1500

This article is about the year 1500. For the track athletics event, see 1500 metres. For the pickup truck, see Ram 1500.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	14th century 15th century 16th century
Decades:	1480s 1490s 1500s 1510s 1520s
Years:	1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503
	v t e

April 22:Pedro Álvares Cabral and his crew land in Brazil and claim it for Portugal

Europe in 1500

1500 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1500 MD
Ab urbe condita	2253
Armenian calendar	949 ԹՎ ՋԽԹ
Assyrian calendar	6250
Balinese saka calendar	1421–1422
Bengali calendar	906–907
Berber calendar	2450
English Regnal year	15  Hen. 7  – 16  Hen. 7
Buddhist calendar	2044
Burmese calendar	862
Byzantine calendar	7008–7009
Chinese calendar	己未年 (Earth  Goat) 4197 or 3990     — to — 庚申年 (Metal  Monkey) 4198 or 3991
Coptic calendar	1216–1217
Discordian calendar	2666
Ethiopian calendar	1492–1493
Hebrew calendar	5260–5261
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1556–1557
- Shaka Samvat	1421–1422
- Kali Yuga	4600–4601
Holocene calendar	11500
Igbo calendar	500–501
Iranian calendar	878–879
Islamic calendar	905–906
Japanese calendar	Meiō 9 (明応９年)
Javanese calendar	1417–1418
Julian calendar	1500 MD
Korean calendar	3833
Minguo calendar	412 before ROC 民前412年
Nanakshahi calendar	32
Thai solar calendar	2042–2043
Tibetan calendar	阴土羊年 (female Earth-Goat) 1626 or 1245 or 473     — to — 阳金猴年 (male Iron-Monkey) 1627 or 1246 or 474

February 17: Battle of Hemmingstedt

Year 1500 ( MD ) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar. The year 1500 was not a leap year in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

The year 1500 was the last year of the 15th century and the first year of the 16th century. The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. This time was also just after the Old World's discovery of the Americas in 1492, and therefore was influenced greatly by the New World. ^[1]

Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the early modern period. ^[2]

The end of this year marked the halfway point of the 2nd millennium, as there were 500 years before it and 500 years after it.

Events

January–March

• January 5 – Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French. ^[3]
• January 26 – Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón reaches the northern coast of Brazil. ^[4]
• February 5 – Ludovico Sforza's Swiss mercenary army retakes the city of Milan from the French during the Second Italian War. ^[5]
• February 17 – Battle of Hemmingstedt: The Danish army fails to conquer the peasants' republic of Dithmarschen. ^[6]
• March 9 – Pedro Álvares Cabral, with a fleet of 13 ships, departs Portugal on a voyage to the New World. ^[7]
• March 11 – The Parliament of Bohemia adopts a new constitution that limits the power of King Vladislav II and subsequent Bohemian monarchs. Miroslav Buchvaldek, Československé dějiny v datech ("Czechoslovak History and Data") (Svoboda, 1987)
• March 24 – The day after departing the Cape Verde Islands with the rest of Cabral's fleet, Vasco de Ataíde and his 150 crewmates die when their ship goes down in a storm. ^[8]

April–June

• April 22 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral and his crew on 13 vessels become the first Europeans to discover Brazil, anchoring at Monte Pascoal and naming the country Vera Cruz. ^[9] Cabral claims the land for the Kingdom of Portugal.
• May 1 – Pêro Vaz de Caminha finishes writing his chronicle of the Portuguese discovery of Brazil while accompanying Cabral. ^[10]
• May 3 – Cabral and his fleet depart from Brazil and sail eastward toward Africa, resuming their journey to India.
• May 5 – Representatives of the English and Spanish royal families sign a treaty at Canterbury for the marriage of 13-year-old Arthur, Prince of Wales (son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York) to 14-year-old Princess Catherine of Aragon. Arthur's marriage to Catherine takes place the next year, but Arthur dies five months later; she marries Arthur's younger brother Henry VIII in 1509. ^[11]
• May 8 – The first guide to distilling of liquor is published, Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus by Hieronymus Brunschwig.
• May 29 – Traveling eastward from Brazil, Cabral and his fleet run into a storm off of the coast of Africa near the Cape of Good Hope and lose four of their 13 ships. ^[12] Navigator Bartolomeu Dias is among the persons killed.
• June 1 – Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Quamvis ad amplianda , calling on a Roman Catholic crusade against the Ottoman Empire. ^[13]
• June 29 – A combined force of troops from the Kingdom of France and from the Republic of Florence lay siege to the city of Pisa. ^[14]
• June 30 – Sultan Abu Sa'id Qansuh of Egypt is overthrown and sent into exile. Al-Ashraf Abu al-Nasir Janbalat is crowned as the new Mamluk sultan, but reigns for less than six months.

