1530s

The 1530s decade ran from January 1, 1530, to December 31, 1539.

November 5, 1530: St. Felix's Flood destroys the city of Reimerswaal

July 26, 1533: Execution of Atahualpa.

Events

1530

This section is transcluded from 1530. (edit | history)

January–June

• February 14 – Tangaxuan II, last cazonci of the Purépecha Empire, is executed by conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, ending the Purépecha Empire's independence from Spain. ^{[1] [2]}
• February 24 – Charles V is crowned emperor in Bologna, by Pope Clement VII. ^[3]
• June 25 – The Augsburg Confession is presented to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. ^[4]

July–December

• August 3 – Battle of Gavinana: Florence is captured by Spanish troops under Prince Philibert of Chalon (who is killed in the action). The Piagnon (followers of the memory of Girolamo Savonarola) are overthrown, ending the Siege of Florence, and the Medici are restored, in the person of the Pope's nephew Alessandro de' Medici. ^[5]
• September 15 – The miraculous portrait of Saint Dominic in Soriano appears in Soriano Calabro, Calabria. ^{[6] [7]}
• October 8 – A flood engulfs Rome. ^[8]
• October 26 – The Knights of Malta are formed, when the Knights Hospitaller are given Malta by Charles V. They transfer the island capital from Mdina to Birgu.
• November 5 – St. Felix's flood devastates Zeeland: a large part of the Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal is lost leading to decline of the city of Reimerswaal. ^{[9] [10]}
• November 24 – Tabinshwehti succeeds his father Mingyi Nyo as king of the Toungoo dynasty, following the latter's death.
• December – Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition sets out for Brazil from Portugal. ^{[11] [12]}
• December 26 – Humayun starts to rule the Mughal Empire after Babur's death. ^[13]

Date unknown

• The ducal palace of Celle is constructed in Germany.
• Austrian forces capture Esztergom, Hungary, and raid as far as Buda.
• Erasmus publishes On Civility in Children (De Civilitate Morum Puerilium Libellus), which becomes popular and widely translated. ^{[14] [15]}
• First complete edition of the 'Zürich Bible', Huldrych Zwingli's translation into German printed by Christoph Froschauer, is published. ^[16]

1531

This section is transcluded from 1531. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 26 – Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake, in which thousands die. ^[17]
• February 27 – Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League. ^{[18] [19]}
• February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army. ^[20]
• April – Battle of Puná: Francisco Pizarro defeats the island's native inhabitants. ^[21]
• April 12 – Askiya Musa is assassinated by his brothers in Songhai; Askia Mohammad Benkan is enthroned the same day. ^[22]
• April 16 – The city of Puebla, Mexico, is founded. ^[23]
• May – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden appears to be over, when the king accepts an offer made by the rebels, but in 1533 he properly deals with the rebellion and punishes those responsible. ^[24]
• June 24 – The city of San Juan del Río, Mexico, is founded. ^[25]

July–December

• July 25 – The city of Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico is founded. ^[26]
• August 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie. ^[27]
• August 26 – Comet Halley achieves its perihelion. ^[28]
• October 11 – Battle of Kappel: The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed. ^[29]
• October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
• November – Christian II`s invasion force arrives in Oslo. ^[30]
• December 9 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City. ^{[31] [32]}
• December 12 – Mary, mother of Jesus, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, appears imprinted on the tilmàtli of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City. ^[33]

Date unknown

• Andrea Alciato publishes Emblemata . ^[34]
• Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled Yucatán. ^[35]
• The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg based off Sufi philosophy. ^[36]
• Kõpu Lighthouse is completed. ^{[37] [38]}
• A severe drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism to avoid dying by starvation. ^[39]
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of Bartolomé de las Casas.
• A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany.

1532

This section is transcluded from 1532. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 22 – São Vicente is established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement in Brazil. ^[40]
• March 18 – The Supplication against the Ordinaries is presented to Henry VIII by the Speaker of the House of Commons. ^[41] Henry responds by stating that the commons could hardly expect such consideration after they refused to assent to the government's proposals. Shortly afterwards, Parliament was prorogued until April 10.
• April – Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Huáscar. ^{[42] [43]}
• May 13 – Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru. ^[44]
• May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England. ^[45]
• June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.

July–December

• July 23 – The Nuremberg Religious Peace is granted to members of the Schmalkaldic League, granting them religious liberty. ^[46]
• August 13 – Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France. ^[47]
• August 5–30 – Siege of Güns: The Ottoman army under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent fails to take the city of Güns, and due to the incoming raining weather and reinforcements from Charles V to Vienna, Suleiman's army retreats.
• September 1 – Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England. ^[48]
• November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca, ambushing and slaughtering a large number of his followers, without loss to themselves. ^[49] He subsequently offers a ransom of approximately $50 million in gold. ^[50]

Date unknown

• The Prince is published, five years after the death of the author, Niccolò Machiavelli. ^[51]
• Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais. ^[52]
• Henry VIII of England grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School. ^{[53] [54]}
• Stamford School is founded in England by William Radcliffe. ^{[55] [56]}
• The Paris Parlement has the city's beggars arrested "to force them to work in the sewers, chained together in pairs". ^[57]
• A possible date for the battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches, according to historian Osvaldo Silva. ^[58]

1533

This section is transcluded from 1533. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 25 – King Henry VIII of England formally but secretly marries Anne Boleyn, who becomes his second queen consort. ^[59]
• January 26 – Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, is appointed Lord Chancellor of England. ^{[60] [61]}
• March 30 – Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ^[62]
• April – The Statute in Restraint of Appeals in England declares the king to be the supreme sovereign and forbids judicial appeals to the papacy. ^{[63] [64]}
• May 23 – King Henry VIII of England's marriage with Catherine of Aragon is declared annulled by Archbishop Cranmer. ^[65] Since Pope Clement VII had rejected Henry's petition for annulment in 1530, Catherine continues to believe herself Henry's wife until her death.
• June 1
  • Cartagena is founded by Pedro de Heredia.
  • Cranmer crowns Anne Boleyn as queen consort of England, in Westminster Abbey. ^[66]

July–December

• July 11 – Henry VIII is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII, as is Archbishop Cranmer. ^[67]
• July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• July 26 – Sapa Inca Atahualpa is executed by garotte, at the orders of Francisco Pizarro in Cajamarca. ^{[68] : 77–78} The Spanish arrange for his younger brother Túpac Huallpa to be crowned as a successor, ^{[68] : 86–67} but he dies due to a believed poisoning soon afterwards. ^[69]
• October 28 – The 14-year olds Henry, Duke of Orléans – the future King Henry II of France – and Catherine de' Medici are married at the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille. ^{[70] [71]}
• November 15 – Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cusco, Peru. ^{[68] : 115}
• December 3 – Ivan IV succeeds his father Vasili III as Grand Prince of Muscovy at the age of three; ^[72] he will rule in Russia until his death in 1584.
• December – Hernando de Grijalva and his crew discover the uninhabited Revillagigedo Islands, off the Pacific coast of Mexico.
  • December 21 (Feast of St Thomas the Apostle) – They discover Isla Santo Tomé, probably Socorro Island. ^[73]
  • December 28 – They discover Isla de los Inocentes, probably San Benedicto Island. ^[74]

Date unknown

• Pechenga Monastery is founded, in the far north of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. ^[75]
• 1533–1534 – Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent makes the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana his legal wife.

1534

This section is transcluded from 1534. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 15 – The Parliament of England passes the Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession , recognising the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne. ^[76]
• February 23 – A group of Anabaptists, led by Jan Matthys, seize Münster, Westphalia and declare it The New Jerusalem, begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.
• c. March – The Portuguese crown divides Colonial Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.
• April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who laid siege to Münster on the day he predicted as the Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.
• April 7 – Sir Thomas More is confined in the Tower of London.
• May 10 – Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.
• June 9 – Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the Gulf of St Lawrence.
• June 23 – Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg, leading the army of Lübeck (and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4. ^{[77] [78]}
• June 29 – Jacques Cartier discovers Prince Edward Island.

July–December

• July 4 – The Election of Christian III, as King of Denmark, takes place in the town of Rye.
• July 7 – The first known exchange occurs between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.
• August 15 – Ignatius of Loyola and six others take the vows that lead to the establishment of the Society of Jesus, in Montmartre (Paris).
• August 26 – Piero de Ponte becomes the 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller.
• October 13 – Pope Paul III succeeds Pope Clement VII, as the 220th pope. ^[79]
• October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).
• November 3 – December 18 – The English Reformation Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, establishing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England. ^[76]
• December 6 – Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, found what becomes Quito, Ecuador.

Date unknown

• Act for the Submission of the Clergy is confirmed by the Parliament of England, requiring churchmen to submit to the king, and forbidding the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission.
• Manco Inca Yupanqui is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa (d. October 1533).
• The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids.
• Cambridge University Press is given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII of England, and becomes the first of the privileged presses.
• Gargantua is published by François Rabelais.
• Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, adding the Old Testament and Apocrypha to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and including woodcut illustrations.
• The first book in Yiddish is printed (in Kraków), Mirkevet ha-Mishneh, a Tanakh concordance by Rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical Hebrew. ^[80]

1535

This section is transcluded from 1535. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 18 – Lima, Peru, is founded by Francisco Pizarro, as Ciudad de los Reyes . ^[81]
• February 27 – George Joye publishes his Apologye in Antwerp, to clear his name from the accusations of William Tyndale.
• March – English forces under William Skeffington storm Maynooth Castle in Ireland, the stronghold of Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare. ^[82]
• March 10 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the Galápagos Islands, when blown off course en route to Peru.
• May 4 – The first of the English Carthusian Martyrs is executed.
• May 10 – Amsterdam: A small troop of Anabaptists, led by the minister Jacob van Geel, attacks the city hall, in an attempted coup to seize the city. In the counter-attack by the city's militia, the burgemeester, Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels. ^[83] In another incident this year in Amsterdam, seven men and five women walk nude in the streets; and Anabaptists rebel in other cities of the Netherlands.
• May 19 – French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (taken by Cartier during his first voyage).
• May 20 – William Tyndale is arrested in Antwerp for heresy, in relation to his Bible translation, ^[84] and imprisoned in Vilvoorde.
• June 1 – The Conquest of Tunis by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, begins with the destruction of Barbarossa's fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the Ottoman Empire, around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.
• June 8 – Battle of Bornholm: Combined Swedish and Danish fleets defeat the Hanseatic navy.
• June 22 – Cardinal John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, is executed for his refusal to swear an oath of loyalty to King Henry VIII of England. ^[76]
• June 24 – Münster Rebellion: The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded.

July–December

• July 6 – Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia and one time Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason, after refusing to recognize King Henry VIII as head of the English Church, and separate from the Roman Catholic Church. ^[82]
• July 15 – Archdeacon Charles Reynolds (cleric), envoy to James V, Charles V, and Pope Paul III, is buried in Rome. He died of malaria while lobbying for the excommunication of King Henry VIII for heresy.
• October 2 – Jacques Cartier reaches the island in the Saint Lawrence River, that eventually becomes Montreal.
• October 4 – The first complete English-language Bible is printed in Antwerp, with translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.
• December – Manco Inca Yupanqui, nominally Sapa Inca, is imprisoned by the Spanish Conquistadors of Peru.

Date unknown

• Mughal Emperor Humayun gives battle to Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
• Spanish forces abandon the second attempted conquest of Yucatán.
• The earliest (partially) preserved printed book in Estonian, a Catechism with a translation by Johann Koell from the Middle Low German Lutheran text of Simon Wanradt, is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, for use in Tallinn. ^[85]
• Suleiman the Magnificent begins the rebuilding of the walls around Jerusalem. ^[86]

1536

This section is transcluded from 1536. (edit | history)

January–June

• January – King Henry VIII of England suffers a leg injury during a jousting tournament in Greenwich. ^[87]
• January 6 – The Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, the oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas, ^{[88] [89]} is established by Franciscans in Mexico City. ^[90]
• January 22 – John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion. ^[91]
• February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina. ^[92]
• February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports. ^[93] The compact is confirmed in 1569. ^[93]
• February 25 – Tyrolean Anabaptist leader Jacob Hutter, founder of the Hutterites, is burned at the stake in Innsbruck for heresy. ^[94]
• March
  • The first edition of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion , a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology, is published in Basel. ^[95]
  • The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. ^[96] Francis seizes control of Savoy, and captures Turin. ^[97] Charles triumphally enters Rome, following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.
• April – An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme further incorporates the legal system of Wales into that of England. ^[98]
• April 6 – Count's Feud: Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.
• April 14 – The Reformation Parliament in England passes an Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries. ^[76] Religious houses closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution include: Basingwerk Abbey, Bourne Abbey, Brinkburn Priory, Buildwas Abbey, Cartmel Priory, Dorchester Abbey, Dore Abbey, Haltemprice Priory, Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey.
• May 2 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England, is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery and treason. ^[99]
• May 6 – Incan emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui, having on April 18 escaped from imprisonment in Cuzco, begins his revolt against his captors, when his army begins the 10-month Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro. ^[100]
• May 14 – Thomas Cranmer declares Henry VIII of England's marriage to Anne Boleyn to be null and void. ^[101]
• May 19 – Anne Boleyn is beheaded. ^[102]
• May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal. ^{[103] [104]}
• May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour. ^[105]
• June 24 – San Juan Bautista del Teul is founded by Cristóbal de Oñate in New Spain.
• June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands, completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525. ^[106]
• June 27 – San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras. ^[107]

July–December

• July 29 – Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark. ^{[108] [109]} On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.
• August 5 – Guelders Wars: Battle of Heiligerlee – Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders, under command of Meindert van Ham, are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.
• August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, dies having caught a chill after a game of tennis which had developed into a fever; under torture Sebastiano de Montecuccoli, his Italian secretary, confesses to poisoning him and is brutally executed on October 7. Francis' younger brother, Henry, Duke of Orléans, succeeds as heir to the kingdom. ^[110]
• October 1–December 5 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, ^[76] beginning as the Lincolnshire Rising and spreading to Yorkshire, from where it is led by Robert Aske.
• October 6 – English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde, Flanders. ^[76]

Date unknown

• Battle of Reynogüelén: Spanish conquistadors defeat a group of Mapuches in Chile, during the expedition of Diego de Almagro. ^[111]
• Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin. ^[112]

1537

This section is transcluded from 1537. (edit | history)

January–June

• January
  • Bigod's Rebellion, an uprising by Roman Catholics against Henry VIII of England, is crushed.
  • Battle of Ollantaytambo: Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui is victorious against the Spanish and their Indian allies led by Hernando Pizarro.
• January 6 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence is assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici, a distant cousin, who claims that he wants to reintroduce republican rule but has to flee to Venice. Instead Cosimo I of the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke.
• March – Diego de Almagro successfully charges Manco Inca's siege of Cuzco, thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers.
• March 12 – Recife is founded by the Portuguese, in Brazil. ^{[113] [114]}
• April – Spanish conquest of the Muisca: Bacatá, the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation, is conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, effectively ending the Confederation in the Colombian Eastern Andes. ^[115]
• April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway Olav Engelbrektsson flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium. ^{[116] [117]}
• June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus , which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed. ^{[118] [119]}
• June 23 – Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn, and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway.

