1565

This article is about the year 1565. For the channel, see Toon-A-Vision.

March 1: Rio de Janeiro is founded.

1565 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1565 MDLXV
Ab urbe condita	2318
Armenian calendar	1014 ԹՎ ՌԺԴ
Assyrian calendar	6315
Balinese saka calendar	1486–1487
Bengali calendar	971–972
Berber calendar	2515
English Regnal year	7  Eliz. 1  – 8  Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar	2109
Burmese calendar	927
Byzantine calendar	7073–7074
Chinese calendar	甲子年 (Wood  Rat) 4262 or 4055     — to — 乙丑年 (Wood  Ox) 4263 or 4056
Coptic calendar	1281–1282
Discordian calendar	2731
Ethiopian calendar	1557–1558
Hebrew calendar	5325–5326
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1621–1622
- Shaka Samvat	1486–1487
- Kali Yuga	4665–4666
Holocene calendar	11565
Igbo calendar	565–566
Iranian calendar	943–944
Islamic calendar	972–973
Japanese calendar	Eiroku 8 (永禄８年)
Javanese calendar	1484–1485
Julian calendar	1565 MDLXV
Korean calendar	3898
Minguo calendar	347 before ROC 民前347年
Nanakshahi calendar	97
Thai solar calendar	2107–2108
Tibetan calendar	阳木鼠年 (male Wood-Rat) 1691 or 1310 or 538     — to — 阴木牛年 (female Wood-Ox) 1692 or 1311 or 539

Year 1565 ( MDLXV ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 3 – In the Tsardom of Russia, Ivan the Terrible originates the oprichnina (repression of the boyars (aristocrats)). ^[1]
• January 23 – Battle of Talikota: The Vijayanagara Empire, the last Hindu kingdom in South India, is greatly weakened by the Deccan sultanates. ^[2]
• February 13 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippines.
• March 1 – The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is founded as São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro by Estácio de Sá. ^[3]
• March 16 – Spanish Conquistador López de Legazpi makes a blood compact (sandugan) with Datu Sikatuna in the island of Bohol, Philippines. ^[4]

April–June

• April 27 – Cebu City is established as San Miguel by López de Legazpi, becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
• May 2 – Huntingdon Grammar School is established in England. ^[5]
• May 18 – Ottoman troops land on the island of Malta, beginning the Great Siege of Malta. ^{[6] [7]}
• June 4 – The Treaty of Cebu is signed between Miguel López de Legazpi, representing Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu. ^[8] This effectively creates Spanish suzerainty over Cebu.
• June 17 – (19th day of 5th month, Eiroku 8); In Japan, Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the Ashikaga shogun, commits ritual suicide after Matsunaga Hisahide invades Kyoto. ^[9]

July–September

• July 29 – The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots, marries her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, in a Catholic ceremony. ^[10]
• August 6 – Sark, in the Channel Islands, is granted as a fief by Elizabeth I of England to Hellier de Carteret, Seigneur of Saint Ouen. ^{[11] [12]}
• August 26 – The Chaseabout Raid begins in Scotland as a rebellion against Mary, Queen of Scots by her half-brother, by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, following her July 29 marriage to Lord Darnley.
• August 28 (feast day of St. Augustine) – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés first sights land in Florida. ^[13]
• August 31 – Chaseabout Raid: Moray and at least 1,000 of his rebels arrive in Edinburgh for a confrontation with the Scottish crown. After cannon fire from Edinburgh Castle, the rebels retreat toward England to seek help. The rebellion is ended by the end of September.
• September 4 – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands in Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. ^[14] He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.
• September 8 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after Augustine of Hippo), is established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, becoming the oldest surviving European settlement in the modern-day United States, and a mass of Thanksgiving is said.
• September 11 – The Knights of Malta lift the Great Siege of Malta after four months. ^[15]