July–September

• July 14 – The Muscovites defeat the Lithuanians and the Poles in the Battle of Vedrosha. ^[15]
• July 24 – Ottoman–Venetian War: The Turkish fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians in the Second Battle of Lepanto.
• August 9 – In the Venetian Republic, the Ottoman Empire Turks capture Modon and Coron, the "two eyes of the Republic". ^[16]
• August 10 – Diogo Dias discovers an island which he names São Lourenço, since August 10 is the feast day of Saint Lawrence, a Roman Catholic martyr of the 3rd century. ^[17] The massive island is later known as Madagascar.
• August 23 – Francisco de Bobadilla, appointed to replace Admiral Christopher Columbus as Spanish Governor-General of the New World, arrives at Santo Domingo on the island of Hispanola. Bobadilla issues an order directing Christopher and Bartolomeo Columbus to appear before him at Santo Domingo. ^[18]
• September 12 – George the Bearded begins a reign of more than 38 years as Duke of Saxony at the Saxon capital of Emden, after the death of his father, Albert III, who had ruled 36 years. ^[19] George also becomes George II, Margrave of Meissen.
• September 13 – Pedro Cabral's fleet of nine ships arrives in India, more than six months after departing from Portugal, and lands at the port of Calicut, which had been visited two years earlier by Vasco da Gama. ^[20]

Christopher Columbus arrested

• September 15 – Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon) is placed under arrest, along with his two brothers, Bartolome and Diego, after appearing before Francisco de Bobadilla, who had replaced him as the Spanish Governor of the New World. ("El 15 de septiemre Bobadilla presenta sus credenciales a Colon... Colon habia ejectuado a varios espanoles cargo de gran peso contra el, asi que al fin Bobadilla resolvio enviarlos presos a Espana para que alla se les juzgase."— "On the 15th of September of 1500, Bobadilla presented his credential to Columbus. Columbus had executed several Spaniards charged with great weight against him, so Bobadilla finally decided to send them prisoners to Spain so that they could be tried there.") ^[21]
• September 23 – Bobadilla hears testimony from 22 witnesses and concludes that the Columbus brothers intended to overthrow him; he has them placed in manacles and chains for deportation to Spain. ("La pesquisa de Bobadilla contra Colon habia comenzado el 23-IX-1500."— "Bobadilla's investigation against Colon had begun on 23 September 1500.") ^[22]

October–December

• October 1 – Christopher Columbus and his brothers, arrested and in chains, are deported from Santo Domingo to Spain. ^[23]
• October 22 – Nasir-ud-Din Shah overthrows the government of his father, Ghiyath Shah, ruler of the Malwa Sultanate (located in much of what is now the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh) for the last 31 years. ^[24] Upon becoming the new Sultan, Nasir has his brother Ala-ud-Din executed, along with Ala-ud-din's children. Ghiyasuddin is poisoned the following February.
• November 11 – Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them. ^[25]
• November 16 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara accedes to the throne of Meiō era Japan.
• November 25 – Christopher Columbus and his brothers arrive in Spain at Seville "after one of the longest Atlantic crossings in the Columbian years" (six weeks) and released on their own recognizance. ^[23]
• December 17 – All charges against the Columbus brothers for malfeasance in governing Hispanola are dismissed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. ^[21]
• December 24 – The Siege of the Castle of St. George ends, and the island of Cephalonia is captured by a joint Venetian–Spanish fleet. ^[26]
• December 31 – The last incunable is printed in Venice. ^[27]