July–December

• July – Rodrigo Orgóñez occupies and sacks the Inca center of Vitcos but Manco Inca Yupanqui escapes and establishes the independent Neo-Inca State elsewhere in Vilcabamba, Peru. ^[120]
• August 15 – Asunción is founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinosa. ^[121]
• August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
• August – September – The Ottoman Empire fails to capture Corfu, ^[122] but this year does conquer the islands of Paros and Ios under Hayreddin Barbarossa. ^[123]
• October 15 – Following the baptism of her son, the future Edward VI of England, Jane Seymour begins suffering from puerperal fever. ^[124]

Silver coin (sasnu) of the Kashmiri sultan Shams al-Din Shah II, 1537-38

• Kashmiri sultan Muhammad Shah died and he was succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri Shah Mir Sultanate in 1537.

Date unknown

• The Spaniards bring the potato to Europe. ^[125]
• Kiritimati (Acea or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition. ^[126]
• Bangalore is first mentioned. ^[127]
• Dissolution of the monasteries in Norway: Religious buildings dissolved by Christian III include: Bakke Abbey, Munkeby Abbey, Tautra Abbey, Nidarholm Abbey, Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey.
• Publication of complete Bible translations into English, both based on Tyndale's:
  • Myles Coverdale's 1535 text, the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark, London) ^[128]
  • The Matthew Bible edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp. ^[128]

Ongoing

• Dissolution of the monasteries in England: Religious buildings dissolved by Henry VIII of England include: Bisham Priory, ^[129] Castle Acre Priory, ^[130] Chertsey Abbey, ^[131] Furness Abbey, ^[132] London Charterhouse ^{[133] [134]} and Valle Crucis Abbey.

1538

This section is transcluded from 1538. (edit | history)

September 28: Battle of Preveza

January–June

• February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire. John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne. ^[135]
• April 26 – Battle of Las Salinas: Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seizes Cusco. ^[136]
• June 18 – Truce of Nice: Peace is declared between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France. ^[137]
• June 19 – Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: The newly founded Bisham Abbey is dissolved. ^[138]

July–December

• August 6 – Bogotá, Colombia is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. ^[139]
• September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria. ^[140]
• September 29 – October 6 – The last significant volcanic eruption in the Phlegraean Fields of Italy creates Monte Nuovo. ^{[141] [142]}
• October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded on the island of Hispaniola in Santo Domingo. ^{[143] [144]}
• November 5 – The end of the Siege of Diu as the Gujarat and Ottoman forces withdraw from the Portuguese-held city. ^[145]
• November 30
  • Sucre, Bolivia, is founded under the name Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo.
  • Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: Byland Abbey is dissolved. ^{[146] [147]}
• December 17 – Pope Paul III confirms the excommunication of Henry VIII of England from the Roman Catholic church. ^[148]

Date unknown

• Michelangelo starts work on the Piazza del Campidoglio on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. ^{[149] [150]}
• The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern China during the Ming dynasty, made worse by a decision of 1527 to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for granaries.
• In China, a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of Zhejiang province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of 1545).

1539

This section is transcluded from 1539. (edit | history)

January–June

• January – Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War – Battle of Naungyo, Burma: The Toungoos decisively defeat the Hanthawaddys.
• January 12 – Treaty of Toledo: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles I of Spain) and Francis I of France agree to make no further alliances with England. The treaty comes after Henry VIII of England's split with Rome and Pope Paul III.
• January 14 – Spain annexes Cuba.
• February 9 – The first horse race is held at Chester Racecourse, the oldest in use in England. ^[151]
• March – Canterbury Cathedral surrenders, and reverts to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons'.
• May 30 – Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay, Florida with 600 soldiers, with the goal of finding gold. He also introduces pigs into North America.
• May – The Six Articles, an Act of the Parliament of England, reaffirms certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England. ^[152]
• June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar, India: Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire, and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).

July–December

• August 15 – King Francis I of France issues the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt, that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes French the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.
• September 7 – Guru Angad Dev becomes the second Guru of the Sikhs.
• October 4 – Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves. ^[153]
• November 1 – Joachim II Hector introduces Lutheranism in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, becoming the second Prince-Elector after the Prince-Elector of Saxony to turn Protestant.
• November 26 – Abbot Marmaduke Bradley and 31 monks sign the deed surrendering Fountains Abbey to the English Crown. ^[154]

Undated

• Protestant Reformation
  • Lutheranism is forcibly introduced into Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jón Arason.
  • Beaulieu Abbey, Bolton Abbey, Colchester Abbey, Newstead Abbey, St Albans Abbey, St Mary's Abbey, York and Hartland Abbey (the last) fall prey to the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England.
  • The first edition of the Calvinist Genevan Psalter is published.
• In Henan province, China, a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse, by a major epidemic outbreak of the plague.
• The first printing press in North America is set up in Mexico City. ^[155]
• Teseo Ambrogio's Introductio in Chaldaicam lingua, Syriaca atq Armenica, & dece alias linguas, published in Pavia, introduces several Middle Eastern languages to western Europe for the first time.

Births

Transcluding articles: 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, and 1539

1530

Sir Thomas Bromley

Ivan the Terrible

• January 5 – Gaspar de Bono, Spanish monk of the Order of the Minims (d. 1571) ^[156]
• January 31 – Ōtomo Sōrin, Japanese Christian Daimyō (d. 1587)
• February 17 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (d. 1611)
• February 18 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1578)
• February 26 – David Chytraeus, German historian and theologian (d. 1600) ^[157]
• March 11 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1573) ^[158]
• May 5 – Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, French nobleman (d. 1574)
• May 7 – Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French Protestant general (d. 1569) ^[159]
• June 17 – François de Montmorency, French nobleman (d. 1579) ^[160]
• June 20 – Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg, German physician (d. 1598) ^[161]
• July 3 – Claude Fauchet, French historian (d. 1602) ^[162]
• August 1 – Daniel, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577) ^[163]
• August 11 – Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (d. 1565) ^[164]
• August 14 – Giambattista Benedetti, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1590) ^[165]
• August 25 – Ivan IV of Russia (d. 1584) ^{[166] [167]}
• September 30 – Geronimo Mercuriale, Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606) ^[168]
• October 1 – Walter Aston, English politician (d. 1589) ^[169]
• October 21 – Jacques Jonghelinck, Flemish sculptor (d. 1606) ^[170]
• October 30 – Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1587) ^[171]
• November 1 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (d. 1563) ^[172]
• November 6 – Josias Simler, Swiss scholar (d. 1576) ^[173]
• December 1 – Bernardino Realino, Italian Jesuit (d. 1616) ^[174]
• December 5 – Nikolaus Selnecker, German musician (d. 1592) ^[175]
• date unknown
  • Julius Caesar Aranzi, Italian anatomist (d. 1589) ^[176]
  • Vincenza Armani, Italian actress (d. 1569)
  • Christopher Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1581)
  • Jean Bodin, French jurist (d. 1596) ^[177]
  • Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki, Polish bishop, political thinker and philosopher (d. 1607) ^{[178] [179]}
  • Thomas Hoby, English diplomat and translator (d. 1566) ^[180]
  • Kōriki Kiyonaga, Japanese daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (d. 1608) ^[181]
  • Jan Kochanowski, Polish writer (d. 1584) ^[182]
  • Jean Nicot, French diplomat and scholar (d. 1606) ^[183]
  • Mordecai Yoffe, Bohemian author of Levush Malkhut (d. 1612) ^[184]
  • Anastasia Romanovna, Russian Tsaritsa (d. 1560) ^[185]
  • Thomas Bromley, English lord chancellor (d. 1587) ^[186]
• probable
  • Moses Isserles, Polish rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1572) ^[187]
  • Claude Le Jeune, French composer (d. 1600) ^[188]
  • Gráinne O'Malley, Irish ruler (d. 1603) ^[189]
  • Teodora Ginés, Dominican musician and composer (d. 1598) ^{[190] [191]}
  • Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain and rebel (d. 1567) ^[192]
  • Turlough Luineach O'Neill, Irish chieftain of Tyrone (d. 1595)
  • Jöran Persson, Swedish politician (d. 1568) ^[193]
  • Nicholas Sanders, English Catholic propagandist (d. 1581) ^[194]
  • Ruy López de Segura, Spanish priest and chess player (d. 1580) ^[195]
  • Pey de Garros, Provençal poet (d. 1585) ^[196]

1531

Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Anna d'Este

• January 26 – Jens Bille, Danish servant and poet (d. 1575) ^[197]
• April 6 – Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595) ^[198]
• May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581) ^[199]
• May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584)
• June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584) ^[200]
• July 17 – Antoine de Créqui Canaples, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574) ^[201]
• July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595) ^[202]
• September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595) ^[203]
• September 4 – Hans Fugger, German businessman (d. 1598) ^[204]
• September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589) ^[205]
• Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, English noble and diplomat (d. 1594) ^[206]
• October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601) ^[207]
• October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585) ^[208]
• October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (d. 1586) ^[209]
• October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (d. 1581) ^[210]
• November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604) ^[211]
• November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607) ^[212]
• November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612) ^[213]
• November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613) ^[214]
• December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568) ^[215]
• December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591) ^[216]
• December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
• date unknown
  • Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1575) ^[217]
  • António, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (d. 1595)
  • John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1607) ^[218]
  • Şehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (d. 1553) ^[219]

1532

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester

• January 21 – Ludwig Helmbold, German classical singer (d. 1598) ^[220]
• February 14 – Richard Lowther, English soldier and official (d. 1607) ^[221]
• February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf, French poet and member of the Pléiade (d. 1589) ^[222]
• March 20 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1611) ^[223]
• March 25 – Pietro Pontio, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1596) ^[224]
• April 21 – Martin Schalling the Younger, German theologian (d. 1608) ^{[225] [226]}
• April 23 – Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Prussia (d. 1568) ^[227]
• June 1 – Marino Grimani, Doge of Venice (d. 1605) ^[228]
• June 6 – Giulio Antonio Santorio, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602) ^[229]
• June 7 – Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1560) ^[230]
• June 13 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern, countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (d. 1579) ^[231]
• June 16 – Francis Coster, Brabantian Jesuit theologian, author (d. 1619) ^[232]
• June 24
  • Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (probable; ^[233] d. 1588)
  • William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German Protestant leader (d. 1592) ^[234]
• July 12 – Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (d. 1565)
• July 25 – Alphonsus Rodriguez, Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617) ^[235]
• August 14 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, Member of the House of Habsburg (d. 1590) ^[236]
• October 4 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Jesuit cardinal (d. 1596) ^{[237] [238]}
• October 30 – Yuri of Uglich, Prince of Uglich (d. 1563) ^[239]
• November 16 – Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Abbess of Gandersheim, later Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595) ^[240]
• November 22 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (d. 1585) ^[241]
• December 7 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (d. 1605) ^[242]
• December 20
  • John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (d. 1586) ^[243]
  • Orazio Samacchini, Italian painter (d. 1577) ^[244]
• December 26 – Guilielmus Xylander, German classical scholar (d. 1576)
• date unknown
  • Robert Abercromby, Scottish Jesuit missionary (d. 1613) ^[245]
  • William Allen, English cardinal (d. 1594) ^[246]
  • Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (d. 1585) ^[247]
  • Luís Fróis, Portuguese missionary (d. 1597) ^[248]
  • Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Spanish explorer (d. 1592) ^[249]
  • John Hawkins, English navigator and slave trader (d. 1595) ^[250]
  • Étienne Jodelle, French dramatist and poet (d. 1573) ^[251]
  • Ralph Lane, English explorer (d. 1603) ^[252]
  • Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1585) ^[253]
  • Thomas Norton, English lawyer (d. 1584) ^[254]
  • Tulsidas, medieval Hindi poet and philosopher (d. 1623)
  • Flavio Orsini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1581) ^[255]
  • Thomas Lucy, English politician (d. 1600) ^[256]
• probable
  • Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian portrait painter (d. 1625) ^[257]
  • Orlande de Lassus, Flemish composer (d. 1594) ^[258]

1533

Queen Elizabeth I

Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland

• January 2 – Johann Major, German poet and theologian (d. 1600) ^[259]
• January 3 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza, Spanish friar, bishop and writer (d. 1624)
• January 6 – Timotheus Kirchner, German theologian (d. 1587) ^[260]
• January 28 – Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593) ^[261]
• February 5 or February 16 – Andreas Dudith, Croatian-Hungarian nobleman and diplomat (d. 1589) ^[262]
• February 2 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1611) ^[263]
• February 16 – Gianfrancesco Gambara, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587) ^[264]
• February 28 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (d. 1592) ^[265]
• March 10 – Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1550) ^{[266] : 397}
• April 5 – Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1578) ^[267]
• April 8 – Claudio Merulo, Italian composer and organist (d. 1604) ^[268]
• April 24 – William I of Orange (d. 1584) ^[269]
• May 2 – Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1596) ^[270]
• July 20 – Martín de Rada, Spanish missionary (d. 1578) ^[271]
• July 10 – Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat (d. 1611) ^[272]
• August 2 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss scholar (d. 1588) ^[273]
• August 7
  • Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, Basque soldier and poet (d. 1595) ^[274]
  • Valentin Weigel, German theologian (d. 1588) ^[275]
• September 5 – Jacopo Zabarella, Italian philosopher (d. 1589) ^[276]
• September 7 – Queen Elizabeth I of England, daughter of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1603) ^[277]
• September 15 – Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1572) ^[278]
• September 27 – Stefan Batory, King of Poland (d. 1586) ^[279]
• October 9 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1568) ^[280]
• October 12 – Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese ruler (d. 1573)
• October 14 – Anna of Mecklenburg, duchess consort of Courland (1566-1587) (d. 1602) ^[281]
• November 22 – Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1597) ^{[266] : 510}
• December 13 – King Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577) ^[282]
• date unknown– Eknath, Indian Marathi saint (d. 1599) ^[283]
• probable
  • Amina, Queen of Zazzua (d. 1610) ^[284]
  • Cornelis Cort, Dutch engraver (d. 1578) ^[285]
  • David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots (k. 1566) ^[286]

1534

Archduchess Eleanor of Austria

• January 6 – Pavao Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist and adventurer (d. 1575)
• February 5 – Giovanni de' Bardi, Italian writer, composer and soldier (d. 1612)
• February 10 – Song Ikpil, Korean scholar (d. 1599)
• March 19 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d. 1597)
• April 18 – William Harrison, English clergyman (d. 1593)
• June 15 – Henri I de Montmorency, Marshal of France (d. 1614)
• June 23 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
• July 1 – King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1588)
• July 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1567)
• July 18 – Zacharius Ursinus, German theologian (d. 1583)
• August 29 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572)
• September 24 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (d. 1581)
• October 4 – William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (d. 1597)
• October 18 – Jean Passerat, French writer (d. 1602)
• November 2 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1594)
• November 6 – Joachim Camerarius the Younger, German scientist (d. 1598)
• November 17 – Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (d. 1561)
• November 26 – Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley (d. 1613)
• December 16 – Lucas Osiander the Elder, German pastor (d. 1604)
• December 16 – Hans Bol, Flemish artist (d. 1593)
• date unknown
  • Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (d. 1590)
  • Isaac Luria, Jewish scholar and mystic (d. 1572)
  • Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, statesman of the Elizabethan era (d. 1601) ^[287]
  • Paul Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, humanist and adventurer (d. 1573)
  • Joan Waste, English Protestant martyr (d. 1556)
  • Lautaro, Mapuche warrior (d. 1557)

