This is a list of sovereign states in the 1970s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1970 and 31 December 1979. It contains 191 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 166 widely-recognized sovereign states (including 4 associated states that gained full independence, 4 states which were initially unrecognized but then gained full recognition later in the decade, and 1 state which was initially widely-recognized but then lost full recognition later in the decade), 2 constituent republics of another sovereign state that were UN members on their own right, 12 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered de facto dependencies of other powers by the general international community, 4 associated states, and 7 transitional states.
People's Republic of Bangladesh (from 17 January 1972)
De facto independent state. Claimed by Pakistan (to 22 February 1974). Permanent observer at the UN (from 1973 to 17 September 1974). Widely-recognized state (from 1973).
Widely-recognized independent state. Permanent observer at the UN (to 21 September 1971). UN member state (from 21 September 1971). Bhutan was officially guided by India in its foreign affairs, but effectively pursued an independent foreign policy starting in the 1970s.
Biafra – Republic of Biafra (to 12 January 1970)[j] Capital: Enugu
Partially recognized de facto independent state;[k] claimed by Nigeria.
Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)
Widely-recognized UN member state.[ad] Cyprus included one self-declared state which, although it did not claim independence, was de facto self-governing:
Widely-recognized UN member state. Greece had sovereignty over Mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state that was jointly governed by the multi-national "Holy Community" on the mountain and the Civil Governor appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and spiritually came under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau (from 24 September 1973)[aq] Capital: Madina do Boe (to 10 September 1974), Bissau (from 10 September 1974)
De facto independent state; claimed by Portugal to 10 September 1974. Widely-recognized from 10 September 1974; UN member state from 17 September 1974.
Indian sovereignty over South Tibet, administered as part of North-East Frontier Agency and then Arunachal Pradesh from 1972 was disputed by the People's Republic of China. India administered part of the disputed region of Kashmir as the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Partially recognized de facto independent state.[r] Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Kampuchea; the People's Republic of Kampuchea was occupied by Vietnam from December 1978.
Widely-recognized UN member state. From 26 February 1976 to 11 August 1979, Mauritania claimed sovereignty over and controlled a portion of the disputed Western Sahara. The territory was home to the de facto independent Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 27 February 1976.
Widely-recognized UN member state. Norway had two integral overseas areas: Jan Mayen and Svalbard. The latter of area had a special status due to the Spitsbergen Treaty. Norway had sovereignty over the following dependencies:
Widely-recognized UN member state. Portugal had two autnonomous regions: the Azores (from 27 August 1976) and Madeira (from 27 August 1976). Portugal had sovereignty over the following overseas provinces:
Portugal continued to claim sovereignty over Portuguese Timor after its unilateral declaration of independence on 28 November 1975 and its occupation by Indonesia on 7 December 1975. It claimed the former overseas province of Portuguese India, which had been annexed by India, until 31 December 1974. It also claimed the Spanish municipalities of Olivenza and Táliga.
Q
Qatar – State of Qatar (from 3 September 1971)[bg] Capital: Doha
Widely-recognized independent state; UN member state from 21 September 1971.
Partially recognized de facto independent state. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claimed the disputed territory of Western Sahara, most of which was under control of Morocco and (to 11 August 1979) Mauritania. The territory under its control, the so-called Free Zone, was claimed by Morocco and Mauritania. Its government resided in exile in Tindouf, Algeria.
Widely-recognized UN member state. South Africa had eight autonomous bantustans: Bophuthatswana (from 1 June 1972 to 6 December 1977), Ciskei (from 1 August 1972) Gazankulu (from 1 February 1973), KwaZulu (from 1 February 1977), Lebowa (from 2 October 1972), Transkei (to 26 October 1976), QwaQwa (from 1 November 1974), and Venda (from 1 February 1973 to 13 September 1979). There were also three bantustans which were nominally independent: Bophuthatswana (from 6 December 1977), Transkei (from 26 October 1976), and Venda (from 13 September 1979). South Africa administered one League of Nations mandate:
Widely-recognized UN member state. The Soviet Union was a federation of 15 republics, two of which (Byelorussia and Ukraine) were UN members in their own right.[75]
United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Capital: London
Widely-recognized UN member state; EEC member from 1 January 1973. The United Kingdom was composed of four constituent countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The United Kingdom had responsibilities for the following self-governing free associated states:
Widely-recognized independent state. Vatican City was administered by the Holy See, a sovereign entity recognized by a large number of countries and a Permanent observer at the United Nations. The Holy See also administered a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy; the Pope was the ex officio head of state of Vatican City.
Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:
Antarctica as a whole had no government and no permanent population. Seven states claimed portions of Antarctica and five of these had reciprocally recognised one another's claims.[93] These claims, which were regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, were neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state.[94]
East Timor was occupied and administered by Indonesia as Timor Timur, but this was not recognized by the United Nations, which considered it to be Portuguese territory under Indonesian occupation.
Estonia was occupied and administered by the Soviet Union, but the legality of the annexation was not widely-recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.
Latvia was occupied and administered by the Soviet Union, but the legality of the annexation was not widely-recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.
Lithuania was occupied and administered by the Soviet Union, but the legality of the annexation was not widely-recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was an entity claiming sovereignty. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but had no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome.[95] The order's Constitution stated: "The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions."[96] Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.
West Berlin was a political enclave that was closely aligned with, but not actually a part of, West Germany. It consisted of three occupied sectors administered by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, and Fujairah became fully independent states when the British protectorate over the Trucial States came to an end on 1 December 1971. The next day, they united to form the United Arab Emirates.[1]
1 2 Burma adopted a new constitution on 3 January 1974.[14]
↑ Cabinda declared independence from the Portuguese overseas province Angola on 1 August 1975. It was annexed by the independent state of Angola on 11 November 1975.[15]
↑ The constitution of Democratic Kampuchea was adopted on 5 January 1976.