Date unknown

• Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million people ( Spielvogel ). The world's population is estimated to be between 425 million and 540 million. ^[28]
• Saxony's mint at Annaberg begins producing guldengroschens, also known as guldiners. ^[29]
• Although other reports exist, it is thought that the last wolf in England was killed this year, making the species extinct in that country. ^[30] The wolf is thought to have been killed in Allithwaite, in Cumbria. However, reports of wolf sightings and laws concerning wolf bounties existed in rural areas of the north until the 18th century.
• A group of Māori migrated east from the New Zealand mainland to the Chatham Islands, developing a distinct pacificist culture known as the Moriori (approx date)

World population

Main article: List of countries by population in 1500

Births

Emperor Charles V

• January 6 – John of Ávila, Spanish mystic and saint (d. 1569) ^[31]
• January 20 – Jean Quintin, French priest, knight and writer (d. 1561) ^[32]
• February 7 – João de Castro, Portuguese nobleman and fourth viceroy of Portuguese India (d. 1548) ^[33]
• February 22 – Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi, Italian humanist (d. 1564) ^[34]
• February 24 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558) ^[35]
• March 3 – Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1558) ^{[36] [37]}
• April 12 – Joachim Camerarius, German classical scholar (d. 1574) ^[38]
• April 23
  • Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian (d. 1565) ^[39]
  • Johann Stumpf, Swiss writer (d. 1576) ^[40]
• April 27 – Louis, Count of Vaudémont, Italian bishop (d. 1528) ^[41]
• May 17 – Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1540) ^[42]
• June 13 – Ernest of Bavaria, pledge lord of the County of Glatz (d. 1560) ^[43]
• July 1 – Federico Cesi (cardinal), Italian cardinal (d. 1565) ^[44]
• July 20 – Lorenzo Cybo, Italian condottiero (d. 1549) ^[45]
• August 16 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte), Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d. 1532) ^[46]
• September 5 – Maria of Jever, last ruler of the Lordship of Jever (d. 1575) ^[47]
• September 7 – Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk and martyr (d. 1535) ^[48]
• September 17 – Sebastiano Antonio Pighini, Italian cardinal (d. 1553) ^[49]
• October 17 – Alonso de Orozco Mena, Spanish Roman Catholic priest (d. 1591) ^[50]
• November 3 – Benvenuto Cellini, Italian goldsmith and sculptor (d. 1571) ^[51]
• December 6 – Nicolaus Mameranus, Luxembourgish soldier and historian (d. 1567) ^[52]
• probable
  • Johannes Aal, Swiss theologian and composer (d. 1553) ^[53]
  • Charles Dumoulin, French jurist (d. 1566) ^[54]
  • Wu Cheng'en, Chinese novelist (d. 1582) ^[55]
  • Heinrich Faber, German music theorist (d. 1552) ^[56]
  • Francisco de Moraes, Portuguese writer (d. 1572) ^[57]
  • Jeanne de la Font, French poet and culture patron (d. 1532) ^[58]
  • Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (d. 1532) ^[59]

Deaths

Leonhard of Gorizia

Alfonso of Aragon

January–June

• February 17 – William III, Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1471) ^[60]
• April 10 – Michael Tarchaniota Marullus, Greek scholar, poet and soldier (b. c. 1453) ^[61]
• April 12 – Leonhard of Gorizia, Count of Gorz (b. 1440) ^[62]
• May 29
  • Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1450) ^[63]
  • Thomas Rotherham, English cleric and minister (b. 1423) ^[64]
• June 19 – Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset, English nobleman (b. 1499) ^[65]
• June 23 – Lodovico Lazzarelli, Italian poet (b. 1447) ^[66]

July–December

• July 14 – Íñigo López de Mendoza y Luna, 2nd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1438) ^[67]
• July 19 – Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal (b. 1498) ^[68]
• August 18 – Alfonso of Aragon, prince (b. 1481) ^[69]
• August 26 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (b. 1449) ^[70]
• August 30 – Victor, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (b. 1443) ^[71]
• September 12 – Albert III, Duke of Saxony (b. 1443) ^[72]
• September 15 – John Morton, English Archbishop of Canterbury (b. c. 1420) ^[73]
• October 1 – John Alcock, English Bishop of Ely (b. c. 1430) ^[74]
• October 21 – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (b. 1442)
• November 13 – Philip, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (b. 1468)
• date unknown– Antonia of Savoy, Lady Consort of Monaco ^[75]