1535

Pope Leo XI

Katarina Stenbock

• February 11 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591) ^[288]
• January 7 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford, English baron (d. 1603)
• February 24 – Eléanor de Roucy de Roye, French noble (d. 1564)
• February 27 – Min Phalaung, Burmese monarch (d. 1593)
• February 28 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. 1578)
• March 10 – William of Rosenberg, High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. 1592)
• March 23 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach, princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1587)
• May 31 – Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (d. 1607)
• June 2 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605) ^[289]
• June 18 – Jakub Krčín, Czech architect (d. 1604)
• June 21 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596)
• June 24 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573)
• July 4 – William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1592)
• July 21 – García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1609)
• July 22 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)
• August 21 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619)
• September 6 – Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (d. 1612)
• September 18 – Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1551)
• October 16 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1585)
• November 9 – Nanda Bayin, King of Burma (d. 1600)
• December 12 – Gilbert Génébrard, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1597)
• December 28 – Martin Eisengrein, German theologian (d. 1578)
• date unknown
  • Federico Barocci, Italian painter (d. 1612)
  • Niels Kaas, Danish chancellor (d. 1594)
  • James Melville of Halhill, Scottish historian (d. 1617)
  • Thomas North, English translator (d. c. 1604)
  • Giaches de Wert, Flemish composer (d. 1596)
  • Benedict Pereira, Spanish theologian (d. 1610)

1536

Cornelis Cort

• January 22 – Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1569) ^[290]
• February 2
  • Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, French poet (d. 1623) ^[291]
  • Piotr Skarga, Polish writer (d. 1612) ^[292]
• February 12 – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1612) ^[293]
• February 24 – Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605) ^[294]
• March 6 – Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603) ^[295]
• March 31 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (d. 1565) ^{[296] [297]}
• April 8 – Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597) ^[298]
• May 3 – Stephan Praetorius, German theologian (d. 1603) ^[299]
• May 13 – Jacobus Pamelius, Belgian bishop (d. 1587) ^[300]
• August 10 – Caspar Olevian, German Protestant theologian (d. 1587) ^[301]
• August 14 – René, Marquis of Elbeuf (d. 1566) ^[302]
• August 24 – Matthäus Dresser, German humanist, philosopher and historian (d. 1607) ^[303]
• October 18 – William Lambarde, English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (d. 1601) ^[304]
• October 21 – Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (d. 1586) ^[305]
• October 28 – Felix Plater, Swiss physician (d. 1614) ^[306]
• November 11 – Marcantonio Memmo, Doge of Venice (d. 1615)
• November 22 – Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1606) ^[307]
• December 26 – Yi I, Korean Confucian scholar (d. 1584) ^[308]
• December 29 – Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1572) ^[309]
• date unknown
  • Jeong Cheol, Korean administrator and poet (d. 1593) ^[310]
  • Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (d. 1568)
  • Juan de Fuca, Greek maritime pilot (d. 1602) ^[311]
  • Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English statesman and admiral (d. 1624) ^[312]
  • Roger Marbeck, chief physician to Elizabeth I of England (d. 1604) ^[313]
  • Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (d. 1608) ^[314]
  • Friedrich Sylburg, German classical scholar (d. 1596) ^[315]
  • Ikeda Tsuneoki, Japanese military commander (d. 1584)
  • Giovanni de' Vecchi, Renaissance painter from Italy (d. 1614) ^[316]

1537

Willem IV van den Bergh

• January 16 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1605) ^[317]
• January 21 – Antonio Maria Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602) ^[318]
• February 26 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1575) ^[319]
• March 4 or January 23 – Longqing Emperor, Emperor of China (d. 1572) ^[320]
• May 18 – Guido Luca Ferrero, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585) ^[321]
• May 20 – Hieronymus Fabricius, Italian anatomist (d. 1619) ^[322]
• May 27 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg, son of Landgrave Philip I (d. 1604) ^[323]
• May 31 – Shah Ismail II of Persia (d. 1577) ^{[324] [325]}
• June 3 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, Portuguese prince (d. 1554) ^{[326] [327]}
• July 20 – Arnaud d'Ossat, French diplomat and writer (d. 1604) ^[328]
• July 29 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1590)
• July 30 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1592)
• August 9 – Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician (d. 1604) ^[329]
• August 15 – Shimazu Toshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1592)
• October – Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (d. 1554) ^{[330] [331]}
• October 12 – King Edward VI of England (d. 1553) ^[124]
• November 21 – Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba, Spanish military leader (d. 1583) ^[332]
• December 5 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shōgun (d. 1597)
• December 20 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592) ^[333]
• December 24 – Willem IV van den Bergh, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1586) ^[334]
• December 26 – Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1593) ^[335]
• date unknown
  • Jane Lumley, English translator (d. 1578) ^[336]
  • Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military commander (d. 1582) ^[337]
  • John Almond, English Cistercian monk (d. 1585)
  • Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, Polish noble (d. 1567) ^[338]
  • Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese warlord (d. 1598) ^[339]

1538

Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo

• January 6 – Jane Dormer, English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. 1612) ^[340]
• January 10 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (d. 1574) ^[341]
• January 13 – Udai Singh of Marwar, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1595)
• January 15 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1599)
• January 16 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1565) ^[342]
• February 23 – Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1604)
• March 25 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612) ^[343]
• April 24 – Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1587) ^[344]
• April 26 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (d. 1600) ^[345]
• June 30 – Bonaventura Vulcanius, Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. 1614) ^[346]
• July 12 – Infanta Maria of Guimarães, Portuguese infanta (d. 1577)
• July 28 – Alberto Bolognetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585) ^[347]
• September 29
  • Count Johan II of East Frisia (d. 1591)
  • Joan Terès i Borrull, Viceroy of Catalonia (d. 1603)
• October 2 – Saint Charles Borromeo, Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1584) ^[348]
• October 17 – Irene di Spilimbergo, Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. 1559) ^[349]
• November 16 – Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo, Spanish Grand Inquisitor, missionary Archbishop of Lima (d. 1606) ^[350]
• June 12 – Francesco Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1566) ^[351]
• July 25 – Diane de France, illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France (d. 1619) ^[352]
• December 8 – Miklós Istvánffy, Hungarian politician (d. 1615) ^[353]
• December 10 – Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet (d. 1612) ^[354]
• December 11 – Sigismund of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. 1566) ^[355]
• December 13 – Sigrid Sture, Swedish Governor (d. 1613) ^[356]
• December 19 – Jan Zborowski, Polish noble (d. 1603)
• December 21 – Luigi d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1586) ^[357]
• date unknown
  • François de Bar, French scholar (d. 1606)
  • Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Welsh-born statesman (d. 1601) ^[358]
  • Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (d. 1568) ^[359]
  • Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (d. 1607) ^{[360] [361]}
  • Lewis Mordaunt, 3rd Baron Mordaunt, English Member of Parliament (d. 1601) ^[362]

1539

Franciscus Raphelengius

• January 28 – Nicolò Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1618)
• February 13 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (d. 1582)
• February 23
  • Henry XI of Legnica, thrice Duke of Legnica (d. 1588)
  • Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire as a wife of Emperor Akbar (d. 1613)
• February 27 – Franciscus Raphelengius, Dutch printer (d. 1597)
• March 5 – Christoph Pezel, German theologian (d. 1604)
• March 18 – Maria of Nassau, Countess of Nassau (d. 1599)
• April 5 – George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1603)
• April 6 – Amalia of Neuenahr, German noble (d. 1602)
• April 7
  • Tobias Stimmer, Swiss artist (d. 1584)
  • Strange Jørgenssøn, Norwegian businessman (d. 1610)
• April 30 – Archduchess Barbara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1572)
• May 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1621)
• May 29 – Thomas Pounde, English Jesuit lay brother (d. 1613)
• June 6 – Catherine Vasa, Regent of East Frisia (1599-1610) (d. 1610)
• June 13 – Jost Amman, Swiss printmaker (d. 1591)
• June 23 – William Darrell of Littlecote, English politician (d. 1589)
• July 4 – Louis VI, Elector Palatine (d. 1583)
• September 18 – Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d. 1595)
• October 1 – Peter Vok, Czech noble (d. 1611)
• November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596)
• December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, Italian theologian (d. 1604)
• December 20 – Paulus Melissus, German composer (d. 1602)
• December 31 – John Radcliffe, English politician (d. 1568)
• date unknown
  • José Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese explorer (d. 1590)
  • Hasegawa Tōhaku, Japanese painter (d. 1610)
  • Laurence Tomson, English Calvinist (d. 1608)
  • Humphrey Gilbert, English adventurer, explorer, member of Parliament and soldier (d. 1583)

Deaths

Transcluding articles: 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, and 1539

1530

Thomas Wolsey

Babur Badshah

• February 7 – Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez, Spanish Catholic cardinal and bishop (b. 1485) ^[363]
• February 24 – Properzia de' Rossi, Italian Renaissance sculptor (b. c. 1490) ^[364]
• April 12 – Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (b. 1462)
• May 3 – Stephen VII Báthory, Hungarian nobleman and military commander ^[365]
• June 4 – Maximilian Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1493) ^[366]
• June 5 – Mercurino di Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (b. 1465) ^[367]
• June 6 – Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian nobleman (b. 1512) ^[368]
• June 28 – Margaret of Münsterberg, Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (b. 1473) ^[369]
• August 2 – Kanō Masanobu, chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate (b. 1434)
• August 3 – killed in Battle of Gavinana:
  • Francesco Ferruccio, Florentine captain (b. 1489) ^[370]
  • Philibert of Chalon, French nobleman (b. 1502) ^[371]
• August 6 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458) ^[372]
• August 10 – Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (b. 1460) ^[373]
• August 28 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (b. 1454) ^[374]
• August 29 – Moise of Wallachia ^[375]
• September 13 – Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (b. 1462)
• September 15 – Maria Paleologa, Italian noblewoman (b. 1508) ^[376]
• October 10 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (b. 1477) ^[377]
• November 24 – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (b. 1459)
• November 29 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, British statesman (b. c. 1473) ^[378]
• December 1 – Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1480) ^[379]
• December 22 – Willibald Pirckheimer, German humanist (b. 1470) ^[380]
• December 26 – Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire (b. 1483) ^[381]
• date unknown
  • Quentin Matsys, Flemish painter (b. 1466) ^[382]
  • Estienne de La Roche, French mathematician (b. 1470) ^[383]
  • Søren Norby, Danish naval commander ^[384]
  • Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (b. 1487) ^[385]

1531

Huldrych Zwingli

Johannes Oecolampadius

• January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (b. 1462) ^[386]
• January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460) ^[387]
• February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (b. 1452) ^[388]
• March – María Pacheco, Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496) ^[389]
• March 6 – Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440) ^[390]
• May 19 – Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456) ^[391]
• May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (b. 1476) ^[392]
• May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493) ^[393]
• July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b. 1460) ^[394]
• July 17 – Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (b. 1484)
• July 23 – Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de Poitiers ^[395]
• August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1461) ^[396]
• September 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458) ^[397]
• September 22 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (b. 1476) ^[398]
• October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484) ^[29]
• November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482) ^[399]
• November 28 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels, German noble (b. 1508) ^[400]
• December 1 – Maud Green, English noble (b. 1492) ^[401]
• date unknown
  • Henrique of Kongo, bishop (b. 1495) ^[402]
  • Eva von Isenburg, sovereign Princess Abbess of Thorn Abbey
  • Bars Bolud Jinong, Mongol khan (b. 1490)
  • Vallabha Acharya, Indian founder of the Hindu Vallabha sect (b. 1479) ^[403]
  • Gerónimo de Aguilar, Spanish Franciscan friar who participated in the Spanish conquest of Mexico (b. 1489) ^[404]
• probable
  • Fernan Perez de Oliva, Spanish man of letters (b. 1492) ^[405]
  • Antonio Pigafetta, Italian navigator (b. 1491)

1532

Cardinal Pompeo Colonna

Reverend William Warham

• May – Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex
• June – Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (b. 1482)
• June 28 – Pompeo Colonna, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1479) ^[406]
• July 8 – Andrea Riccio, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1470) ^[407]
• August 11 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1518) ^[408]
• August 16 – John, Elector of Saxony (b. 1468) ^[409]
• August 19 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (b. 1467) ^[410]
• August 22 – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450) ^[411]
• September – Vlad VI Înecatul, Prince of Wallachia ^[412]
• October 1 – Jan Mabuse, Flemish painter ^[413]
• December 2 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte), Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (b. 1500) ^[414]
• December 3 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (b. 1502) ^[415]
• December 12 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1455) ^[416]
• December 13 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (b. 1500) ^[417]
• December 30 – Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish noble (b. 1467) ^[418]
• date unknown
  • Jeanne de la Font, French poet and culture patron (b. 1500) ^[419]
  • Huáscar, 12th Inca Emperor ^[420]

1533

King Frederick I of Denmark

Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy

• March 16 – John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, English soldier and statesman (b. 1467) ^[421]
• April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark (b. 1471) ^[422]
• April 28 – Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (b. 1461) ^[423]
• April 30 – John George, Marquis of Montferrat, Italian noble (b. 1488) ^[424]
• June 25 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1496) ^[425]
• July 4 – John Frith, English Protestant priest and martyr (b. 1503) ^[426]
• July 6 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (b. 1474) ^[427]
• July 26 – Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru (executed) (b. c.1502) ^{[68] : 77–78}
• September 6 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (b. 1461) ^[428]
• September 17 – Philip I, Margrave of Baden (b. 1479) ^[429]
• September 20 – Veit Stoss, German sculptor (b. c. 1447) ^[430]
• October 10 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (b. 1522) ^[431]
• October – Túpac Huallpa, puppet ruler of Peru ^[69]
• December 3 – Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy (b. 1479) ^[432]
• date unknown
  • Alauddin Firuz Shah II, sultan of Bengal ^[433]
  • Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1460) ^[434]
  • Anne Rud, Danish noble and defender ^[435]
  • Fortún Ximénez, Spanish sailor and mutineer ^[436]
  • Bayin Htwe, king of Prome in Burma ^[437]
  • Lucas van Leyden, Dutch artist (b. 1494) ^[438]
• probable– Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (b. 1477) ^[439]

