente: The Portuguese under Cristóvão da Gama capture a Muslim-occupied hillfort in northern Ethiopia.
• February 13 – Catherine Howard, until recently the Queen consort of England and the wife of King Henry VIII, is executed by beheading, two days after the King gives royal assent to a bill of attainder passed by the English Parliament on February 7. ^[2] Catherine had been arrested in November on accusations that she had sexual relations with Thomas Culpeper.
• February 14 – Guadalajara, Mexico, is founded by the Spaniards after three previous attempts failed, due to aggressive opposition from local tribes. ^[3]
• February 15 – Antoine Escalin des Aimars of France completes the negotiation with the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman for the Franco-Ottoman alliance. ^[4]
• March 8 – Antoine Escalin des Eymars, the French ambassador, returns from Constantinople, with promises of Ottoman aid in a war against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. ^[5]

April–June

• April 1 – As the 1542 session of the English Parliament ends, King Henry VIII gives royal assent to numerous laws, including the Witchcraft Act, the Treason Act, and the Leases by Corporations Act.
• April 4 – The Battle of Jarte begins in Ethiopia as the Army of the Portuguese Empire, commanded by Cristóvão da Gama encounters the army of the Ethiopian ruler, the Imam Ahmad Gragn, achieving a victory on April 16.
• May 19 – The Prome Kingdom, in modern-day central Burma, is conquered by the Taungoo Dynasty.
• June 18 – The Parliament of Ireland passes the Crown of Ireland Act, which dissolves the title of Lord of Ireland and reestablishes it to the Kingdom of Ireland, with its last Lord, Henry VIII of England, becoming its first king.
• June 27 – Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sets sail to explore the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. ^[6]

July–September

• July 21 – Pope Paul III establishes the Holy Office with the bull Licet ab initio, with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition. ^{[7] [8]}
• July 23 – (10th day of 6th month of Tenbun 11) In Japan, a six-year rebellion within the Date clan when clan leader Date Tanemune, returning home from a day of falconry, is attacked by his oldest son, Date Harumune, and imprisoned at Kōri-Nishiyama Castle in Fukushima Prefecture. Tanemune is rescued by an aide, Koyanagigawa Munetomo, and escapes. The war lasts for six yars before Harumune triumphs and becomes the new leader of the Date clan. ^[9]
• July 24 – Guelders Wars: Maarten van Rossum leaves Antwerp, having failed to take it by siege.
• August 24 – Battle of Haddon Rig: Scotland defeats England. ^[10]
• August 27 – Citizens of Hildesheim in the Holy Roman Empire profess themselves to the Lutheran teachings, thus joining the Schmalkaldic League. ^[11] As a pledge owner, the city provides for the carrying out of the Protestant Reformation in the city and Peine. Priests from the localities of Clauen, Hohenhameln, Soßmar, Schmedenstedt, Lengede and Rosenthal resume their offices in the interest of the Reformation.
• August 28 – Battle of Wofla in Ethiopia: Reinforced with at least 2900 arquebusiers and cavalry, the Imam Ahmad Gragn attacks the Portuguese camp. The Portuguese are scattered; Cristóvão da Gama is captured and executed. ^[12]
• September 4 – The earliest recorded Preston Guild Court is held in Lancashire, England, in the modern sequence, which lasts unbroken until 1922.
• September 28 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo lands in what is now San Diego Bay, and names it "San Miguel", claiming it for the Spanish Empire. San Miguel will later become the city of San Diego. ^[6] This marks the first time a European sees what is now the U.S. state of California. ^[13]

October–December

• October 7 – Cabrillo becomes the first European to set foot on California's Santa Catalina Island. ^[14]
• November 9 – King James V of Scotland writes a letter to Pope Paul III and notes that he defied Henry VIII's attempts to convert him to the Protestant faith. ^[15]
• November 24 – Battle of Solway Moss: An English army invades Scotland, and defeats a Scottish army. ^[16]
• November 27 – Palace plot of Renyin year: A group of Ming dynasty palace women fail to murder the Jiajing Emperor, and are executed by slow-slicing. ^[17]
• December 14 – Mary, Queen of Scots, aged six days, becomes queen regnant on the death of her father, James V of Scotland. ^[18]