October–December

• October 11 – Ottavio Gentile Oderico is elected to a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa. ^[16]
• October 18 – Battle of Fukuda Bay: Ships belonging to the Matsura clan of Japan fail to capture a Portuguese trading carrack, in the first recorded naval battle between Japan and a European nation. ^[17]
• October 20 – In the Northern Seven Years' War, the Battle of Axtorna is fought in Sweden, near Falkenberg, as Daniel Rantzau of the Army of Denmark and Norway leads 7,400 troops in defeating a counterattack by over 11,000 Swedish troops led by Jacob Henriksson Hästesko. ^[18]
• October – The first Martello tower, the Tour de Mortella, designed by Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of the Genovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in Upper Corsica. ^[19]
• November 25 – The army of Burma, under the command of King Bayinnaung conquers Chiang Mai, capital of the Siamese Kingdom of Lan Na, and departs on November 30. ^[20]
• December 31 – The Burmese Army conquers Vientiane, the main city of the kingdom of Lan Xang (now Laos).
• December – The Mariovo and Prilep rebellion occurs, the very first recorded rebellion by the Macedonian hajduks or voivode against the Ottoman Empire. ^[21]

Date unknown

• The pencil is first documented by Conrad Gesner; ^{[22] [23]} it is becoming common in England.
• John Beddoes School is founded at Presteigne, Wales. ^[24]
• Herlufsholm School is founded at Næstved, Denmark. ^[25]
• Bungay Grammar School is established in England. ^[26]

Births

Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

• January 17 – Mariana Navarro de Guevarra Romero, Spanish Roman Catholic nun, member of the Mercedarian Tertiaries (d. 1624) ^[27]
• February 13 – Willem Baudartius, Dutch theologian (d. 1640) ^[28]
• March 23 – Eilhard Lubinus, German theologian (d. 1621) ^[29]
• April 2 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)
• April 3 – Anna III, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1601)
• May 15 – Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch sculptor and architect born in Utrecht (d. 1621) ^[30]
• June 2 – Francisco Ribalta, Spanish painter (d. 1628) ^[31]
• June 14 – Francis Tanfield, English governor of the South Falkland colony ^[32]
• July 6 – Hugh Hamersley, Lord Mayor of London, 1627–1628 (d. 1636) ^[33]
• August 5 – Paola Massarenghi, Italian composer (d. unknown) ^[34]
• August 9 – Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1627) ^[35]
• August 16 – Christina, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d. 1637)
• August 20 – Margaretha van Valckenburch, Dutch shipowner, only female member of the VOC (d. 1650) ^[36]
• August 29 – Agostino Ciampelli, Italian painter (d. 1630) ^[37]
• September 17 – Edward Fortunatus, German nobleman (d. 1600) ^[38]
• September 28 – Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet and writer (d. 1635) ^[39]
• October 6 – Marie de Gournay, French writer (d. 1645) ^[40]
• October 12 – Ippolito Galantini, Italian founder of the Congregation of Christian Doctrine of Florence (d. 1619) ^[41]
• October 22 – Benedikt Carpzov the elder, German legal scholar (d. 1624) ^[42]
• November 10
  • Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English nobleman and politician (d. 1601) ^[43]
  • Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d. 1646) ^[44]
• November 14 – Petrus Bertius, Flemish theologian and scientist (d. 1629) ^[45]
• December 2 – Toby Caulfeild, 1st Baron Caulfeild, Northern Irish politician (d. 1627) ^[46]
• date unknown
  • Reza Abbasi, Persian painter and calligrapher (d. 1635) ^[47]
  • Gregor Aichinger, German composer (d. 1628) ^[48]
  • John Davies of Hereford, Welsh poet (d. 1618) ^[49]
  • Camillo Graffico, Italian engraver (d. 1615) ^[50]
  • George Kirbye, English composer (d. 1634) ^[51]
  • Francis Meres, English churchman and author (d. 1647) ^[52]
  • María Pita, Spanish heroine (d. 1643) ^[53]
  • John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews (d. 1639) ^[54]
  • Edmund Whitelocke, English soldier and courtier (d. 1608) ^[55]
• probable
  • Duarte Lobo, Portuguese composer (d. 1646) ^[56]