Probable

• Juan Pérez de Gijón, Spanish composer (b. 1460)
• Stefano Infessura, Italian humanist writer (b. c. 1435) ^[76]
• Fyodor Kuritsyn, Russian statesman, philosopher and poet ^[77]
• Nyai Gede Pinateh, Javanese merchant (b. c. 1450)

References

1. Andrew Graham-Dixon, Art of Germany (2011), United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation^{[ need quotation to verify ]}
2. "History of Europe - The Middle Ages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
3. Salvatorelli, Luigi (1977). A Concise History of Italy: From Prehistoric Times to Our Own Day. AMS Press. p. 371. ISBN   978-0-404-14596-5 . Retrieved June 13, 2023.
4. "Pinzon discovers Brazil". HISTORY. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
5. Meschini, Stefano (2006). La Francia nel ducato di Milano: Dall'occupazione del Ducato alla Lega di Cambrai (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. p. 96. ISBN   978-88-464-7134-5 . Retrieved June 13, 2023.
6. Witt, Reimer. "Die Schlacht bei Hemmingstedt – Wahrheit und Legende" (PDF). www.beirat-fuer-geschichte.de. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
7. Abreu, João Capistrano de (December 10, 1998). Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History 1500-1800. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN   978-0-19-802631-0 . Retrieved June 13, 2023.
8. "A CARTA DE PERO VAZ DE CAMINHA" (in Portuguese)
9. Vianna, Helio (1994). História do Brasil (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Melhoramentos. pp. 43–44. ISBN   978-85-06-01999-3 . Retrieved June 13, 2023.
10. Greenlee, William Brooks (1938). Voyage Of Pedro Alvares Cabral To Brazil And India. The Hakluyt Society. p. 33. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
11. Williamson, David (1986). Debrett's kings and queens of Britain. Topsfield: Salem House. p. 112. ISBN   978-0-88162-213-3 . Retrieved June 14, 2023.
12. Marchon, Albino (January 29, 2016). "Travessia tragica do Cabo da Boa Esperanca". Do Oiapoque ao Chuí: Aventura e História no litoral do Brasil. Simplíssimo. ISBN   978-85-69333-41-8 . Retrieved June 14, 2023.
13. Housley, N. (November 14, 2004). Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact. Springer. p. 138. ISBN   978-0-230-52335-7 . Retrieved June 14, 2023.
14. Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1994). Louis XII. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 120. ISBN   978-0-312-12072-6 . Retrieved June 14, 2023.
15. Богуславский, Владимир Вольфович (2009). Рюриковичи и Русь: от Рюрика до смутного времени : [иллюстрированный исторический словарь] (in Russian). Вече. p. 75. ISBN   978-5-9533-1927-0 . Retrieved June 14, 2023.
16. Manfroni, Camillo (1897). Storia della marina italiana (in Italian). R. Accademia navale. pp. 227–229. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
17. Larson, Pier Martin (2007). "Colonies Lost: God, Hunger, and Conflict in Anosy (Madagascar) to 1674". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 27 (2): 345–366. doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-010. ISSN   1548-226X. S2CID   143437636 . Retrieved June 14, 2023.
18. Tom Smith, Discovery of the Americas, 1492-1800 (Facts On File, Inc., 2009) p.35
19. Herbermann, Charles George (1909). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. Robert Appleton Company. p. 457. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
20. Dodwell, H. H. (1929). Cambridge History Of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
21. Raúl Aguilar Rodas, Cristobal Colón: realidad y ficción tras 500 años de su muerte, 1506-2006 ("Christopher Columbus: Reality and fiction, 500 years after his death") (Paniberica, 2006) p. 95
22. José María Vallejo García-Hevia, Estudios de institucions Hispano-Indianas ("Studies of Hispanic and Indian Institutions")(Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2015) p. 167
23. Helen Nader, The Book of Privileges Issued to Christopher Columbus by King Fernando and Queen Isabel, 1492-1502 (Wipf & Stock, 2004) p.54
24. John Andrew Allan and Henry Herbert Dodwell, The Cambridge Shorter History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936) p. 307
25. Knecht, Robert (April 1, 2007). The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. A&C Black. p. 128. ISBN   978-1-85285-522-2 . Retrieved June 15, 2023.
26. Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The fifteenth century. American Philosophical Society. p. 523. ISBN   978-0-87169-127-9 . Retrieved June 15, 2023.