1534

Pope Clement VII

• January 9 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (b. 1477)
• January 25 – Magdalena of Saxony (b. 1507)
• February 15 – Barbara Jagiellon, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b. 1478)
• March 5 – Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (b. 1489)
• March 17 – Vojtěch I of Pernstein, Bohemian nobleman (b. 1490)
• March 19 – Michael Weiße, German theologian (b. c. 1488)
• April 5 – Jan Matthys, German Anabaptist reformer
• April 20 – Elizabeth Barton, English prophet and nun (executed) (b. 1506)
• May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b. 1481)
• June 14 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Bengali mystic (b. 1486)
• June 27 – Hille Feicken, Dutch Anabaptist
• August 3 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1463)
• August 9 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian theologian and cardinal (b. 1470)
• August 21 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)
• September 7 – Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (b. 1479)
• September 24 – Michael Glinski, Lithuanian prince (b. c. 1470)
• September 25 – Pope Clement VII (b. 1478) ^[440]
• October 31 – Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b. 1476)
• November 7 – Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, Portuguese nobleman (b. 1507)
• November 8 – William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)
• November 23 – Beatriz Galindo, Spanish Latinist and scholar (b. 1465) ^[441]
• December 9 – Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (b. 1508)
• December 27 – Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Florentine architect (b. 1453)
• date unknown
  • István Báthory, Hungarian noble (b. 1477)
  • Edward Guildford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1474)
  • Cesare Hercolani, Italian soldier, murdered (b. 1499)
  • Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (b. 1474)
  • Amago Okihisa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1497)
  • John Taylor, English Master of the Rolls (b. 1480)

1535

Ippolito de' Medici

• February 18 – Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist and occult writer (b. 1486)
• February 28 – Wolter von Plettenberg, Master of the Livonian Order (b. 1450)
• April 4 – Beatrix of Baden, Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (b. 1492)
• May 4 (executed by Henry VIII of England):
  • Saint John Houghton, Carthusian monk
  • Saint Robert Lawrence, Carthusian monk
  • Saint Augustine Webster, Prior of the London Charterhouse
  • Saint Richard Reynolds, Bridgettine monk of Syon
• May 26 – Francesco Berni, Italian poet (b. 1497)
• June 12 – Elisabeth Wandscherer, Dutch Anabaptist
• June 19 – Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk and martyr (b. 1500)
• June 22 – John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (executed) (b. c. 1469)
• July 6 – Sir Thomas More, English lawyer, writer, and politician (executed) (b. 1478) ^[442]
• July 11 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1484)
• August 10 – Ippolito de' Medici, ruler of Florence (poisoned) (b. 1509)
• September – George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny (b. 1469)
• September 23 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1513)
• November 17 – Piero de Ponte, 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1462)
• December 29 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Japanese daimyo (b. 1511)
• December 31 – William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465)
• date unknown
  • Jodocus Badius, Flemish pioneer of printing (b. 1462)
  • Canghali of Kazan, khan of Qasim and Kazan (b. 1516)
  • Bartolomeo Tromboncino, Italian composer (b. 1470)
  • Feliks Zamoyski, Polish noble

1536

Erasmus

• January 6 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481) ^[443]
• January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, First Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1485) ^[444]
• January 22
  • John of Leiden, Anabaptist leader from the Dutch city of Leiden (b. 1509) ^[91]
  • Bernhard Knipperdolling, German religious leader (b. c. 1495) ^[91]
• February 25
  • Berchtold Haller, German-born reformer (b. 1492) ^[445]
  • Jacob Hutter, Tyrolean founder of the Hutterite religious movement (burned at the stake) ^[94]
• March 15 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1493) ^[446]
• April 4 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460) ^[447]
• May 17 – George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, English diplomat (executed, with four other men accused of adultery with the queen) (b. 1503) ^[448]
• May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (b. c. 1501/1507) ^{[448] [102]}
• May 31 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (b. 1476)
• June 29 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1474) ^[449]
• July 11 or July 12 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (b. 1466) ^[450]
• July 23 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII of England (b. 1519) ^[451]
• June 28 – Richard Pace, English diplomat (b. 1482) ^[452]
• August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, brother of Henry II (b. 1518)
• September 25 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (b. 1511) ^[453]
• September 26 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller ^[454]
• September 27 – Felice della Rovere, also known as Madonna Felice, was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Julius II (b. 1483) ^[455]
• October 6 – William Tyndale, English Protestant Bible translator (b. c. 1494) ^[456]
• October 14 – Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet (b. 1503) ^{[457] [458]}
• December 21 – Sir John Seymour, English courtier (b. 1474) ^[459]
• date unknown
  • Hector Boece, Scottish philosopher (b. 1465) ^[460]
  • Cecilia Gallerani, principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1473) ^[461]
  • Hiraga Genshin, Japanese retainer and samurai ^[462]
  • John Rastell, English printer and author ^[463]
  • Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, French theologian and humanist (b. c. 1450) ^[464]

1537

Saint Gerolamo Emiliani

Pedro de Mendoza

• January 6
  • Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510) ^[465]
  • Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481) ^[466]
• January 12 – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (b. 1459) ^[467]
• February 2 – Johann Carion, German astrologer and chronicler (b. 1499) ^[468]
• February 3 – Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, Anglo-Irish noble, rebel (executed) (b. 1513) ^[469]
• February 8
  • Otto von Pack, German conspirator (b. c. 1480) ^[470]
  • Saint Gerolamo Emiliani, Italian humanitarian (b. 1481) ^[471]
• January 11 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, German prince (b. 1498) ^[472]
• March 25 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme, French noble (b. 1489) ^[473]
• March 28 – Francesco of Saluzzo, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1498) ^[474]
• May 10 – Andrzej Krzycki, Polish archbishop (b. 1482) ^[475]
• May 24 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, German princess (b. 1485) ^[476]
• June 2
  • Francis Bigod, English noble, rebel (b. 1507) ^[477]
  • Thomas Percy, English rebel (b 1504) ^[477]
  • Adam Sedbar, English abbot and rebel (b. 1502) ^[477]
• June 23 – Pedro de Mendoza, Spanish conquistador (b. 1487) ^[478]
• June 29 – Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (b. 1502) ^[479]
• July 7 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520) ^[480]
• July 12 – Robert Aske, English lawyer, rebel (executed) (b. 1500) ^[481]
• September 4 – Johann Dietenberger, German theologian (b. c. 1475) ^[482]
• September 7 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1472) ^[483]
• September 20 – Pavle Bakić, last Serb Despot and medieval Serb monarch ^[484]
• September 25 – William Framyngham, English author ^[485]
• October 24 – Jane Seymour, 3rd queen consort of Henry VIII of England (complications of childbirth) (b. c. 1508) ^[124]
• October 29 – Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (b. 1510) ^[486]
• December 10 or December 11 – Andrey of Staritsa, son of Ivan III of Russia the Great (b. 1490) ^{[487] [488]}
• date unknown– John Kite, Archbishop of Armagh and Bishop of Carlisle ^[489]
• probable– Thomas Murner, German satirist (b. 1475) ^[490]

1538

Diego de Almagro

• January 8 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1504) ^[491]
• February 3 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. 1488) ^[492]
• February 7 – Olav Engelbrektsson, Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480). ^[493]
• February 12 – Albrecht Altdorfer, German painter (b. c. 1480) ^[494]
• March 18 – Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1472)
• April 3 – Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1480) ^[495]
• April 4 – Elena Glinskaya, Regent of Russia (b. c. 1510) ^[496]
• May 8 – Edward Foxe, English churchman (b. 1496) ^[497]
• May 15 – Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1482) ^[498]
• May 22 – John Forest, English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. 1471) ^{[499] [500]}
• June 22 – Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1511–1538) (b. 1467) ^[501]
• June 30 – Charles II, Duke of Guelders (b. 1467) ^[502]
• July 8 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish conquistador (b. 1475) ^[503]
• September 14 – Henry III of Nassau-Breda, Baron of Breda (b. 1483) ^[504]
• September 28 – Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (b. 1515) ^[505]
• October 20 – Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, condottiero (b. 1490) ^[506]
• November 22 – John Lambert, English Protestant martyr (burned at stake) ^[507]
• December 28 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (b. 1455) ^[508]
• date unknown
  • Pierre Gringoire, French poet and playwright (b. 1475) ^[509]
  • Isabella Hoppringle, Scottish abbess and spy (b. 1460)
  • Paganino Paganini, Italian publisher (b. c. 1450) ^[510]

1539

Isabella d'Este

Saint Anthony Maria Zaccaria

• January 24 – Anneke Esaiasdochter, Dutch Anabaptist writer (b. 1509)
• February – Narapati of Prome, king of Prome in Burma.
• February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves (b. 1491)
• February 13 – Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (b. 1474) ^[511]
• March 5 – Nuno da Cunha, Portuguese governor in India (b. 1487)
• March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat and politician (b.1477)
• March 19 – Lord Edmund Howard, English nobleman (b. c. 1478))
• April 17 – George, Duke of Saxony (b. 1471)
• April 19 – Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (b. 1460)
• April 30 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (b. 1470)
• May 1 – Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1503) ^[512]
• May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (b. 1466)
• May 7 or September 22 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (b. 1469)
• June 20 – Philip III, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1524–1539) (b. 1486)
• July 5 – St Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
• July 9 – Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (b. 1476)
• August – Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (b. 1480)
• September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (b. 1475) ^[513]
• November 14 – Hugh Cook Faringdon, English Abbot of Reading
• December 12 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (b. 1474)
• December 20 – Johannes Lupi, Flemish composer (b. c. 1506)
• date unknown
  • James Beaton, Scottish church leader (b. 1473)
  • Cura Ocllo, Inca queen