Date unknown

• The first contact of Japan with the West occurs when a Portuguese ship, blown off its course to China, lands Antonio Pexoto, Francisco Zeimoto and António Mota in Japan, according to António Galvão. ^[19] According to the Japanese books Tanegashima Kafu and Teppoki, it is stated they landed in 1543. ^[19]
• Bartolomé de las Casas completes A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies , which will be published in 1552. ^[20]

Births

Isabella de' Medici

Henriette of Cleves

• February 1 – John Scudamore, English politician (d. 1623) ^[21]
• February 22 – Santino Garsi da Parma, Italian musician (d. 1604) ^[22]
• March 19 – Jan Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1605) ^[23]
• April 29 – Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels (d. 1587) ^[24]
• May 5 – Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, English politician (d. 1623) ^[25]
• May 11 – Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee, Swiss Catholic bishop (d. 1608) ^[26]
• May 16 – Anna Sibylle of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German noblewoman, daughter of Count Philip IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1580) ^[27]
• June 15 – Richard Grenville, English politician (d. 1591) ^[28]
• June 24 – John of the Cross, Spanish Carmelite mystic, theologian, poet (d. 1591) ^[29]
• July 25 – Magnus, Duke of Östergötland, Swedish prince (d. 1595) ^[30]
• Between August 18 and August 28 – Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland (d. 1601) ^[31]
• August 27 – John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania and Protestant Bishop of Cammin (d. 1600) ^[32]
• August 31 – Isabella de' Medici, Italian princess (d. 1576) ^[33]
• September 25 – Elisabeth of Nassau-Dillenburg, sister of William the Silent (d. 1603) ^[34]
• October 1 – Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, Spanish explorer (d. 1595)
• October 4 – Robert Bellarmine, Italian saint (d. 1621) ^[35]
• October 14 – Philip IV, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1602) ^[36]
• October 15 – Akbar, Mughal Emperor (d. 1605) ^[37]
• October 31 – Henriette of Cleves, Duchess of Nevers, Countess of Rethel (d. 1601) ^[38]
• November 1 – Tarquinia Molza, Italian singer (d. 1617) ^[39]
• November 9 – Anders Sørensen Vedel, Danish historian (d. 1616) ^[40]
• November 11 – Scipione Gonzaga, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1593) ^[41]
• December 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots (d. 1587) ^[42]
• December 21 – Thomas Allen, English mathematician and astrologer, some suggest 1540 (d. 1632) ^[43]
• date unknown
  • Joris Hoefnagel, Dutch painter and engraver (d. 1601) ^[44]
  • Toda Kazuaki, Japanese samurai in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1604) ^[45]
  • Douglas Sheffield, Baroness Sheffield, lover of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1608) ^[46]
  • Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1611)
  • Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander (d. 1600) ^[47]