Deaths

Diego Laynez

Pope Pius IV

• January 19 – Diego Laynez, Spanish Jesuit theologian (b. 1512) ^[57]
• January 28 – Francisco Cesi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1500) ^[58]
• February 28 – John, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and Count of Glatz (b. 1509) ^[59]
• March 17 – Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian (b. 1500) ^[60]
• c. March – Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist (b. c. 1510) ^[61]
• April 2 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (b. 1526) ^[62]
• April 27 – Osanna of Cattaro, Dominican visionary and anchoress (b. 1493) ^[63]
• May 14 – Nicolaus von Amsdorf, German Protestant reformer (b. 1483) ^[64]
• May 5 – Queen Munjeong, Korean queen (b. 1501)
• May 28 – Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (b. 1515) ^[65]
• June 12 – Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (b. 1512) ^[66]
• June 17 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (b. 1536) ^{[67] [ unreliable source? ]}
• June 19 – Wolfgang Lazius, Austrian historian (b. 1514) ^[68]
• June 23 – Turgut Reis, Ottoman naval commander (b. 1485) ^[69]
• July 18 – Kat Ashley, governess of Elizabeth I of England
• August – Jacques Buus, Flemish composer and organist (b. 1500) ^[70]
• August 29 – Alfonso Carafa, Italian cardinal (b. 1540) ^[71]
• June 25 – Herluf Trolle, Danish Admiral of the Fleet and co-founder of Herlufsholm School (b. 1516) ^[72]
• September 13 – William Farel, French evangelist (b. 1489) ^[73]
• September 11 – 20 – Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (b. 1515) ^[74]
• October 4 – Pier Paolo Vergerio, Italian reformer (b. 1498) ^[75]
• October 5 – Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (b. 1522) ^[76]
• October 7 – Johannes Mathesius, German theologian (b. 1504) ^[77]
• October 12 – Jean Ribault, French explorer and colonizer (b. 1520) ^[78]
• October 14 – Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (b. 1521) ^[79]
• October 21 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (b. 1538) ^[80]
• October 22 – Jean, Vicomte d'Aguisy Grolier de Servieres, French bibliophile (b. 1479) ^[81]
• October 29 – Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (b. 1530) ^[82]
• November 2 – Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (b. 1532) ^[83]
• November 25 – Hu Zongxian, Chinese general (b. 1512) ^[84]
• December 9 – Pope Pius IV (b. 1499) ^[85]
• December 12 – Johan Rantzau, German general (b. 1492) ^[86]
• December 13 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (b. 1516) ^[87]
• date unknown
  • Antonio Bernieri, Italian painter of the Renaissance period (b. 1516) ^[88]
  • Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan, last khan of Kazan Khanate ^[89]
  • Paweł Tarło, canon of Kraków, Poland ^[90]