1 2 Although the People's Republic of Kampuchea had near total control over the territory of Cambodia from 10 January 1979 on, the majority of the states in the world recognized the former government of Democratic Kampuchea, which retained Cambodia's UN membership. The People's Republic of Kampuchea was mainly recognized by Vietnam and states within the Soviet sphere of influence.
1 2 Cameroon adopted its constitution on 2 June 1972.[16]
↑ Cape Verde attained independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975.[19]
1 2 The Central African Empire was declared on 4 December 1976.[20]
1 2 The Central African Republic was restored on 20 September 1979.[20]
1 2 Ceylon was declared a republic on 22 May 1972.[21]
1 2 A new constitution for Sri Lanka came into effect on 7 September 1978.[22]
1 2 Owing to a dispute over lands seized during World War II, Liechtenstein and Czechoslovakia did not recognize each other.
1 2 Dahomey was renamed Benin on 30 November 1975.[28]
↑ The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas gained independence as Djibouti on 27 June 1977.[29]
↑ Dominica gained independence from the United Kingdom on 3 November 1978.[30]
↑ East Timor declared independence from Portugal on 28 November 1975. It was invaded and occupied by Indonesia on 7 December 1975, it also had a provisional government and annexed outright on 17 July 1976, though the legality of the declaration and annexation were not widely-recognized.[31]
↑ Fiji gained independence from the United Kingdom on 10 October 1970.[33]
1 2 Comoros declared independence on 6 July 1975 and was recognized by France on 31 December 1975, but the island of Mayotte remained under French administration. A separate administration for Mayotte was not formally established until 24 December 1976.
1 2 The Gambia became a republic on 24 April 1970.[34]
1 2 King Constantine II of Greece was deposed by the Regime of the Colonels on 1 June 1973.[36] The end of the monarchy was confirmed by plebiscite on 8 December 1974 and a new Republican constitution was enacted on 11 June 1975.
↑ Grenada became independent from the United Kingdom on 7 February 1974.[37]
1 2 The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was declared on 2 March 1977.[45]
1 2 Madagascar adopted a new constitution on 30 December 1975.[46]
1 2 Malta became a republic on 13 December 1974.[48]
↑ Mozambique declared independence from Portugal on 25 June 1975.[50]
↑ The Republic of the North Solomons declared independence from the Australian-administered Trust Territory of Papua and New Guinea on 1 September 1975.[52][53] The North Solomons gave up their claim of independence on 7 August 1976.[54][55]
↑ Papua New Guinea gained independence from an Australian-administered UN Trusteeship on 16 September 1975.[57]
↑ Qatar gained independence from the United Kingdom on 3 September 1971.[58]
↑ Ras al-Khaimah became fully independent when the British Protectorate over the Trucial States came to an end on 1 December 1971. On 11 February 1972 it joined the United Arab Emirates.[59]
1 2 Rhodesia became a republic on 2 March 1970.[60]
1 2 The interim state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia was established on 1 June 1979.[61]
↑ Zimbabwe Rhodesia reverted to the UK's rule on 12 December 1979.[62]
↑ Rwanda's official French name was "République rwandaise".[63][64] It could be translated into English as "Rwandese Republic",[65] "Rwandan Republic",[66] or "Republic of Rwanda"[67]
↑ The date the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic declared its independence on.[68]
↑ Saint Lucia gained independence from the United Kingdom on 22 February 1979.[69]
↑ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained independence from the United Kingdom on 27 October 1979.[70]
↑ São Tomé and Príncipe gained independence from Portugal on 12 July 1975.[71]
↑ The Seychelles gained independence from the United Kingdom on 29 June 1976.[72]
1 2 Sierra Leone became a republic on 19 April 1971.[73]
↑ The Solomon Islands gained independence from the United Kingdom on 7 July 1978.[74]
↑ Spain enacted a new constitution on 29 December 1978.[77]
↑ Suriname gained independence from the Netherlands on 25 November 1975.[78]
↑ Tanna declared independence from the New Hebrides on 24 March 1974. The rebellion was put down on 29 June 1974.[80]
↑ Tonga gained independence from the United Kingdom on 4 June 1970.[81]
↑ The South African bantustan of Transkei was declared independent on 26 October 1976.[82]
1 2 Trinidad and Tobago became a republic on 1 March 1976.[83]
↑ Tuvalu became independent from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1978.[84]
1 2 The United Kingdom considered the Canton and Enderbury Islands to be part of its Gilbert Islands colony from 1 January 1975. The United States continued to claim the islands until 20 September 1979.
↑ Venda gained nominal independence on 13 September 1979.[88]
1 2 3 North Vietnam and South Vietnam united to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[90]
1 2 Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese on 30 April 1975, leading to the establishment of the Republic of South Vietnam.[90]
1 2 South Yemen was renamed on 1 December 1970.[91]
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References
↑ Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs (February 2002). "Background Note: United Arab Emirates". Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2002-06-06. Retrieved 6 June 2002.
↑ Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (September 2004). "Background Note: East Timor". Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2 September 2004.
↑ Bureau of African Affairs (January 2002). "Background Note: Gambia, The". Bureau of African Affairs. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 6 June 2002.
↑ Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (April 2002). "Background Note: Laos". Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. United States Department of States. Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 6 August 2002.
↑ Rogan-Finnemore, Michelle (2005), "What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean", in Von Tigerstrom, Barbara (ed.), International Law Issues in the South Pacific, Ashgate Publishing, p.204, ISBN0-7546-4419-7 "Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway and the United Kingdom reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims."
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