Deaths

James V of Scotland

• January 21 – Azai Sukemasa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1491) ^[48]
• February – Nikolaus Federmann, German adventurer in Venezuela and Colombia (b. 1501) ^[49]
• February 1 – Girolamo Aleandro, Italian cardinal (b. 1480) ^[50]
• February 13
  • Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (born c. 1522) ^[51]
  • Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford, English noblewoman (executed) (born c. 1505) ^[52]
• March 3 – Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, illegitimate son of King Edward IV of England ^[53]
• May 21 – Hernando de Soto, Spanish explorer, navigator and conquistador (b. c. 1500) ^[54]
• June 14 – Christoph von Scheurl, German writer (b. 1481) ^[55]
• June 19 – Leo Jud, Swiss reformer (b. 1482) ^[56]
• July 15 – Lisa del Giocondo, Florentine noblewoman, believed to be the subject of the Mona Lisa (b. 1479)
• August 24 – Gasparo Contarini, Italian diplomat and cardinal (b. 1483) ^[57]
• August 29 – Cristóvão da Gama, Portuguese soldier (b. c. 1516) ^[58]
• September 17 – Lucas Fernández, Spanish dramatist and musician (b. c. 1474) ^[59]
• September 21 – Juan Boscán Almogáver, Spanish poet (b. c. 1490) ^[60]
• October 11 – Thomas Wyatt, English poet and diplomat (b. 1503) ^[61]
• October 18 – Giovanni Gaddi, Italian priest (b. 1493) ^[62]
• December 14 – King James V of Scotland (b. 1512) ^[63]
• December 16 – Thomas Lovett III, High Sheriff of Northamptonshire (b. 1473) ^[64]
• date unknown
  • Dosso Dossi, Italian painter (b. 1490) ^[65]
  • Lapulapu, Filipino king (b. 1491)