References

1. Madariaga, Isabel de (September 25, 2006). Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Press. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-300-11973-2 . Retrieved November 20, 2023.
2. L. P. Sharma (1987). History of Medieval India (1000-1740 A.D.). Konark Publishers. p. 266. ISBN   978-81-220-0042-9.
3. Hermann Matthias Görgen (1981). Brazil: Impressions and Insight. Pinguin-Verlag. p. 31. ISBN   978-3-7016-2110-1.
4. Cortes, Rosario Mendoza; Boncan, Celestina Puyal; Jose, Ricardo Trota (2000). The Filipino Saga: History as Social Change. New Day Publishers. p. 30. ISBN   978-971-10-1055-3 . Retrieved November 20, 2023.
5. "HISTORY OF HINCHINGBROOKE SCHOOL & ALUMNI". www.hinchingbrookeschool.net. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
6. Mallia-Milanes, Victor (2015). "The Siege of Malta, 1565, revisited". Malta University Historical Society. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
7. Balbi, Francesco (2005). The Siege of Malta, 1565. Boydell Press. p. 45. ISBN   978-1-84383-140-2 . Retrieved November 20, 2023.
8. Philippine Historical Review. International Association of Historians of Asia. 1971. p. 236. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
9. Joyce Ackroyd, Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron (University of Queensland Press, 1982) p.332
10. Jenny Wormald, Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost (Tauris Parke, 2001), p. 153.
11. Ewen, Alfred Harry; Carteret, Allan Roper De (1969). The Fief of Sark. Guernsey P. pp. 33, 35. ISBN   978-0-902550-00-1 . Retrieved November 21, 2023.
12. "Sark marks 450 years of Royal Charter". BBC News. August 6, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
13. Actas del XIV Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas, New York, 16-21 de julio de 2001 (in Spanish). Asociación internacional de hispanistas. 2004. p. 432. ISBN   978-1-58871-049-9 . Retrieved November 21, 2023.
14. Marley, David F. (September 12, 2005). Historic Cities of the Americas. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 627. ISBN   978-1-57607-574-6 . Retrieved November 21, 2023.
15. Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 874. ISBN   978-0-87169-162-0 . Retrieved November 21, 2023.
16. Sergio Buonadonna, Rosso doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797
17. Hesselink, Reinier H. (December 21, 2015). The Dream of Christian Nagasaki: World Trade and the Clash of Cultures, 1560-1640. McFarland. p. 38. ISBN   978-0-7864-9961-8 . Retrieved November 23, 2023.
18. Svenska Slagfält: "Axtorna 1565: En fråga om kavalleritaktik" (2003) pp. 69-76
19. Vigano, Marino (2001). "Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino and the Tower at Mortella Point, Corsica (1563)". Fort. 29. Fortress Study Group: 41–57.
20. Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: pp.285–286
21. Georgieva, Valentina (1998). Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN   978-0-8108-3336-4 . Retrieved November 23, 2023.
22. Voice, Eric H. (January 1949). "The History of the Manufacture of Pencils". Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 27 (1): 131–141. doi:10.1179/tns.1949.012. ISSN   0372-0187 . Retrieved November 23, 2023.
23. Petroski, Henry (November 10, 1992). The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 37, 46. ISBN   978-0-679-73415-4 . Retrieved November 23, 2023.
24. Howse, William Henry (1945). Presteigne, Past and Present. Jakemans Limited. p. 33. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
25. Bingham, Derek (September 2009). The ECIS International Schools Directory 2009/10. John Catt Educational Ltd. p. 41. ISBN   978-1-904724-67-4 . Retrieved November 23, 2023.
26. Houghton, R. R. (1965). Bungay Grammar School: 1656-1965. Bungay Grammar School. p. 1. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
27. Martínez, Diana Olivares (January 1, 2010). "Iconografía de la Beata Mariana de Jesús". Anales de Historia del Arte: 239–255. ISSN   0214-6452 . Retrieved November 23, 2023.
28. Hof, W. J. Op 't (December 31, 2019). The Ice Broken: Puritan Influences on the Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century. Summum Academic. p. 201. ISBN   978-94-92701-20-6 . Retrieved November 23, 2023.
29. Altemoller, W. (1915). Sammlung der bedeutendsten pädagogischen schriftenaus alter und neuer zeit: mit biographien, erläuterungen und erklärenden anmerkungen (in German). Ferdinand Schoningh. p. 260. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
30. Chilvers, Ian (2015). The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. Oxford University Press. p. 325. ISBN   978-0-19-953294-0 . Retrieved November 24, 2023.
31. Prado, Museo del (1999). Boletín del Museo del Prado (in Spanish). El Museo. p. 57. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
32. Cell, Gillian T. (1979) [1966]. "TANFIELD, Sir FRANCIS". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press . Retrieved November 25, 2023.
33. Shakespeare Quarterly. Folger Shakespeare Library. 1993. p. 66. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