References

1. Sánchez Sandoval, Fidel (2002). Michoacán : historia y geografía, tercer grado. Secretaría de Educación Pública. p. 95. ISBN   978-970-18-7681-7 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
2. Alvarez, María Jesús Torrens (2007). Evolución e historia de la lengua española (in Spanish). Arco Libros. p. 282. ISBN   978-84-7635-712-5 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
3. Finlay, Robert (December 2000). "Fabius Maximus in Venice: Doge Andrea Gritti, the War of Cambrai, and the Rise of Habsburg Hegemony, 1509-1530*". Renaissance Quarterly. 53 (4): 988–1031. doi:10.2307/2901454. ISSN   0034-4338. JSTOR   2901454. S2CID   155791278 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
4. Kolb, Robert; Wengert, Timothy J.; Arand, Charles P. The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Fortress Press. p. 107. ISBN   978-1-4514-1732-6 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
5. Ferdinand Gregorovius (1967). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. AMS Press. p. 680.
6. Bidotti, Massimo (2 October 2021). "La promozione agiografica di san Domenico in Calabria attraverso l'uso della pittura: i casi di Soriano e Taverna (secc. XVI-XVII)". Atlante. Revue d'études romanes (in Italian) (15): 5. doi: 10.4000/atlante.5858 . ISSN   2426-394X . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
7. "Soriano Calabro". calabriastraordinaria.it. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
8. Forcella, Vincenzo (1879). Iscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Tip. delle scienze matematiche e fisiche. p. 205. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
9. Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis van het Bisdom van Haarlem (in Dutch). Vol. 24. Haarlem: A. B. van den Heuvel. 1899. pp. 195–196. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
10. "Sint Felixvloed treft Zeeland". IsGeschiedenis (in Dutch). 5 November 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
11. McAlister, Lyle N. (1984). Spain and Portugal in the New World: 1492-1700. U of Minnesota Press. p. 260. ISBN   978-1-4529-0183-1 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
12. Smith, Joseph (23 April 2014). A History of Brazil. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN   978-1-317-89021-8 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
13. Barua, Pradeep (1 January 2005). The State at War in South Asia (34 ed.). U of Nebraska Press. ISBN   978-0-8032-1344-9 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
14. Caldwell, Mark (1999). A short history of rudeness : manners, morals, and misbehavior in modern America. New York: Picador USA. p. 40. ISBN   978-0-312-20432-7 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
15. Misztal, Barbara (11 September 2002). Informality: Social Theory and Contemporary Practice. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN   978-1-134-73028-5 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
16. Haller, Charles R. (1993). Across the Atlantic and Beyond: The Migration of German and Swiss Immigrants to America. Heritage Books. p. 176. ISBN   978-1-55613-697-9 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
17. Thomas Downing Kendrick (1957). The Lisbon Earthquake. Lippincott. p. 144.
18. McEntegart, Rory (2002). Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 13. ISBN   978-0-86193-255-9 . Retrieved 10 August 2023.
19. Herzog, Johann Jakob (1857). Real-encyklopädie für protestantische theologie und kirche: In verbindung mit vielen protestantischen theologen und gelehrten (in German). R. Besser. p. 390. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
20. The Asiatic Quarterly Review. Oriental Institute. 1905. p. 445. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
21. Burr Cartwright Brundage (1963). Empire of the Inca. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 378. ISBN   978-0-8061-1924-3.
22. Hunwick, John O. (1 January 2003). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613, and Other Contemporary Documents. BRILL. p. 124. ISBN   978-90-04-12822-4 . Retrieved 10 August 2023.
23. Marley, David F. (12 September 2005). Historic Cities of the Americas. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 288. ISBN   978-1-57607-574-6 . Retrieved 10 August 2023.
24. Linder, Nils; Rosén, John; Westrin, Theodor; Olsson, Bror Ferdinand; Meijer, Bernhard (1880). Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi, innehållande upplysningar och förklaringar om märkvärdiga namn, föremål och begrepp (in Swedish). Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok. pp. 816–817. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
25. "Historia". www.sanjuandelrio.gob.mx. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
26. Cubas, Antonio García (1890). Diccionario geográfico, histórico y biográfico de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (in Spanish). Murguia. p. 400. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
27. Constantin C. Giurescu; Horia C. Matei; Marcel D. Popa (1972). Chronological History of Romania. Editura enciclopedică română, National Commission of the Socialist Republic of Romania for UNESCO. p. 100.
28. Ganganatha Jha Research Institute (1946). The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute. Honorary Secretary, Ganganatha Jha Research Institute. p. 20.
29. B. J. Van der Walt (1991). Anatomy of Reformation: Flashes and Fragments of a Reformational Worldview. Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. p. 115. ISBN   978-1-86822-036-6.
30. Lockhart, Paul Douglas (23 August 2007). Denmark, 1513-1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy. OUP Oxford. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-19-153382-2 . Retrieved 10 August 2023.
31. Hastings, Adrian (5 July 2000). A World History of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 342. ISBN   978-0-8028-4875-8 . Retrieved 10 August 2023.
32. Mong, Ambrose (2 January 2018). "Our Lady of Guadalupe: model of inculturation". International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church. 18 (1): 67–83. doi:10.1080/1474225X.2018.1493764. ISSN   1474-225X. S2CID   149488177 . Retrieved 10 August 2023.
33. Literatura mexicana (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Literarios. 1990. p. 16. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
34. "Alciato at Glasgow: Alciato, Andrea: Emblematum liber (1531)". www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
35. The Rough Guide to Cancun and the Yucatan: Includes the Maya Sites of Tabasco & Chiapas. Penguin. 1 September 2011. p. 275. ISBN   978-1-4053-8260-1 . Retrieved 10 August 2023.
36. Dizdar, Srebren (1998). A Development and Perspectives of Teacher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports. p. 2. ISBN   978-9958-11-061-0 . Retrieved 11 August 2023.
37. "Kõpu Lighthouse". IALA Heritage. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
38. Ebelt, Thomas (15 November 2018). Lighthouses of Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. ISBN   978-1-4729-5875-4 . Retrieved 11 August 2023.
39. Brook, Timothy (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 104. ISBN   978-0-520-22154-3 . Retrieved 11 August 2023.
40. Rachel Lawrence: 2010, Page 183
41. Elton, G.R. (1974). "The Commons' Supplication of 1532: Parliamentary Manoeuvres in the Reign of Henry VIII". Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government: Papers and Reviews 1946–1972: Volume 2: Parliament Political Thought. Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–136. ISBN   978-0-521-53319-5 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
42. de Velasco y Pérez Petroche, Juan (1789). Historia del reino de Quito en la América meridional. Tomo II. Imprenta de Gobierno. pp. 76–77. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
43. Rincones, Orlando. "La colonización del Abya Yala y la conformación de un nuevo "modelo" de sociedad" (PDF). Integra Educativa. 5 (3): 221–232. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
44. Milton Meltzer (2005). Francisco Pizarro: The Conquest of Peru. Marshall Cavendish. p. 50. ISBN   978-0-7614-1607-4.
45. Logan, George M. (27 January 2011). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. ISBN   978-1-139-82848-2 . Retrieved 14 August 2023.
46. article on the Nuremberg Religious Peace, page 351 of the 1899 Lutheran Cyclopedia
47. Harold Griffith Daniels (1937). The Framework of France. Nisbet. p. 52.
48. Rosemary O'Day (26 July 2012). The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age. Routledge. p. 1589. ISBN   978-1-136-96253-0.
49. Silberman, Neil Asher; Bauer, Alexander A. (November 2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. OUP USA. p. 87. ISBN   978-0-19-973578-5 . Retrieved 14 August 2023.
50. Roberts, Jason C. (1996). "The Protection of Indigenous Populations' Cultural Property in Peru, Mexico and the United States". Tulsa Journal of Comparative & International Law. 4: 327. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
51. Robin Healey (1 January 2011). Italian Literature Before 1900 in English Translation: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929-2008. University of Toronto Press. p. 880. ISBN   978-1-4426-4269-0.
52. John O'Brien (2011). The Cambridge Companion to Rabelais. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN   978-0-521-86786-3.
53. Brabner, J. H. F. (1894). The Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales. W. Mackenzie. p. 254. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
54. "The History of Bristol Grammar School". Bristol Grammar School. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
55. Gardner, Brian (1973). The Public Schools: An Historical Survey. Hamilton. p. 65. ISBN   978-0-241-02337-2 . Retrieved 14 August 2023.
56. "Stamford Endowed Schools". www.stamfordschoolsarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
57. Foucault, Michel (2013-01-30). Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN   9780307833105 . Retrieved 2015-03-02.
58. Silva Galdames, Osvaldo (1983). "¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile?". Cuadernos de Historia (in Spanish). 3: 7–25. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
59. Simon Hall (1999). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History. Taylor & Francis. p. 280. ISBN   978-1-57958-107-7.
60. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, with Communications Made to the Society. George Bell and Sons. 1924. p. 102. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
61. "Henry VIII: January 1533, 26-31". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
62. Stephen Taylor (1999). From Cranmer to Davidson: A Church of England Miscellany. Boydell & Brewer. p. 3. ISBN   978-0-85115-742-9.
63. Tittler, Robert; Jones, Norman L. (7 January 2009). A Companion to Tudor Britain. John Wiley & Sons. p. 37. ISBN   978-1-4051-8974-3 . Retrieved 16 August 2023.
64. The statutes of the realm. Vol. 3. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall. 1963. p. 427. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
65. Hutchinson, Robert (15 September 2009). Thomas Cromwell: The Rise and Fall of Henry VIII's Most Notorious Minister. Macmillan. p. 58. ISBN   978-0-312-57794-0 . Retrieved 16 August 2023.
66. The Dublin Review. Burns and Oates. 1935. p. 60.
67. Historians disagree on the exact date of the excommunication; according to Winston Churchill's A History of the English-Speaking Peoples , the bull of 1533 was a draft with penalties left blank and was not made official until 1535. Others say Henry was not officially excommunicated until 1538 by Pope Paul III, brother of Cardinal Franklin de la Thomas.
68. Hemming, John (1993). The conquest of the Incas. London: Papermac. ISBN   978-0-333-51794-9 . Retrieved 16 August 2023.
69. Davies, Nigel (1997). The Ancient Kingdoms of Peru. Penguin Books. p. 193. ISBN   978-0-14-023381-0 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
70. Licence, Amy (6 April 2023). The Sixteenth Century in 100 Women. Pen and Sword History. p. 138. ISBN   978-1-3990-8385-0 . Retrieved 16 August 2023.
71. Guizot, M (1869). A popular history of France, from the earliest times. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. p. 118. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
72. Смена (in Russian). Правда. September 2008. p. 79. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
73. Covarrubias, Suzanne Martinez (1992). Contribucion al estudio de la Entomofauna de la Isla Socorro, Mexico (PDF) (License in Biology) (in Spanish). University of Guadalajara. p. 4. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
74. American Geographical Society (1967). Special publication 38 p. 370. New York. ISSN 0065-843X
75. Большая советская энциклопедия: Перемышль-Пол (in Russian). Sovetskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡. 1940. p. 309. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
76. Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.  210–215. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
77. Collins, W. E. (1903). "The Scandinavian North". In Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley (eds.). The Cambridge Modern History . Cambridge University Press. pp. 599–638.
78. Pollard, A. F. (1903). "The conflict of creeds and parties in Germany". In Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley (eds.). The Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 206–245.
79. Howard Hibbard (1974). Michelangelo. Harper & Row. p. 240. ISBN   9780713907810.
80. "One Thousand Years of the Polish Jewish Experience" (PDF). Taube Foundation for Jewish Life and Culture. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
81. W. Michael Mathes (1973). The Conquistador in California: 1535: The Voyage of Fernando Cortes to Baja California in Chronicles and Documents. Dawson's Book Shop. p. 40. ISBN   978-0-87093-231-1.
82. Everto Creasando, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1535". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale.
83. Tracy, James D. (1990). Holland under Habsburg Rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   0-520-06882-3.
84. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN   0-14-102715-0.
85. "The story of Johann Koell, Simon Wanradt and the Wanradt-Koell catechism". Histrodamus . Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
86. "10 Facts about the Walls of Jerusalem". eTeacher Hebrew. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
87. Chalmers, Cr; Chaloner, Ej (1 December 2009). "500 years later: Henry VIII, leg ulcers and the course of history". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102 (12): 514–517. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2009.090286. ISSN   0141-0768. PMC   2789029 . PMID   19966126.
88. Estarellas, Juan (1962). "The College of Tlatelolco and the Problem of Higher Education for Indians in 16th Century Mexico". History of Education Quarterly. 2 (4): 234–243. doi:10.2307/367072. ISSN   0018-2680. JSTOR   367072. S2CID   147210540 . Retrieved 18 August 2023.
89. Llinás, Edgar (1991). "The Issue of Autonomy in the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico". Revista de Historia de América (112): 105–119. ISSN   0034-8325. JSTOR   20139800 . Retrieved 18 August 2023.
90. Gagliano, Joseph A.; Ronan, Charles E. (1997). Jesuit Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Chroniclers, Geographers, Educators and Missionaries in the Americas, 1549-1767. Institutum Historicum S.I. p. 184. ISBN   978-88-7041-350-2 . Retrieved 18 August 2023.
91. Haude, Sigrun (10 January 2022). In the Shadow of "Savage Wolves": Anabaptist Münster and the German Reformation during the 1530s. BRILL. p. 16. ISBN   978-90-04-47580-9 . Retrieved 18 August 2023.
92. Escobar, Ismael Bucich (1921). Buenos Aires--ciudad (in Spanish). Moro. p. 15. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
93. Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97, 177. ISBN   978-0-521-21280-9 . Retrieved 18 August 2023.
94. The chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren. Rifton: Plough Pub. House. 1987. p. XIV. ISBN   978-0-87486-021-4 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
95. "John Calvin". Christian History . Christianity Today International. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
96. Buchan, John; Gleichen, Lord Edward (1923). France; the Nations of To-day: A New History of the World. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 36. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
97. Tanner, Emmeline Mary (1908). The Renaissance and the Reformation: A Textbook of European History 1494-1610. Clarendon Press. p. 88. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
98. Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 145–148. ISBN   0-7126-5616-2.
99. "Henry VIII: May 1536, 1-10". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
100. Hemming, John (1993). The conquest of the Incas. London: Papermac. pp. 185–187. ISBN   978-0-333-51794-9 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
101. Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of 19 May Anne Boleyn beheaded. British History. Century. p. 147. ISBN   978-0-7126-5616-0.
102. Weir, Alison (2009). The lady in the tower : the fall of Anne Boleyn. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN   978-0-224-06319-7 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
103. Herculano, Alexandre (1897). Historia de origem e establecimento da inquisição em Portugal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Tavares Cardoso & Irmão. p. 108. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
104. Memórias da Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa (in Portuguese). August 19, 2023. p. 150. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
105. David Williamson (2003). The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 63. ISBN   978-0-7607-4678-3.
106. Madoz, Pascual (1847). Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de ultramar: Gua-Juz (in Spanish). Est. tip. de P. Madoz y L. Sagasti. p. 402. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
107. Zúniga, Fredy Oswaldo Flores; Palacios, Sergio (2009). Honduras geográfica: compilación geográfica, histórica y actual de Honduras, sus departamentos y municipios (in Spanish). Ediciones Ramsés. p. 120. ISBN   978-99926-25-50-7 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
108. Historiske meddelelser om København: Årbog (in Danish). Københavns Kommunalbestyrelse. 1987. p. 20. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
109. Salmonsens konversationsleksikon (in Danish). J. H. Schultz. 1919. p. 110. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
110. Knecht, Robert J. (22 April 2016). Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-89. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN   978-1-317-12214-2 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
111. Berger, Eugene C. (23 May 2023). This Incurable Evil: Mapuche Resistance to Spanish Enslavement, 1598–1687. University of Alabama Press. p. 19. ISBN   978-0-8173-6110-5 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
112. Turnbull, Stephen (20 January 2013). Kawanakajima 1553–64: Samurai power struggle. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. ISBN   978-1-84603-652-1 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
113. da Silva, Jorge José Araujo (2011). "O MANGUEZAL E A SOCIEDADE PERNAMBUCANA-BRASI" (PDF). Revista Geográfica de América Centra (in Portuguese): 1–22. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
114. "Da Cartografia dos Antigos Engenhos à Cartografia Holandesa e Portuguesa" (PDF). Brazilian Syposium on Historical Cartography (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
115. Kathleen Romoli (1944). Colombia: Gateway to South America. Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated. p. 105.
116. Ekroll, Øystein (2015). The Octagonal Shrine Chapel of St Olav at Nidaros Cathedral (PhD). Nσorwegian University of Science and Technology. p. 35. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
117. Holte, Roar (2014). Erkebiskop Olav Engelbrektsson taler sin sak. En analyse av erkebiskopens politiske korrespondanse og utvalgte notater 1523-1533 (in Norwegian). University of Oslo. p. 2. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