27. Robert James Bast; Andrew Colin Gow; Heiko Augustinus Oberman (2000). Continuity and Change: The Harvest of Late Medieval and Reformation History : Essays Presented to Heiko A. Oberman on His 70th Birthday. Brill. p. 122. ISBN   90-04-11633-8. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
28. "Historical Estimates of World Population". Census.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
29. Gerhardt, Marcus Rudolf Balthasar (1788). Handbuch der Deutschen Münz- Maaß- und Gewichtskunde (in German). Wever. p. 17. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
30. Jones, Karen R. (2002). Wolf Mountains: A History of Wolves Along the Great Divide. University of Calgary Press. p. 7. ISBN   978-1-55238-072-7 . Retrieved June 15, 2023.
31. Raphaël Louis Oechslin (1962). Louis of Granada. Herder. p. 24. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
32. Vella, Horatio C. R. (2003). "Jean Quintin's Insulae Melitae Descriptio (1536) : an anniversary and a discussion on its sources" (PDF). Humanitas: Journal of the Faculty of Arts. 2. University of Malta: 155–171. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2020.
33. Benjamin Eli Smith (1895). The Century Cyclopedia of Names: A Pronouncing and Etymological Dictionary of Names in Geography, Biography, Mythology, History, Ethnology, Art, Archæology, Fiction, Etc. ... Century Company. p. 224. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
34. Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1783). Biblioteca modenese (in Italian). Vol. 4. Società tipografica. p. 212. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
35. "Charles V | Accomplishments, Reign, Abdication, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
36. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 22, 1536". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
37. Haile, Martin (1910). Life of Reginald Pole. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 5. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
38. Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia: a Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge. A.J. Johnson & Son. 1879. p. 740. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
39. John McClintock; James Strong (1981). Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Baker Publishing Group. p. 138. ISBN   978-0-8010-6123-3. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
40. Robert W. Karrow (1993). Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps: Bio-bibliographies of the Cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570 : Based on Leo Bagrow's A. Ortelii Catalogus Cartographorum. Newberry Library. p. 510. ISBN   978-0-932757-05-0. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
41. Poupardière, Charles Louis de Foucault de la (1791). Histoire de Léopold 1er. Duc de Lorraine et de Bar (in French). l'imprimerie d'Emm. p. 314. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
42. Bourne, Molly (2008). Francesco II Gonzaga: The Soldier-prince as Patron. Bulzoni. p. 49. ISBN   978-88-7870-325-4 . Retrieved June 16, 2023.
43. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. 1877. p. 249. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
44. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 19, 1544". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
45. Atti e memorie della R. Deputazione di storia patria per le provincie modenesi (in Italian). Vol. 1. Modena: G. T. Vincenzi. 1892. p. 142. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
46. Affò, Ireneo (1780). Vita di Luigi Gonzaga detto Rodomonte principe del Sacro Romano Impero, duca di Trajetto, conte di Fondi, e signore di Rivarolo (in Italian). Filippo Carmignani. p. 29. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
47. KRUEGER, Johann (1855). Bilder aus der Geschichte Bremens ... nebst einer kurzen geographischen Beschreibung des Bremischen Staates (in German). C. Schünemann's Buchhandlung. p. 192. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
48. "Newdigate, Sebastian" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68241 . Retrieved June 17, 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
49. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 20, 1551". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
50. Nieto, Luis Moreno (2003). Santos y beatos de Toledo (in Spanish). I.T. San Ildefonso. p. 89. ISBN   978-84-932535-7-8 . Retrieved June 17, 2023.
51. • Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, Symonds translation at Project Gutenberg
52. Didier, Nikolaus Auteur (1915). Nikolaus Mameranus : ein Luxemburger Humanist des XVI. Jahrhunderts am Hofe der Habsburger, sein Leben und seine Werke (in German). Freiburg im Breisgau. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