34. Sadie, Julie Anne; Samuel, Rhian (1995). The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 319. ISBN   978-0-393-03487-5 . Retrieved November 24, 2023.
35. Allgemeine deutsche biographie (in German). Duncker und Humblot. 1884. p. 568. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
36. "Valckenburch, Margaretha van (1565-1650)". resources.huygens.knaw.nl. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
37. Buoncristiani, Virgilio (1986). Agostino Ciampelli a Palazzo Corsi (in Italian). Banca commerciale italiana. p. 11. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
38. "Eduard Fortunat - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved November 24, 2023.
39. Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 402.
40. Insdorf, Cecile (1977). Montaigne and Feminism. U.N.C. Department of Romance Languages. p. 65. ISBN   978-0-8078-9194-0 . Retrieved November 24, 2023.
41. Montor, Artaud de (1855). Storia dei sommi romani pontefici (in Italian). Presso la Società editrice. p. 1477. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
42. Stintzing, Roderich (1880). Geschichte der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft: Abth. Bis zum Jahre 1650. 1880 (in German). R. Oldenbourg. p. 723. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
43. Paul E. J. Hammer; Paul E. J.. Hammer (June 24, 1999). The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585-1597. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN   978-0-521-43485-0.
44. Lundström, Herman (1893). Laurentius Paulinus Gothus: hans lif och verksamhet. (1565-1646) I. II. (1565-1637) (in Swedish). Almquist och Wiksells boktryckeri. p. 7. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
45. Janssen, Hendrik Quirinus (1868). De kerkhervorming in Vlaanderen, historisch geschetst meest haar onuitgegeven besdheiden (in Dutch). J.W. & C.F. Swaan. p. 185. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
46. "Caulfeild, Toby, first Baron Caulfeild of Charlemont" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4906 . Retrieved November 24, 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
47. "Riza". Grove Art Online. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
48. Weber, Francis J. (1891). Popular History of Music from the Earliest Times. Simpkin. p. 262. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
49. LLC, Book Builders (May 14, 2014). Encyclopedia of British Writers, 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. Infobase Publishing. p. 108. ISBN   978-1-4381-0869-8 . Retrieved November 25, 2023.
50. Witcombe, Christopher L. C. E. (2004). Copyright in the Renaissance: Prints and the Privilegio in Sixteenth-Century Venice and Rome. BRILL. pp. 211–. ISBN   978-90-04-13748-6 . Retrieved January 18, 2013.
51. Fellowes, Edmund H. (1921). The English Madrigal Composers. Clarendon Press. p. 225. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
52. Haslewood, Joseph (1815). Ancient Critical Essays Upon English Poets and Poësy. Harding and Wright. p. iv. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
53. Montserrat, Jiménez Sureda (September 10, 2021). Manual d'història de la dona (in Catalan). Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. p. 319. ISBN   978-84-490-9422-4 . Retrieved November 25, 2023.
54. Hook, Walter Farquhar (1852). An Ecclesiastical Biography: Containing the Lives of Ancient Fathers and Modern Divines, Interspersed with Notices of Heretics and Schismatics, Forming a Brief History of the Church in Every Age. F. and J. Rivington. p. 456. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
55. Stephen, Leslie (1900). Dictionary of National Biography. Macmillan. p. 116. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
56. "Lobo, Duarte". Grove Music Online. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
57. Bonfill, Melchor (1852). Verdadero retrato al daguerreotipo de la Compañía de Jesus: escrito en impugnacion de un pretendido Retrato al daguerreotipo de los jesuitas (in Spanish). Imprenta de Pons y Ca. p. 188. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
58. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 19, 1544". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
59. Hartmann, Franz (1907). Geschichte der Stadt Münsterberg in Schlesien von ihrer Gründung bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Münsterberger zeitung. p. 132. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
60. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, etc (in German). Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1875. p. 336. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
61. Mori, Emilio Cotarelo y (1901). Lope de Rueda y el teatro español de su tiempo (in Spanish). La Revista española. p. 39. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
62. Clay, John William (1913). The Extinct and Dormant Peerages of the Northern Counties of England. J. Nisbet & Company, Limited. p. 158. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