118. Maxwell, John Francis (1975). Slavery and the Catholic Church. Chichester: Barry Rose Publishers. pp. 69–70. ISBN   978-0-85992-015-5 . Retrieved 23 August 2023.
119. Lynch, John (2012). New worlds : a religious history of Latin America. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 32. ISBN   978-0-300-16680-4 . Retrieved 23 August 2023.
120. Hemming, John (1993). The conquest of the Incas. London: Papermac. p. 224. ISBN   978-0-333-51794-9 . Retrieved 23 August 2023.
121. Schuster, Adolph N. (1929). Paraguay. Land, Volk, Geschichte, Wirtschaftsleben und Kolonisation (in German). Strecker u. Schröder. p. 151. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
122. Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. pp. 431–432. ISBN   978-0-87169-161-3 . Retrieved 23 August 2023.
123. Cheetham, Nicolas (1 January 1981). Mediaeval Greece. Yale University Press. p. 253. ISBN   978-0-300-10539-1 . Retrieved 23 August 2023.
124. Carole Levin; Anna Riehl Bertolet; Jo Eldridge Carney (3 November 2016). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650. Taylor & Francis. p. 280. ISBN   978-1-315-44071-2.
125. Monthly Bulletin of the Bermuda Department of Agriculture & Fisheries. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. 1931. p. 48. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
126. Maude, H. E.; Heyen, G. H. (1959). "SPANISH DISCOVERIES IN THE CENTRAL PACIFIC: A Study in Identification". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 68 (4): 284–326. ISSN   0032-4000. JSTOR   20703766 . Retrieved 23 August 2023.
127. Hunter, William Wilson (1885). The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Trübner & Company. p. 68. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
128. Simpson, William Sparrow (1893). S. Paul's Cathedral Library: A Catalogue of Bibles, Rituals, and Rare Books. E. Stock. p. 7. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
129. "Houses of Austin canons: The priory of Bisham". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
130. "Houses of Cluniac monks: The priory of Castle Acre". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
131. "House of Benedictine monks: Abbey of Chertsey". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
132. The Coucher Book of Furness Abbey (in Latin). Manchester: Chetham Society. 1888. p. lviii. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
133. Taylor, William Frederick (1912). The Charterhouse of London: Monastery, Palace, and Thomas Sutton's Foundation. J.M. Dent & sons, Limited. p. 159. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
134. "Religious Houses: House of Carthusian monks". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
135. Kenneth M. Setton (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, (1204-1571).: The sixteenth century to the reign of Julius III. American Philosophical Society. p. 434. ISBN   978-0-87169-161-3.
136. Victor Wolfgang Von Hagen (1976). The Royal Road of the Inca. Gordon & Cremonesi. p. 108. ISBN   978-0-86033-009-7.
137. Tracy, James D. (14 November 2002). Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN   978-0-521-81431-7 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
138. Research Volume of the Surrey Archaeological Society. Survey Archaeological Society. 1988. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-9501345-8-1 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
139. Woods, Sarah (1 September 2015). Colombia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 121. ISBN   978-1-84162-921-6 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
140. Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. ISBN   978-0-8108-7579-1.
141. Di Vito, Mauro; Lirer, Lucio; Mastrolorenzo, Giuseppe; Rolandi, Giuseppe (1 August 1987). "The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy)". Bulletin of Volcanology. 49 (4): 608–615. Bibcode:1987BVol...49..608D. doi:10.1007/BF01079966. S2CID   128745563 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
142. "Campi Flegrei: The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption". www.geo.mtu.edu. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
143. Jiminez, F. A. (1979). "University rivalry in Hispaniola". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 55 (7): 700–707. ISSN   0028-7091. PMC   1808221 . PMID   393344.
144. Universidades españolas y americanas: época colonial (in Spanish). CSIC Press. 1987. p. 452. ISBN   978-84-7579-444-0 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
145. Benians, Ernest Alfred; Newton, Arthur Percival; Rose, John Holland (1940). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive. p. 15. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
146. Newsome, Clive (July 2003). The Abbey Trail. SIGMA PRESS. p. 79. ISBN   978-1-85058-803-0 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
147. "History of Byland Abbey". English Heritage. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
148. Scarisbrick, J. J. (1997). Henry VIII (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 361. ISBN   0-300-07158-2.
149. Zirpolo, Lilian H. (9 August 2020). Michelangelo: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 139. ISBN   978-1-5381-2304-1 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
150. Ackerman, James S. (1964). The Architecture of Michelangelo: Catalogue. A. Zwemmer. p. 50. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
151. Paul Hurley (15 May 2016). Chester History Tour. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 2. ISBN   978-1-4456-5704-2.
152. Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1539". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale.
153. Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.  210–215. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
154. Coppack, Glyn (2009). Fountains Abbey. Amberley. pp. 11, 130. ISBN   978-1-84868-418-8.
155. "The Press in Colonial America" (PDF). A Publisher’s History of American Magazines — Background and Beginnings. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2016. Retrieved 2013-08-22.
156. MAYOR, Joseph ORTÍ y (1750). Pasmosa vida, virtudes, y milagros de el venerable Padre Fr. Gaspar de Bono (in Spanish). J. Th. Lucas. p. 16. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
157. Michael, Susi-Hilde (1 October 2016). Der Katechismus des David Chytraeus (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. XIX. ISBN   978-3-374-04484-9 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
158. Meyer, Hermann Julius (1905). Meyers Grosses Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Bibliographisches Institut. p. 277. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
159. Doin, Guillaume Tell (1823). Musée Des Protestans Ceĺeb̀res, Ou Portraits Et Notices Biographiques Et Littéraires Des Personnages Les Plus Eminens Dans Lh́istoire de la Ref́ormation Et Du Protestantisme (in French). Weyer frer̀es et compe. p. 71. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
160. Ruble, Alphonse de (1880). François de Montrency, gouverneur de Paris et lieutenant du roi dans l'Ile-de-France: 1530-1579 (in French). H. Champion. p. 1. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
161. Proksch, Johann Karl (1895). Die Geschichte der venerischen Krankheiten v. 2 (in German). P. Hanstein. p. 239. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
162. Simonnet, Jules (1864). Le président Fauchet: sa vie et ses ouvrages (in French). A. Durand. p. 3. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
163. Hoffmeister, Jacob Christoph Carl (1883). Historisch-genealogisches Handbuch über alle Grafen und Fürsten von Waldeck und Pyrmont seit 1228 (in German). Verlag von G. Klaunig. p. 24. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
164. Giurleo, Francesca (12 June 2014). La famiglia Farnese (in Italian). Edizioni ArcheoAres. p. 14. ISBN   978-88-96889-47-3 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
165. Pizzamiglio, Pierluigi (2004). L'astrologia in Italia all'epoca di Galileo Galilei, 1550-1650: rassegna storico-critica dei documenti librari custoditi nella Biblioteca Carlo Viganò (in Italian). Vita e Pensiero. p. 107. ISBN   978-88-343-1153-0 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.
166. Stanley Sandler (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 423. ISBN   978-1-57607-344-5.
167. Madariaga, Isabel de (2005). Ivan the Terrible : first tsar of Russia. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN   978-0-300-09757-3 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.
168. L'Archiginnasio. Bologna: Azzo Guidi Printing Cooperative. 1916. p. 159. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
169. "ASTON, Walter (1530-89)". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
170. Smolderen, Luc (1996). Jacques Jonghelinck: sculpteur, médailleur et graveur de sceaux (1530-1606) (in French). Dép. d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'art, Séminaire de numismatique Marcel Hoc. p. 7. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
171. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 17, 1570". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
172. Feugère, Léon Jacques (1875). Étienne de la Boétie. Montaigne. Étienne Pasquier. Nicolas Pasquier. Scévole de Sainte-Marthe. Jacques Amyot. F. Rabelais (in French). Didier. p. 3. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
173. Allgemeine deutsche biographie (in German). Duncker und Humblot. 1892. p. 355. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
174. "Saint Bernardino Realino". www.jesuits.global. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
175. Herzog, Johann Jakob; Hauck, Albert (1906). Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche (in German). J.C. Hinrichs. p. 184. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
176. Bir, Shyamal C.; Ambekar, Sudheer; Kukreja, Sunil; Nanda, Anil (1 April 2015). "Julius Caesar Arantius (Giulio Cesare Aranzi, 1530–1589) and the hippocampus of the human brain: history behind the discovery". Journal of Neurosurgery. 122 (4): 971–975. doi: 10.3171/2014.11.JNS132402 . ISSN   1933-0693. PMID   25574573 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.
177. Franklin, JulianH (5 July 2017). Jean Bodin. Routledge. p. XI. ISBN   978-1-351-56179-2 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.
178. Hadyna, Stanisław. "Biskup kamieniecki Wawrzyniec Goślicki – życie i działalność" (PDF). mhprl.pl. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
179. Mikoś, Michael J. (1995). Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology. Slavica Publishers. p. 118. ISBN   978-0-89357-257-0 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.
180. "Hoby, Sir Thomas" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13414 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
181. Papinot, Edmond (1909). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan: With 300 Illustrations, 18 Appendixes and Several Maps. Librairie Sansaisha. p. 309. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
182. Pelc, Janusz (1986). Jan Kochanowski: poète de la Renaissance (1530-1584) (in French). Bernan Associates. p. 21. ISBN   978-92-3-202342-1 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.
183. Nicot, Jean; Falgairolle, Edmond (1897). Jean Nicot, ambassadeur de France en Portugal au XVIe siècle, sa correspondance diplomatique inédite. Paris: A. Challamel. p. 1. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
184. The Jewish Encyclopedia: Italy-Leon. Funk and Wagnalls. 1925. p. 53. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
185. Овсянников, Юрий Максимилианович (2001). Петр Великий: первый русский император (in Russian). АСТ-ПРЕСС. p. 231. ISBN   978-5-7805-0767-3 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.
186. "Bromley, Sir Thomas" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3513 . Retrieved 29 July 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
187. Margolis, Max Leopold; Marx, Alexander (1927). A History of the Jewish People. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 537. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
188. "Le Jeune, Claude". Grove Music Online. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
189. Chambers, Anne (1998). Granuaile : the life and times of Grace O'Malley, c. 1530-1603. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 49. ISBN   978-0-86327-631-6 . Retrieved 9 August 2023.
190. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (15 December 2019). Caribbean Women and Their Art: An Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 76. ISBN   978-1-5381-1720-0 . Retrieved 9 August 2023.
191. Clay, Dacia (10 March 2015). "This Week's Classical Music Moments In Women's History – Houston Public Media". Houston Public Media. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
192. "O'Neill, Shane [Sean O'Neill]" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20785 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
193. Historisk tidskrift (in Swedish). Svenska historiska föreningen. 1881. p. 304. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
194. McNevin, Thomas (1935). Dr. Nicholas sanders and the English Reformation. Louvain: Bureaux du recueil. p. 1. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
195. López, Ruy; Soltis, Andrew (10 July 2020). The Art of the Game of Chess. CUA Press. p. 8. ISBN   978-0-8132-3281-2 . Retrieved 9 August 2023.
196. Berry, André; Gardy, Philippe; Latry, Guy (1997). L'oeuvre de Pey de Garros, poète gascon du XVIe siècle (in French). Presses Univ de Bordeaux. p. 7. ISBN   978-2-86781-210-1 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.
197. Bricka, Carl Frederik (1888). Dansk biografisk lexikon: tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814 (in Danish). F. Hegel & Søn. p. 232. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
198. Ersch, Johann Samuel; Gruber, Johann Gottfried (1992). Allgemeine Enzyklopädie Der Wissenschaften und Künste: In Alphabetischer Folge Von Genannten Schriftstellern (in German). Akademische Druck-u. Verlagstalt. p. 42. ISBN   978-3-201-00093-2 . Retrieved 12 August 2023.
199. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins: Jahrbuch des Düsseldorfer Geschichtsvereins (in German). Der Verein. 1895. p. 32. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
200. Sgarbi, Marco (27 October 2022). Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy. Springer Nature. p. 3578. ISBN   978-3-319-14169-5 . Retrieved 12 August 2023.
201. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 12, 1565". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
202. Der Bär von Berlin: Jahrbuch des Vereins für die Geschichte Berlins (in German). Verein für die Geschichte Berlins. 1963. p. 29. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
203. "CATTANI DA DIACCETO, Francesco". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
204. Lieb, Norbert (1958). Die Fugger und die kunst: Im zeitalter der hohen renaissance (in German). Schnell & Steiner. p. 69. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
205. Günther, Siegmund (1882). Peter und Philipp Apian, zwei deutsche Mathematiker u. Kartographen: Ein Beitrag zur Gelehrten-Geschichte des xvi. Jahrhunderts (in German). Verlag der Kön. Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. p. 81. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
206. "Stanley, Henry, fourth earl of Derby" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26272 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
207. Baudrillart, Alfred; Meyer, Albert de; Aubert, Roger (1914). Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (in French). Letouzey et Ané. p. 1307. ISBN   978-2-7063-0157-5 . Retrieved 12 August 2023.
208. Vester, Matthew Allen (2008). Jacques de Savoie-Nemours: l'apanage du Genevois au cœur de la puissance dynastique savoyarde au XVIe siècle (in French). Librairie Droz. p. 42. ISBN   978-2-600-01211-9 . Retrieved 12 August 2023.
209. Feenstra, R. (2011). "Portretten van juristen uit de oude Nederlanden". Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis. 79: 129–135. doi:10.1163/157181911X563084 . Retrieved 12 August 2023.
210. Van der Aa, A.J. (1858). Biographical dictionary of the Netherlands (in Dutch). Vol. 4. Harlem: J.J. van Brederode. p. 379. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
211. "TOPCLIFFE, Richard (1531-1604), of Somerby, Lincs. and Westminster. | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
212. Coester, Christiane (19 August 2014). Schön wie Venus, mutig wie Mars: Anna d'Este, Herzogin von Guise und von Nemours (1531-1607) (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 56. ISBN   978-3-486-84058-2 . Retrieved 12 August 2023.
213. Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1909). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 16. Oxford University Press. p. 1176. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
214. Kirstan, Ralf (5 January 2015). Die Welt des Johannes Letzner: Ein lutherischer Landpfarrer und Geschichtsschreiber des 16. Jahrhunderts (in German). Wallstein Verlag. p. 51. ISBN   978-3-8353-2734-4 . Retrieved 12 August 2023.
215. Aa, Abraham Jacob van der (1855). Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden (in Dutch). Vol. 2. Haarlem: J.J. van Brederode. p. 1249. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
216. Le Tombe Ed I Monumenti Illustri D'Italia (in Italian). Milan: Bettoni. 1822. p. 146. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
217. 戦国人名辞典 (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. 1973. p. 8. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
218. "Popham, Sir John" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22543 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
219. Peirce, Leslie P. (2017). Empress of the east : how a European slave girl became queen of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Basic Books. p. 72. ISBN   978-0-465-03251-8 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
220. Probable:John Flood (8 September 2011). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 828. ISBN   978-3-11-091274-6.
221. "Lowther, Sir Richard" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17112 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
222. Oscar Thompson; Nicolas Slonimsky (1956). The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians. Dodd, Mead. p. 2381.
223. Barrachina, Pascual Boronat y (1904). El B. Juan de Ribera y el R. Colegio de Corpus Christi (in Spanish). F. Vives y Mores. p. 3. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
224. Murray, Russell Eugene (1989). The Voice of the Composer: Theory and Practice in the Works of Pietro Pontio (PhD thesis). University of North Texas. p. 25.
225. Fischer, Albert (1878). Kirchenlieder-lexicon: Hymnologisch-literarische (in German). F.A. Perthes. p. 469. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
226. "Schalling, Martin". www.bach-digital.de. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
227. Seidel, Paul (1905). Hohenzollern-Jahrbuch: Forschungen und Abbildungen zur Geschichte der Hohenzollern in Brandenburg-Preussen (in German). Giesecke & Devrient. p. 228. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
228. "GRIMANI, Marino". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 15 August 2023.
229. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 17, 1570". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
230. Levin, Carole; Bertolet, Anna Riehl; Carney, Jo Eldridge (3 November 2016). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650. Taylor & Francis. p. 170. ISBN   978-1-315-44071-2 . Retrieved 14 August 2023.
231. Buerkel, Ludwig von (1996). Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden kunst (in German). Prestel Verlag. p. 82. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
232. Verslagen en mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde (in Dutch). Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde. 1901. p. 261. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
233. Sir Richard Beale Colvin (1934). The lieutenants and keepers of the rolls of the county of Essex. Whitehead Morris ltd. p. 46.