53. "Aal, Johannes". hls-dhs-dss.ch (in German). Retrieved June 17, 2023.
54. Decock, Wim (2019). "Charles Dumoulin: (1500–1566)". Great Christian Jurists in French History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–116. ISBN   978-1-108-48408-4 . Retrieved June 17, 2023.
55. "Wu Cheng'en" (in Chinese). September 29, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
56. Grimm, Hartmut; Wald-Fuhrmann, Melanie; Scheideler, Ullrich; Wörner, Felix (November 21, 2017). Lexikon Schriften über Musik: Band 1: Musiktheorie von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Vol. 1. Bärenreiter-Verlag. p. 135. ISBN   978-3-7618-7124-9 . Retrieved June 17, 2023.
57. Bell, Aubrey Fitz Gerald (1922). Portuguese Literature. Clarendon P. p. 232. ISBN   978-0-7426-4418-2 . Retrieved June 17, 2023.
58. Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; Levin, Carole (March 2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. ABC-CLIO. p. 198. ISBN   978-1-85109-772-2 . Retrieved June 17, 2023.
59. Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus (1901). The Jewish encyclopedia. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 651. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
60. Hitzeroth, Carl (1887). Hessenland: Zeitschrift für die Kulturpflege des Bezirksverbandes Hessen (in German). p. 67. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
61. Titus Lucretius Carus (1864). Titi Lucreti Cari De Rerum Natura Libri Sex: With a translation and notes. Bell. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
62. Seibert, Anton E. (1873). Görz. Stadt und Land (in German). Sochar. p. 26. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
63. Rebecca Stefoff (1995). The British Library Companion to Maps and Mapmaking. British Library. p. 111. ISBN   978-0-7123-0650-8. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
64. Horrox, Rosemary (2004). "Rotherham [Scot], Thomas" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24155 . Retrieved June 17, 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
65. Weir, Alison (2002). Britain's royal families : the complete genealogy. London: Pimlico. p. 152. ISBN   978-0-7126-4286-6 . Retrieved June 17, 2023.
66. Wouter J. Hanegraaff and Ruud M. Bouthoorn, Lodovico Lazzarelli (1447-1500): The Hermetic Writings and Related Documents, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Tempe 2005.
67. Serrano, Francisco Layna (1942). Historia de Guadalajara y sus Mendozas en los siglos XV y XVI (in Spanish). Madrid: Aldus, S.A. p. 219. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
68. Pereira, Esteves (1909). Portugal; diccionario historico, chorographico, heraldico, biographico, bibliographico, numismatico e artistico: L-M (in Brazilian Portuguese). J. Romano Torres. p. 1099. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
69. L'Arte di verificare le date dei fatti storici delle inscrizioni delle cronache e di altri antichi monumenti dal principio dell'era christiana sino all'anno 1770 (in Italian). Vol. 17. Gattei. 1838. p. 505. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
70. "Hanau-Münzenberg, Philipp I. der Jüngere Graf von". www.lagis-hessen.de. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
71. Ciurlok, Jerzy (March 20, 2020). Ich książęce wysokości. Część górnośląska (in Polish). Silesia Progress. ISBN   978-83-936190-4-7 . Retrieved June 18, 2023. Prince Wiktoryn did not move to either the Ziębice-Oleśnica or Kłodzko estates of the Podiebrady family, although he was entitled to titles related to them. He died on September 30, 1500 in Cieszyn, but was buried in Kłodzko in the family crypts.
72. Richthofen, Karl Freiherr von (1882). Untersuchungen über friesische Rechtsgeschichte: Upstalsbom, Freiheit und Grafen in Friesland, Kapitel 4 - 6, Abschnitt 1 (in German). Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz. p. 295. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
73. Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeological Society (1874). Transactions. p. 214. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
74. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Vol. 60. I.L. Norie and Wilson, Limited. 1967. p. 91. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
75. Saige, Gustave (1897). Monaco (in French). Imprimerie de Monaco. p. 115. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
76. "Infessura, Stefano". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved June 18, 2023.
77. "Курицын Федор Васильевич, посольский дьяк". lib.pushkinskijdom.ru (in Russian). Retrieved June 18, 2023.