63. Petter, Franz (1857). Dalmatien in seinen verschiedenen (in German). Gotha,J. Perthes. p. 251. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
64. Pressel, Theodor (1862). Nicolaus von Amsdorf: nach gleichzeitigen Quellen (in German). Friderichs. p. 158. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
65. Krasinski, Valerian (1903). Zarys dziejów powstania i upadku reformacji w Polsce hr. Walerjana Krasińskiego (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe. p. 190. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
66. A New and General Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Persons in Every Nation. T. Osborne, J. Whiston and B. White, W. Strahan, T. Payne, W. Owen, and W. Johnston [and 7 others]. 1762. p. 233. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
67. 東大寺大仏殿の戦い. 歴史研究会. p. 62. Retrieved November 26, 2023.^{[ unreliable source? ]}
68. Mayr, Michael (1894). Wolfgang Lazius als Geschichtschreiber Österreichs: Ein Beitrag zur Historiographie des 16. Jahrhunderts. Mit Nachträgen zur Biographie (in German). Wagner. p. 64. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
69. Mercieca, Simon; Cassar, Frans X. (2015). Besieged : Malta 1565. Malta Libraries and Heritage Malta Publication. pp. 39–46. ISBN   978-99932-57-31-8 . Retrieved November 26, 2023.
70. "Jacques Buus". www.mgg-online.com. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
71. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 15, 1557". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
72. Nordisk Familjebok Konversationslexikon Och Realencyklopedi (in Swedish). Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok. 1919. p. 831. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
73. Guillaume Farel - 1489-1565- Biographie Nouvelle (in French). Slatkine. 1978. p. 723. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
74. Unger, Melvin P. (June 17, 2010). Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Scarecrow Press. p. 376. ISBN   978-0-8108-7392-6 . Retrieved November 27, 2023.
75. La Riforma in Italia nel secolo XVI (in Italian). Unione Tipografico-Editrice. 1856. p. 163. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
76. "Lodovico Ferrari - Biography". Maths History. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
77. Volz, Hans (1971). Die Lutherpredigten des Johannes Mathesius: kritische untersuchungen zur geschichtsschreibung im Zeitalter der reformation (in German). Johnson. p. 6. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
78. Lestringant, Frank (1999). Le Huguenot et le sauvage: l'Amérique et la controverse coloniale en France, au temps des guerres de religion (1555-1589) (in French). Klincksieck. p. 152. ISBN   978-2-252-03279-4 . Retrieved November 27, 2023.
79. North Country Wills: Being Abstracts of Wills Relating to the Counties of York, Nottingham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland, at Somerset House and Lambeth Palace 1383. Andrews & Company. 1912. p. 44. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
80. Sehling, Emil (1902). Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des XVI. Jahrhunderts: -2. Bd. Sachsen und Thüringen, nebst angrenzenden Gebieten (in German). O.R. Reisland. p. 60. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
81. Cuaz, Ernest (1892). Histoire du château de Pont-d'Ain (in French). Mougin-Rusand. p. 200. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
82. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 16, 1545". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
83. Kramer, Georg Friedrich (1831). Handbuch für den Oberdonau-Kreis: bearbeitet nach den offiziellen Hilfsquellen (in German). Kramer. p. 15. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
84. Dardess, John W. (September 25, 2013). A Political Life in Ming China: A Grand Secretary and His Times. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 144. ISBN   978-1-4422-2378-3 . Retrieved November 27, 2023.
85. "Pius IV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
86. Klein, Diethard H. (1983). Schleswig-Holsteinisches Hausbuch: gute alte Zeit zwischen Nord- und Ostsee in Bildern und Geschichten, Gedichten und Berichten (in German). Rombach. p. 409. ISBN   978-3-7930-0746-3 . Retrieved November 27, 2023.
87. Barton, William M. (2022). "Gessner, Conrad". Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1371–1374. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14169-5_1097. ISBN   978-3-319-14168-8 . Retrieved November 27, 2023.
88. Bryan, Michael (1886). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers: Biographical and Critical. G. Bell and sons. p. 117. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
89. Амирханов, Хусаин (May 15, 2022). Таварих-е Булгарийа (Булгарские хроники) (in Russian). Litres. p. 88. ISBN   978-5-04-001376-0 . Retrieved November 27, 2023.
90. Załęski, Stanisław (1900). Jezuici w Polsce (in Polish). Drukiem i nakładem, drukarni ludowej. p. 169. Retrieved November 27, 2023.