234. Hessenland: Zeitschrift für die Kulturpflege des Bezirksverbandes Hessen (in German). Friedr. Shell. 1893. p. 208. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
235. Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward Aloysius; Pallen, Condé Bénoist; Shahan, Thomas Joseph; Wynne, John Joseph; MacErlean, Andrew Alphonsus (1907). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. p. 341. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
236. Tannenberg, Constant Wurzbach von (1861). Biographisches Lexicon des Kaiserthums Österreich (in German). Zamarski. p. 1. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
237. Maryks, Robert A. (2010). The Jesuit Order As a Synagogue of Jews: Jesuits of Jewish Ancestry and Purity-of-Blood Laws in the Early Society of Jesus. BRILL. p. 104. ISBN   978-90-04-17981-3 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
238. Astrain, Antonio (1905). Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en la asistencia de España: Laínez, Borja, 1556-1572 (in Spanish). Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. p. 64. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
239. Акты Российского государства: архивы московских монастырей и соборов XV- начало XVII вв (in Russian). НИЦ Ладомир. 1998. p. 487. ISBN   978-5-86218-356-6 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
240. Steinmann, Carl (1885). Die Grabstätten der Fürsten des Welfenhauses von Gertrudis, der Mutter Heinrichs des Löwen bis auf Herzog Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (in German). Goeritz. p. 171. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
241. "Biografie von Anna, Kurfürstin von Sachsen (1532-1585)". saebi.isgv.de. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
242. Diestelkamp, Bernhard (1993). Die politische Funktion des Reichskammergerichts (in German). Böhlau. p. 98. ISBN   978-3-412-07092-2 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
243. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1881. p. 417. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
244. Frati, Lodovico (1904). Storia documentata di Castel S. Pierto dell'Emilia (in Italian). Ditta Nicola Zanichelli. p. 180. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
245. Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward A. (1907). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 41. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
246. Allen, William (1882). The letters and memorials of William, cardinal Allen: (1532-1594) (in Latin). D. Nutt. p. xx. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
247. Suzanne Spicer Tiemstra (1992). The Choral Music of Latin America: A Guide to Compositions and Research. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. ISBN   978-0-313-28208-9.
248. SJ, Luis Frois; T. Reff, Daniel; K. Danford, Richard (14 March 2014). The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN   978-1-317-91781-6 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
249. Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento de (1895). Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro Sarmiento de Gambóa to the Straits of Magellan. Hakluyt Society. p. x. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
250. Kelsey, Harry (1 January 2003). Sir John Hawkins: Queen Elizabeth's Slave Trader. Yale University Press. p. 7. ISBN   978-0-300-09663-7 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
251. Laveaux, Marty (1868). Les oevvres et meslanges poétiques d'Estienne Iodelle: sievr dv Lymodin (in French). Paris: A. Lemerre. p. 1. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
252. Bindoff, Stanley Thomas (1982). The House of Commons, 1509-1558: Appendices, constituencies, members A-C. Boydell & Brewer. p. 491. ISBN   978-0-436-04282-9 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
253. "Percy, Henry, eighth earl of Northumberland" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21983 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
254. "Norton, Thomas" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20359 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
255. Archivum historiae pontificiae. Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana, Facultas Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 1980. p. 289. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
256. "Lucy, Sir Thomas" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17151 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
257. Perlingieri, Ilya Sandra (1992). Sofonisba Anguissola: The First Great Woman Artist of the Renaissance. Rizzoli. p. 27. ISBN   978-0-8478-1544-9 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
258. Boetticher, Wolfgang (1958). Orlando di Lasso und seine Zeit, 1532-1594: Monographie (in German). Bärenreiter Verlag. p. 27. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
259. Kühlmann, Wilhelm (1997). Humanistische Lyrik des 16. Jahrhunderts: Lateinisch und Deutsch (in German). Deutscher Klassiker Verlag. p. 1271. ISBN   978-3-618-66355-3 . Retrieved 16 August 2023.
260. Beste, Johannes (1889). Geschichte der Braunschweigischen Landeskirche von der Reformation bis auf unsere Tage (in German). Verlag von Julius Zwitzler. p. 85. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
261. Brecht, Martin (1 July 1999). Martin Luther, Volume 3: The Preservation of the Church, 1532-1546. Vol. 3. Fortress Press. p. 20. ISBN   978-1-4514-1416-5 . Retrieved 16 August 2023.
262. Nastavni vjesnik (in Croatian). Društvo hrvatskih srednjoškolskih profesora. 1900. p. 574. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
263. "島津義久(しまづよしひさ)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 August 2023.
264. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 26, 1561". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
265. Boston, Richard (1983-07-14). "'Man must cultivate will and reason': Richard Boston marks the 450th anniversary of a skeptical humanist". New Scientist. 99 (1366): 118 – via Google Books.
266. L'arte di verificare le date (in Italian). Venice: tip. Giuseppe Gattei. 1838. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
267. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of July 27, 1547". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
268. John Morehen (1 January 2000). Ricercari d'intavolatura d'organo: 1567. A-R Editions, Inc. p. 9. ISBN   978-0-89579-476-5.
269. Jaarboek van het Koninklijk Nederlansch (in Dutch). J. Müller. 1927. p. 150. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
270. Max, Georg (1862). Geschichte des Fürstenthums Grubenhagen: Theile 1-2 (in German). Schmorl & von Seefeld. p. 386. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
271. Vidal (O.S.A), Manuel (1751). Augustinos de Salamanca: historia del observantissimo convento de San Agustin NP de dicha ciudad (in Spanish). por Eugenio Garcia de Honorato i S. Miguel. p. 295. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
272. Enciclopedia cattolica (in Italian). Ente per l'Enciclopedia cattolica e per il Libro cattolico. 1952. p. 1835. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
273. Liliencron, Rochus Freiherr von; Wegele, Franz X. von; Bettelheim, Anton (1900). Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 543. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
274. Zúñiga, Alonso de Ercilla y (1821). La Araucana su autor don Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (in Spanish). Libreria de Ramos. p. 159. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
275. Ruschke, Johannes M. (2012). Paul Gerhardt und der Berliner Kirchenstreit: eine Untersuchung der konfessionellen Auseinandersetzungen über die kurfürstlich verordnete "mutua tolerantia" (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 153. ISBN   978-3-16-150952-0 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
276. "ZABARELLA, Iacopo in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 August 2023.
277. "Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
278. Satała, Zbigniew (1990). Poczet polskich królowych, księżnych i metres (in Polish). Glob. p. 196. ISBN   978-83-7007-257-5 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
279. Lelewel, Joachim (1863). Polska, dzieje i rzeczy jej: Historya Polska do końca panowania Stefana Batorego (in Polish). Nakł. Księg. J.K. Żupańskiego. p. 630. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
280. Schmidt, Berthold (1888). Burggraf Heinrich IV zu Meissen, Oberstkanzler der Krone Böhmen und seine Regierung im Vogtlande (in German). Griesbach. p. 55. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
281. Arbusow, Leonid (1918). Grundriss der Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands (in German). Jonck und Poliewsky. p. 216. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
282. "Erik XIV | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
283. Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. Sahitya Akademi. 1997. p. 361. ISBN   978-81-260-0365-5 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
284. Sheldon, Kathleen (4 March 2016). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 30. ISBN   978-1-4422-6293-5 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
285. "Cort (van Hoorn), Cornelis". Grove Art Online. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
286. Tweedie, David (2007). David Rizzio and Mary Queen of Scots : murder at Holyrood. Stroud: Sutton. p. 10. ISBN   978-0-7509-4332-1 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
287. New (1993). Literature in English. Prentice-Hall Canada. p. 1567. ISBN   978-0-13-534777-5.
288. "Gregory XIV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
289. "Leo XI | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
290. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, etc (in German). Leipzig: Dunder & Humbolt. 1887. p. 739. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
291. Farmer, Albert John (1920). Les oeuvres françaises de Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, 1536-1623 (in French). É. Privat. p. 9. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
292. Tazbir, Janusz (1983). Piotr Skarga: szermierz kontrreformacji (in Polish). Wiedza Powszechna. p. 13. ISBN   978-83-214-0276-5 . Retrieved 20 August 2023.
293. "DONÀ, Leonardo". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 20 August 2023.
294. "Clement VIII | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
295. "SANTI di Tito". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 20 August 2023.
296. "足利義輝(あしかがよしてる)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 20 August 2023.
297. 天文の乱 (in Japanese). 歴史研究会. p. 58. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
298. Veröffentlichungen (in German). W. Kohlhammer. 1954. p. 34. ISBN   978-3-17-005801-9 . Retrieved 20 August 2023.
299. Meusel, Karl Heinrich (1897). Kirchliches handlexikon (in German). J. Naumann. p. 395. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
300. Coppens, Joseph A. (1841). Nieuwe beschrijving van het bisdom van 's Hertogenbosch: naar aanleiding van het Katholijk meijerijsch memorieboek van A. Van Gils. Over het dekanaat der Stad 's Bosch (in Dutch). Demelinne. p. 110. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
301. Mühling, Andreas (2008). Caspar Olevian, 1536-1587: Christ, Kirchenpolitiker und Theologe (in German). Achius. p. 13. ISBN   978-3-905351-13-2 . Retrieved 20 August 2023.
302. Desbois, François Alexandre Aubert de la Chenaye (1774). Dictionnaire de la noblesse de France (in French). Paris: Antoine Boudet. p. 583. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
303. Bursian, Conrad (1883). Geschichte der klassischen Philologie in Deutschland von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Oldenbourg. p. 247. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
304. Warnicke, Retha M. (1973). William Lambarde, Elizabethan Antiquary, 1536-1601. Phillimore. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-85033-077-9 . Retrieved 21 August 2023.
305. Heine, Gerhard (1866). Geschichte des Landes Anhalt und seiner Fürsten (in German). Eduard Heine. p. 98. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
306. Rytz, Walther (1933). Das Herbarium Felix Platters: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Botanik des XVI. Jahrhunderts (in German). E. Birkhäuser. p. 33. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
307. Nassauer Annalen (in German). Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde und Geschichtsforschung. 1886. p. 105. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
308. 동양교육고전의이해 (in Korean). Ewha Womans University Press. 1986. p. 226. ISBN   978-89-7300-068-5 . Retrieved 21 August 2023.
309. Schmidt, Berthold (1888). Burggraf Heinrich IV zu Meissen, Oberstkanzler der Krone Böhmen und seine Regierung im Vogtlande (in German). Griesbach. p. 55. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
310. 송강 정철 문학의 재인식 (in Korean). 역락. 2004. p. 56. ISBN   978-89-5556-334-4 . Retrieved 21 August 2023.
311. Gough, Barry M. (2012). Juan de Fuca's Strait : voyages in the waterway of forgotten dreams. Madeira Park: Harbour Pub. p. 52. ISBN   978-1-55017-573-8 . Retrieved 21 August 2023.
312. British Naval Biography: Comprising the Lives of the Most Distinguished Admirals, from Howard to Coddington. London: Scott, Webster and Geary. 1839. p. 35. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
313. "Marbeck, Roger" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18027 . Retrieved 21 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
314. "Thomas Sackville". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
315. Justi, Karl Wilhelm (1818). Friedrich Sylburg (in German). Bayrhoffer. p. 4. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
316. "Vecchi, Giovanni (Liso) de'". Grove Art Online. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
317. Apfelstedt, Heinrich Friedrich Theodor (1890). Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit (in German). Bertram. p. 16. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
318. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 12, 1583". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
319. Weech, Friedrich von (1896). Badische Geschichte (in German). A. Bielefeld. p. 139. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
320. "隆庆皇帝". 故宫博物院. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
321. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 12, 1565". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
322. Amjad, Basith (2019). "A Brief History of Embryology: Historical Vignettes in Embryology". Clinical Embryology: An Atlas of Congenital Malformations. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26158-4_1. ISBN   978-3-319-26158-4. S2CID   166717409 . Retrieved 24 August 2023.
323. Rehm, Friedrich (1842). Handbuch der geschichte beider Hessen (in German). N.G. Elwert. p. 114. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
324. "ESMĀʿIL II". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
325. Nəcəfli̇, Tofiq (5 July 2019). "Kahkaha Kalesi'nin 20 Yıllık Mahpusu: İsmail Mirza Safevi". Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi (in Turkish). 6 (2): 495–518. ISSN   2148-2292 . Retrieved 24 August 2023.
326. Almeida, Fortunato de (1923). História de Portugal (in Brazilian Portuguese). p. 371. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
327. Aragão, Augusto Carlos Teixeira de (1875). Descripção geral e histórica das moedas cunhadas em nome dos reis, regentes e governadores de Portugal, por A.C. Teixeira de Aragão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Impr. nacional. p. 260. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
328. Degert, Antoine (1894). Le cardinal d'Ossat, évêque de Rennes et de Bayeux (1537-1604); sa vie, ses négociations à Rome. Thèse, Bordeaux (in French). V. Lecoffre. p. 3. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
329. Nuovi saggi della Imperiale regia Accademia di scienze, lettere ed arti in Padova (in Italian). Padova: Tip G.B. Randi. 1883. p. 57. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
330. David Mathew (1972). Lady Jane Grey: the Setting of the Reign. Eyre Methuen Limited. p. 34. ISBN   978-0-413-27980-4.
331. "BBC - History - Historic Figures: Lady Jane Grey (1537 - 1554)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
332. Memorial histórico español: colección de documentos, opúsculos y antigüedades que publica la Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). la Real Academia de la historia. 1948. p. 217. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
333. Encyclopedia Americana: Jefferson to Latin. Scholastic Library Pub. 2006. p. 114. ISBN   978-0-7172-0139-6.
334. Biografisch woordenboek Gelderland: bekende en onbekende mannen en vrouwen uit de Gelderse geschiedenis (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. 1998. p. 32. ISBN   978-90-6550-800-3 . Retrieved 25 August 2023.
335. KELLER, E. F. (1864). Geschichte Nassau's von der Reformation bis zum Anfang des 30jährigen Krieges (in German). Limbarth. p. 299. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
336. Loughlin, Marie; Bell, Sandra; Brace, Patricia (24 October 2011). The Broadview Anthology of Sixteenth-Century Poetry and Prose. Broadview Press. p. 180. ISBN   978-1-55111-162-9 . Retrieved 25 August 2023.
337. 日本重要人物辞典 (in Japanese). 教育社. 1988. p. 376. ISBN   978-4-315-50772-0 . Retrieved 25 August 2023.
338. Żychliński, Teodor (1884). Złota księga szlachty polskiéj (in Polish). Heroldium. p. 337. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
339. Berry, Mary Elizabeth (1989). Hideyoshi. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 244. ISBN   978-0-674-39026-3 . Retrieved 24 August 2023.
340. Clifford, Henry (1887). The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria. Burns and Oates. p. 15. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
341. Kindermann, Jan Christiaan (1874). Lodewijk van Nassau de volmaakte ridder (in Dutch). Beijers. p. 10. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
342. Stichart, Franz Otto (1857). Galerie der sächsischen Fürstinnen biographische Skizzen sämmtlicher Ahnfrauen des königlichen Hauses Sachsen (in German). Fleischer. p. 173. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
343. Lattis, James M. (2010). Between Copernicus and Galileo Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology. University of Chicago Press. p. 12. ISBN   9780226469263 . Retrieved 12 September 2023.
344. Pescasio, Luigi (1999). Cardinale Ercole Gonzaga presidente del Concilio di Trento (1505-1563) (in Italian). Bottazzi. p. 163. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
345. Merzario, Giuseppe (1893). I maestri comacìni storia artistica di mille duecento anni (600-1800) (in Italian). G. Agnelli. p. 687. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
346. Cazes, Hélène (2010). Bonaventura Vulcanius, Works and Networks Bruges 1538 - Leiden 1614. Brill. p. 79. ISBN   9789004192096 . Retrieved 12 September 2023.
347. "BOLOGNETTI, Alberto". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
348. Celier, Leonzio (1912). San Carlo Borromeo, 1538-1584 (in Italian). Desclee. p. 22. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
349. Kessel, Elsje van (2017). The Lives of Paintings Presence, Agency and Likeness in Venetian Art of the Sixteenth Century. De Grutyer. p. 135. ISBN   9783110495775 . Retrieved 12 September 2023.
350. Valencia, Vicente Rodríguez (1956). Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, organizer and apostle of South America (in Spanish). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Santo Toribio de Mogrovej. p. 132. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
351. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of February 26, 1561 (II)". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
352. Library of the Ecole des Chartes (in French). Droz Bookstore. 1849. p. 160. ISBN   9782600051699 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
353. Moenich, Karoly (1876). Magyar irok nevtara (in Hungarian). Nirschy. p. 389. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
354. Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Gale Research Company. 2004. p. 69. ISBN   9780787669683 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