References

1. Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 771. ISBN   0-8047-4817-9. OCLC   57577446.
2. Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Grove Press. p. 481. ISBN   0-8021-3683-4.
3. Sarah Cameron; Ben Box (1999). Mexico & Central America Handbook. Footprint Handbooks. p. 211. ISBN   978-0-8442-4838-7.
4. Edith Garnier, L'Alliance Impie (Editions du Felin, 2008) p.211
5. Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 461. ISBN   978-0-87169-161-3 . Retrieved September 18, 2023.
6. Watkins, Rolin C. (1925). History of Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties, California. S.J. Clarke. p. 61. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
7. Aron-Beller, Katherine; Black, Christopher (January 22, 2018). The Roman Inquisition: Centre versus Peripheries. BRILL. p. 2. ISBN   978-90-04-36108-9 . Retrieved September 18, 2023.
8. A Companion to Heresy Inquisitions. BRILL. March 27, 2019. p. 250. ISBN   978-90-04-39387-5 . Retrieved September 18, 2023.
9. Shin Hasegawa, "The Echigo Tenbun Rebellion and Date Tanemune - The Warring States Period Powers in the Southern Ou Region Concerning the Issue of Date Tokimunemaru's Succession." / First published in Kokushigaku, No. 161, 1995
10. Stedall, Robert (July 26, 2012). The Challenge to the Crown: Volume I: The Struggle for Influence in the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1567. Book Guild Publishing. p. 18. ISBN   978-1-84624-646-3 . Retrieved September 18, 2023.
11. Saak, Eric Leland (April 19, 2017). Luther and the Reformation of the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 359. ISBN   978-1-107-18722-1 . Retrieved September 18, 2023.
12. Early Modern Wars 1500–1775. Amber Books Ltd. September 17, 2013. ISBN   978-1-78274-121-3 . Retrieved September 18, 2023. Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi's men were reinforced by 2900 arquebusiers (2000 from Arabia plus 900 regular Ottoman infantry) and a handful of Ottoman cavalry. Although da Gama managed to escape with a few survivors, he was quickly captured and killed.
13. Cleland, Robert Glass (1959). From Wilderness to Empire: A History of California. Knopf. p. 7. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
14. Marz, John George (1972). Santa Catalina Island: A Case Study in Recreational Geography. University of California, Davis. p. 34. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
15. Denys Hay, Letters of James V (Edinburgh, 1954), p. 444.
16. Scottish History Society (1938). Publications of the Scottish History Society. T. and A. Constable. p. 188.
17. Barmé, Geremie (2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press. p. 40-42. ISBN   978-0-674-02779-4 . Retrieved September 18, 2023.
18. Wormald, Jenny (August 17, 2017). Mary, Queen of Scots. Casemate Publishers. ISBN   978-0-85790-350-1 . Retrieved September 18, 2023. On 14 December 1542, James V died in his splendid royal bedchamber at Falkland, the beauty he himself had created no longer enough to pierce the malaise of his profound melancholy. His sole surviving child, Mary, succeeded to the throne.
19. Lidin, Olof G. (2002). Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan. Nias Press. pp. 8, 24–27. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
20. "Mirror of the Cruel and Horrible Spanish Tyranny Perpetrated in the Netherlands, by the Tyrant, the Duke of Alba, and Other Commanders of King Philip II". World Digital Library . 1620. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
21. "Scudamore family" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/71878 . Retrieved September 19, 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
22. Testi, Flavio (1969). La musica italiana nel Medioevo e nel Rinascimento (in Italian). Bramante. p. 617. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
23. Podhorodecki, Leszek (1971). Hetman Jan Zamoyski, 1542-1605 (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Minister. obrony narodowej. p. 161. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
24. Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge (in German). Gleditsch. 1832. p. 408. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
25. "CECIL, Thomas (1542-1623)". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
26. Schmidlin, Ludwig Rochus (1904). Solothurns Glaubenskampf und Reformation im 16. Jahrhundert (in German). Buchdruckerei C. Gassmann. p. 373. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
27. Mittheilungen des Hanauer Bezirksvereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde (in German). König. 1880. p. 53. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
28. Charles Richard Nairne Routh (1990). Who's who in Tudor England. Shepheard-Walwyn. p. 422. ISBN   978-0-85683-093-8.
29. Londoño, Juan Esteban (June 2022). "Juan de la Cruz: la poesía mística como deseo y ausencia". Comunicación (in Spanish). 31 (1): 20–28. doi: 10.18845/rc.v31i43.6279 . ISSN   1659-3820. S2CID   249735827 . Retrieved September 19, 2023.
30. Hofberg, Herman (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexicon (in Swedish). A. Bonnier. p. 115. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
31. "Neville, Charles, sixth earl of Westmorland" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19924 . Retrieved September 19, 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
32. Pomerania. Geschichte und Beschreibung des Pommernlandes (in German). C. Sanne & Comp. 1846. p. 73. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
33. Murphy, Caroline (2008). Isabella De' Medici: The Glorious Life and Tragic End of a Renaissance Princess. Faber & Faber. p. 17. ISBN   978-0-571-23030-3 . Retrieved September 19, 2023.
34. Kroon, Anthonie Willem (1854). Geschiedenis van het huis van Oranje-Nassau. Afl. 1-11 (in Dutch). Utrecht: N. de Zwaan. p. 44. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
