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Abazinia – Abazinia
Aceh – Aceh Sultanate 
Adal – Adal Sultanate 
Ahmadnagar – Ahmadnagar Sultanate 
Ahom – Ahom Kingdom
Ajuran – Ajuran Sultanate 
Ağ Qoyunlu – Ağ Qoyunlu Confederation 
Andorra – Principality of Andorra 
Aragon – Kingdom of Aragon 
Astrakhan – Khanate of Astrakhan 
Aztec – Aztec Empire 
Bengal – Sultanate of Bengal 
Bornu – Bornu Empire 
Brunei – Bruneian Sultanate 
Butuan – Rajahnate of Butuan 
Cambodia 
Clandeboye 
Cospaia - Republic of Cospaia 
Delhi – Delhi Sultanate 
Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark 
Genoa – Republic of Genoa 
Golden Horde – Golden Horde
Gujarat – Gujarat Sultanate 
Hanthawaddy – Hanthawaddy Kingdom 
Holy Roman Empire (high decentralized limited elective monarchy)
Hungary – Kingdom of Hungary 
Japan – Ashikaga Shogunate 
Kabardia – Princedom of Kabardia 
Kakheti – Kingdom of Kakheti 
Kangleipak – Kangleipak State
Kazan – Khanate of Kazan 
Knights Hospitaller – Order of Saint John 
Kotte – Kingdom of Kotte 
Lithuania – Grand Duchy of Lithuania 
Majapahit – Majapahit Empire 
Maldives – Sultanate of the Maldives 
Mamluk – Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 
Morocco – Wattasid dynasty of Morocco 
Muscovy – Grand Duchy of Muscovy 
Naples – Kingdom of Naples 
Navarre – Kingdom of Navarre 
Nogai – Nogai Horde 
Noli – Republic of Noli 
Oman – Imamate of Oman 
Osraige 
Ottoman Empire 
Papal States 
Poland – Kingdom of Poland 
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal 
Pskov – Republic of Pskov 
Samtskhe – Samtskhe Atabegate 
San Marino – Republic of San Marino 
Scotland – Kingdom of Scotland 
Senarica – Senarica Republic 
Shaybanid Uzbek State (Khanate of Bukhara)
Sindh – Samma dynasty of Sindh 
Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden 
Teutonic Knights – State of the Teutonic Order 
Thomond – Kingdom of Thomond
Timurid Empire 
Tlaxcala – Confederacy of Tlaxcala 
Tlemcen – Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen 
Tunis – Sultanate of Tunis 
Tyrconnell 
Tyrone 
Venice – Most Serene Republic of Venice 
Vijayanagara – Vijayanagara Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a highly decentralized collection of polities. [1] A comprehensive list of all of its anachronistic components has been made at List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, and would be much too large to fit here.
Austria – Archduchy of Austria 
Bavaria – Duchy of Bavaria 
Bohemia – Kingdom of Bohemia 
Brandenburg – Margraviate of Brandenburg 
Electoral Palatinate – County Palatine of the Rhine 
Florence – Republic of Florence 
Lorraine – Duchy of Lorraine 
Savoy – Duchy of Savoy 
Saxony – Electorate of Saxony 
Switzerland – Swiss ConfederacyCrowns were composite monarchies composed of multiple countries under one ruler.
Castile – Crown of Castile
Crimean Khanate – Crimean Khanate (vassal)
Wallachia – Principality of Wallachia (vassal)
Azores (possession) Brazil (colony) Ceuta (possession; Moroccan city captured in 1415) Portuguese Gold Coast (colony) Portuguese Mozambique (colony) Príncipe (colony) São Tomé (colony) Tangier (possession)
Canary Islands – Kingdom of the Canary Islands 
The Ottoman Empire had a number of tributary and vassal states throughout its history. Its tributary states would regularly send tribute to the Ottoman Empire, which was understood by both states as also being a token of submission. In exchange for certain privileges, its vassal states were obligated to render support to the Ottoman Empire when called upon to do so. Some of its vassal states were also tributary states. These client states, many of which could be described by modern terms such as satellite states or puppet states, were usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Sublime Porte, over which direct control was not established, for various reasons.