35. Richardt, Aimé (2004). Saint-Robert Bellarmin, 1542-1621: le défenseur de la foi (in French). F.-X. de Guibert. p. 23. ISBN   978-2-86839-943-4 . Retrieved September 19, 2023.
36. Knodt, Emil (1905). Die von den Grafen Albrecht und Philipp im Jahre 1576 publizierte Nassau-Saarbrücken'sche Kirchenordnung und Agende und ihre Weiterentwicklung: ein Beitrag zur nassauischen Kirchengeschichte (in German). Nassauischen Colportagevereins. p. 12. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
37. Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 19. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
38. Sainte-Marie, Anselme de (1728). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la Maison Royale de France, des pairs, des grands officiers de la Couronne & de la Maison du Roy : & des anciens barons du Royaume... Par le P. Anselme,... continuée par M. Du Fourny. Troisième édition, revûë, corrigée & augmentée par les soins du P. Ange & du P. Simplicien... (in French). Des libraires associez. p. 451. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
39. Novelle della repubblica letteraria: 1751 (in Italian). Venice: Carlo Alberto. 1751. p. 148. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
40. Stecher-Hansen, Marianne (2004). Danish Writers from the Reformation to Decadence, 1550-1900. Gale. p. 471. ISBN   978-0-7876-6837-2 . Retrieved September 20, 2023.
41. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 18, 1587". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
42. Ewan, Elizabeth (2006). The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004 (Reprinted. ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. p. 400. ISBN   0-7486-1713-2.
43. "Allen, Smith" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/387 . Retrieved September 20, 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
44. Vignau-Wilberg, Thea (2007). "Flowers for His Mother: An Unknown Cabinet Miniature by Joris Hoefnagel". Master Drawings. 45 (4): 522–526. ISSN   0025-5025. JSTOR   20444533 . Retrieved September 20, 2023.
45. Papinot, Edmond (1909). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan: With 300 Illustrations, 18 Appendixes and Several Maps. Librairie Sansaisha. p. 655. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
46. Levin, Carole; Bertolet, Anna Riehl; Carney, Jo Eldridge (November 3, 2016). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN   978-1-315-44071-2 . Retrieved September 20, 2023.
47. Shapinsky, Peter D. (2014). Lords of the Sea: Pirates, Violence, and Commerce in Late Medieval Japan. University of Michigan Press. p. 135. ISBN   978-1-929280-81-0 . Retrieved September 20, 2023.
48. "浅井亮政(あさい・すけまさ)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved September 21, 2023.
49. Beckmann, Jan D. (1974). Die deutsche Lateinamerikaforschung im sozialen System der Wissenschaft: relevante Differenzierungskomponenten im Rahmen regionalbezogener Forschungsprozesse (in German). Sozialforschungsstelle an der Universität Münster. p. 101. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
50. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 22, 1536". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
51. Derrik Mercer (February 1993). Chronicle of the Royal Family. Chronicle Communications. p. 157. ISBN   978-1-872031-20-0.
52. Fox, Julia (March 24, 2009). Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford. Random House Publishing Group. p. 310. ISBN   978-0-345-51078-5 . Retrieved September 21, 2023.
53. "Plantagenet, Arthur, Viscount Lisle" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22355 . Retrieved September 21, 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
54. Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, warriors of the sun : Hernando De Soto and the South's ancient chiefdoms. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 349. ISBN   978-0-8203-1888-2 . Retrieved September 21, 2023.
55. Soden, Franz von (1837). Christoph Scheurl II. und sein Wohnhaus in Nürnberg (in German). Gottileb Baumler. p. 85. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
56. Meyer, Hermann Julius (1905). Meyers Grosses Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Bibliographisches Institut. p. 326. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
57. Gleason, Elisabeth G. (March 25, 2022). Gasparo Contarini: Venice, Rome, and Reform. Univ of California Press. p. 301. ISBN   978-0-520-30570-0 . Retrieved September 21, 2023.
58. Santos, João Marinho dos; Silva, José Manuel Azevedo e (1999). Vasco da Gama: a honra, o proveito, a fama e a glória (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Ausência. p. 214. ISBN   978-972-98320-1-7 . Retrieved September 21, 2023.
59. Maeso, Ricardo Espinosa (1924). Ensayo biografico del maestro Lucas Fernandez, 1474?-1542 (in Spanish). Imp. de la Rev. de Arch., Bibl. y Museos. p. 40. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
60. Revista de la biblioteca, archivo y museo [de Madrid] (in Spanish). Ayuntamiento de Madrid. 1946. p. 418. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
61. Brigden, Susan (2012). Thomas Wyatt : the heart's forest. London: Faber and faber. p. 555. ISBN   978-0-571-23584-1 . Retrieved September 21, 2023.
62. "GADDI, Giovanni". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved September 21, 2023.
63. Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011). The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. p. 354. ISBN   9780199693054.
64. Waters, Robert Edmond Chester (1878). Genealogical Memoirs of the Extinct Family of Chester of Chicheley: Their Ancestors and Descendants. Robson & sons. p. 59. ISBN   978-5-87335-084-1 . Retrieved September 21, 2023.
65. Humfrey, Peter; Dossi, Dosso; Lucco, Mauro (1998). Dosso Dossi: Court Painter in Renaissance Ferrara. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 24. ISBN   978-0-87099-875-1 . Retrieved September 21, 2023.