355. Clemen, Otto; Koch, Ernst (1982). Kleine Schriften zur Reformationsgeschichte (in German). Zentralantiquariat der DDR. p. 167. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
356. "Sigrid Svantesdotter Sture". www.skbl.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 September 2023.
357. Atti della R. Accademia delle scienze di Torino (in Italian). Stamperia Reale. 1883. p. 1087. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
358. "Herbert, Henry, second earl of Pembroke" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13028 . Retrieved 21 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
359. Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan encyclopedia. Harvard Press. p. 56. ISBN   9780674017535 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
360. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Press. 1913. p. 304. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
361. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of June 5, 1596 (II)". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
362. "MORDAUNT, Lewis (1538-1601)". historyofparliament.org. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
363. Fuente, Vicente de la (1875). Historia eclesiástica de España (in Spanish). Companía de impresores y libreros del reino. p. 431. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
364. Ragg, Laura Maria (1907). The Women Artists of Bologna. Methuen. p. 168. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
365. "István Báthori, Ecsed". MAGYAR ÉLETRAJZI LEXIKON 1000–1990. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
366. Archivio (in Italian). Deputazione romana di storia patria. 1947. p. 10. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
367. Dionisotti, Carlo (1860). Cenni storici sull'amministrazione della giustizia in Vercelli dall'anno 1427 al 1860 (in Italian). Tip. Guglielmoni. p. 59. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
368. "BONIFACIO IV, marchese di Monferrato". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 9 August 2023.
369. Ludwigsdorf, Egbert von Frankenberg und (1895). Anhaltische Fürsten-Bildnisse (in German). Rich. Kahle. Retrieved 9 August 2023. Margarethe, born at an uncertain time, died in Dresden on June 28, 1530, the daughter of Heinrich I, Duke of Münsterberg and Glatz,*) granddaughter of King George Podebrady of Bohemia and since January 20, 1494 wife of Prince Ernst von Anhalt.
370. Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 342. ISBN   978-0-87169-161-3 . Retrieved 9 August 2023.
371. Braye, Lucien (1924). René de Chalon et le mausolée du Cœur (in French). Imprimerie Contant-Laguerre. p. 6. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
372. Kennedy, William John (1983). Jacopo Sannazaro and the Uses of Pastoral. University Press of New England. p. 27. ISBN   978-0-87451-268-7 . Retrieved 9 August 2023.
373. "Ostrozky, Kostiantyn". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
374. Keller, Anton (1965). Zur Sprache des Chronisten Gerold Edlibach, 1454-1530 (in German). Juris Druck und Verlag. p. 12. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
375. Neagoe, Claudiu (1 January 2009). Modele culturale și realități cotidiene în societatea românească (secolele XV-XIX) (in Romanian). Editura Universității din București - Bucharest University Press. p. 49. ISBN   978-973-558-449-8 . Retrieved 9 August 2023.
376. Mantova: la storia: Da Ludovico secondo marchese a Francesco secondo duca, a cura di L. Mazzoldi (in Italian). Istituto Carlo d'Arco per la storia di Mantova. 1958. p. 302. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
377. "Grey, Thomas, second marquess of Dorset" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11561 . Retrieved 8 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
378. Peter Gwyn (1990). The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey. Barrie & Jenkins. p. 599. ISBN   978-0-7126-2190-8.
379. Jansen, S. (17 October 2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe. Springer. p. 94. ISBN   978-0-230-60211-3 . Retrieved 9 August 2023.
380. Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst (in German). Seemann. 1869. p. 81. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
381. Dalbir Singh Dhillon (1988). Sikhism, Origin and Development. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 14.
382. Silver, Larry; Metsys, Quentin (1984). The Paintings of Quinten Massys: With Catalogue Raisonné. Phaidon. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-7148-2346-1 . Retrieved 9 August 2023.
383. "Estienne de la Roche". Maths History. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
384. "Den danske Flådes første søhelt. Søren Norby (14??-1530)" (PDF). www.noerby.net. Marinens Bibliotek. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
385. Giorgio Vasari (1923). Lives of Seventy of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects. G. Bell. p. 234.
386. Kronijk van het Historisch Genootschap gevestigd te Utrecht (in Dutch). Kemink en Zoon. 1876. p. 415. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
387. The Ancestry of Allen Grinnell Cleaver and Martha Irene Jessup: 172 Allied Families. Gateway Press. 1989. p. 986. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
388. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie: Steinmetz - Stürenburg. 36 (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1893. p. 317. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
389. Lafuente, Modesto (1888). Historia general de España: desde los tiempos primitivos hasta la muerte de Fernando VII (in Spanish). Montaner y Simón, Editores. p. 132. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
390. Burguet, José Luis; Barquilla, José Barrado; Suárez, Bernardo Fueyo (2006). Influencia lascasiana en el siglo XVI (in Spanish). Editorial San Esteban. p. 220. ISBN   978-84-8260-178-6 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
391. Szymanowski, Wojciech (1851). Dykcyonarz biograficzny powszechny (in Polish). Glücksberg. p. 45. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
392. de La Trémoille, François (1887). Inventaire de François de La Trémoille, 1542: et comptes d'Anne de Laval, publiés d'après les originaux (in French). E. Grimaud. p. 188. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
393. Plantiko, Otto (1922). Pommersche Reformationsgeschichte (in German). L. Bamberg. p. 38. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
394. "Rimenschneider [Rimschneider], Tilman". Grove Art Online. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
395. DEVILLE, Jean Achille (1833). Tombeaux de la cathédrale de Rouen (in French). Nicetas Periaux. p. 123. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
396. Sliwa, Krzysztof (2006). Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (in Spanish). Edition Reichenberger. p. 147. ISBN   978-3-937734-13-2 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
397. "PUCCI, Lorenzo". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2023.
398. "Louise Of Savoy | French regent". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
399. Herbermann, Charles George (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Press. p. 213. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
400. Brann, Marcus (1896). Geschichte der Juden in Schlesien: I -VI (in German). W. Jacobsohn. p. 161. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
401. James, Susan E. (2009). Catherine Parr : Henry VIII's last love. Stroud: The History Press. p. 55. ISBN   978-0-7524-4853-4 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
402. LaGamma, Alisa (16 September 2015). Kongo: Power and Majesty. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 95. ISBN   978-1-58839-575-7 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
403. Flood, Gavin (13 May 2022). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 235. ISBN   978-1-119-14488-5 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
404. McClure, Julia (30 November 2016). The Franciscan Invention of the New World. Springer. p. 101. ISBN   978-3-319-43023-2 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
405. Bleiberg, Germán; Ihrie, Maureen; Pérez, Janet (1993). Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1263. ISBN   978-0-313-28732-9 . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
406. Bollettino della Società umbra di storia patria (in Italian). Tip. Boncompagni. 1895. p. 531. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
407. "Riccio [Briosco], Andrea". Grove Art Online.
408. Danstrup, John; Koch, Hal (1962). Danmarks historie: De første Oldenborgere 1448-1533, af E. Kjersgaard og J. Hvidtfeldt (in Danish). Politikens Forlag. p. 539. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
409. "John | elector of Saxony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
410. Pirkheimer, Charitas; MacKenzie, Paul A. (2006). Caritas Pirckheimer: A Journal of the Reformation Years, 1524-1528. DS Brewer. p. 4. ISBN   978-1-84384-076-3 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
411. Desiderius Erasmus; Margaret Mann Phillips; J F C Phillips (1967). Erasmus on His Times: A Shortened Version of the 'Adages' of Erasmus. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN   978-0-521-09413-9.
412. Șincai, Gheorghe (1967). Hronica românilor (in Romanian). Editura pentru literatură. p. 216. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
413. The Magazine Antiques. Straight Enterprises. 1997. p. 507.
414. Memorie storiche forogiuliesi (in Italian). Deputazione di storia patria per il Friuli. 1910. p. 250. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
415. Lehrbuch der bayerischen Geschichte (in German). Lindauer. 1868. p. 403. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
416. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of Consistory of March 10, 1511". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
417. Dubov, Kalman (18 November 2021). Jewish Studies: Volume 2. Kalman Dubov. And died on 13 December 1532.
418. RYKACZEWSKI, Erazm (1862). Inventarium omnium et singulorum privilegiorum, litterarum, diplomatum, scripturarum et monumentorum quæcunque in Archivo Regni in Arce Cracoviensi (in Latin). Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris. p. 182. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
419. Larsen, Anne R.; Robin, Diana; Levin, Carole (1 March 2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 198. ISBN   978-1-85109-777-7 . Retrieved 15 August 2023.
420. Prescott, William Hickling (1904). History of the conquest of Peru. J.B. Lippincott Company. p. 135. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
421. "Bourchier, John, second Baron Berners" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2990 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
422. Alexander Hopkins McDonnald (1951). The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corporation. p. 31.
423. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Longmans & Company. 1882. p. 181. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
424. Miscellanea di Storia Italiana (in Italian). Turin: Brothers Mouth Bookshops. 1890. p. 522. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
425. Louis Thomas Stanley (1987). Cambridge, City of Dreams. Planet Books. p. 113. ISBN   978-1-85227-030-8.
426. Nugent, Elizabeth M. The Thought and Culture of the English Reaissance. CUP Archive. p. 459. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
427. Gaetana Marrone; Paolo Puppa (26 December 2006). Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN   978-1-135-45530-9.
428. "SALVIATI, Jacopo in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 August 2023.
429. Ehmann, Johannes (1 September 2021). Geschichte der Evangelischen Kirche in Baden: Band 2: Die Kirche der Markgrafschaft (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 46. ISBN   978-3-374-06851-7 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
430. Bott, Gerhard; Kahsnitz, Rainer (1983). Veit Stoss in Nürnberg: Werke des Meisters und seiner Schule in Nürnberg und Umgebung (in German). Deutscher Kunstverlag. p. 7. ISBN   978-3-422-00748-2 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
431. Altertumsverein, Freiburger (1895). Mitteilungen (in German). Sachsen. p. 147. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
432. Сибирцев, Константин (15 May 2022). Английская тоска Ивана Грозного (in Russian). Litres. ISBN   978-5-04-376000-5 . Retrieved 17 August 2023. Vasili III died on December 3, 1533.
433. Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN   984-32-0576-6. OCLC   52727562. OL   30677644M . Retrieved 17 November 2023.
434. Beding, Silvio A. (8 February 2016). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 532. ISBN   978-1-349-12573-9 . Retrieved 17 August 2023.
435. "Anne Rud". Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon (in Danish). 22 April 2023.
436. Browne, John Ross (1869). A Sketch of the Settlement and Exploration of Lower California. H. H. Bancroft. p. 15. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
437. Phayre, Arthur P. (1883). History Of Burma. London: Trubner & Co. p. 88. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
438. "Leyden, Lucas van". Grove Art Online. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
439. Brinton, Selwyn (1907). The Renaissance in Italian Art: A Series in Nine Parts. A. Fairbairns. p. 190. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
440. "Clement VII | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
441. Sandi Toksvig (12 November 2020). Toksvig's Almanac 2021: An Eclectic Meander Through the Historical Year by Sandi Toksvig. Orion. p. 222. ISBN   978-1-398-70164-9.
442. "History - Historic Figures: Thomas More (1478 - 1535)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
443. "Peruzzi, Baldassarre". Grove Art Online. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
444. William E. Wilkie (11 July 1974). The Cardinal Protectors of England: Rome and the Tudors Before the Reformation. CUP Archive. p. 225. ISBN   978-0-521-20332-6.
445. Hadorn, Wilhelm (1907). Kirchengeschichte der reformierten Schweiz (in German). Schulthess. p. 143. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
446. Islâm ansıklopedisi: Islâm âlemı tarıh, coğrafya, etnoğrafya ve bıyografya lûgatı (in Turkish). Mıllî Eğıtım Basimevı. 1945. p. 45. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
447. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1878. p. 480. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
448. Richard S. Sylvester; Davis P. Harding (1 January 1962). Two Early Tudor Lives: The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey by George Cavendish; The Life of Sir Thomas More by William Roper. Yale University Press. p. 31. ISBN   0-300-00239-4.
449. Weech, Friedrich von (1890). Badische Geschichte (in German). Liebermann und Cie. p. 140. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
450. Herwaarden, J. Van (1 January 2003). Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life : Devotions and Pilgrimages in the Netherlands. BRILL. p. 529. ISBN   978-90-04-12984-9 . Retrieved 22 August 2023.
451. Murphy, Beverley Anne (2003). Bastard prince : Henry VIII'S lost son. Stroud: Sutton. p. 177. ISBN   978-0-7509-3709-2 . Retrieved 22 August 2023.
452. "Pace, Richard" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21065 . Retrieved 21 August 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
453. Collectanea friburgensia (in German). Université de Fribourg. 1912. p. 211. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
454. Schilling, August (1845). Beiträge zur Geschichte des souverainen Johanniter-Ordens (in German). Ueberreuter. p. 17. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
455. "DELLA ROVERE, Felice". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 22 August 2023.
456. J. R. Broome (1988). Reformation and Counter-Reformation: 1588-1688-1988. Gospel Standard Publications. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-903556-79-8.
457. Bulletin hispanique (in French). Éditions Bière. 1919. p. 239. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
458. Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers: recueil hebdomadaire politique (in French). Hachette. 1861. p. 791. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
459. Journals of the House of Lords. H.M. Stationery Office. 1921. p. 346. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
460. Moulton, Charles Wells (1901). The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors. Moulton Publishing Company. p. 242. ISBN   978-0-8446-7155-0 . Retrieved 22 August 2023.
461. Müntz, Eugène (1898). Leonardo Da Vinci: Artist, Thinker and Man of Science. W. Heinemann. p. 111. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
462. Papinot, Edmond (1909). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan. Librairie Sansaisha. p. 636. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
463. Stephen, Sir Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1903). Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder. p. 1088. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
464. The American Journal of Theology. University of Chicago Press. 1905. p. 752. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
465. Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de (1847). Storia del risorgimento, de'progressi, del decadimento e della rovina della libertà in Italia (in Italian). Ruggia. p. 440. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
466. Album di storia patria bozzetti repubblicani senesi (in Italian). Mucci. 1875. p. 529. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
467. Venturi, Adolfo (1911). Storia dell'arte italiana (in Italian). U. Hoepli. p. 817. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
468. Lotito, Mark A. (22 August 2019). "Johann Carion of Bietigheim: The Berlin Court Astronomer". The Reformation of Historical Thought. Brill. pp. 84–141. ISBN   978-90-04-34795-3 . Retrieved 25 August 2023.
469. McCorristine, Laurence (1987). The Revolt of Silken Thomas: A Challenge to Henry VIII. Wolfhound. p. 130. ISBN   978-0-86327-120-5 . Retrieved 25 August 2023.
470. Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte (in German). Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1914. p. 220. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
471. SALA, Antonio (1858). Biografia di San Carlo Borromeo (in Italian). Milan: Liberia Arcivescovile. p. 405. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
472. Köstlin, Julius (1883). Martin Luther: Sein Leben und Seine Schriften (in German). R.L. Friderichs. p. 423. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
473. Jacott, J. (1848). Atlas historique français (in French). Dantier. p. 105. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
474. Statistica della provincia di Saluzzo: 2 (in Italian). Saluzzo: D. Lobetti-Bodoni. 1835. p. 410. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
475. Barszcz, Leszek (2005). Andrzej Krzycki: poeta, dyplomata, prymas (in Polish). Officina TUM. p. 190. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
476. Seidel, Paul (1911). Hohenzollern-jahrbuch (in German). Giesecke and Devrient. p. 262. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
477. Dodds, Madeleine Hope; Dodds, Ruth (1915). The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536-1537, and the Exeter Conspiracy, 1538. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
478. Hernández, Isabel (1992). Los indios de Argentina (in Spanish). Editorial Abya Yala. p. 139. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
479. Simpson, Richard Simpson (1879). Some Notices of the Life of Henry, Lord Percy, Sixth Earl of Northumberland, and of the Parish Church of St. Augustine, Afterwards St. John at Hackney. Surrey: Billing and Sons. p. 69. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
480. Anne Commire (12 December 2000). Women in World History. Gale. p. 292. ISBN   978-0-7876-4069-9.
481. Palliser, David Michael (1979). Tudor York. Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN   978-0-19-821878-4 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
482. Erläuterungen und ergänzungen zu Janssens Geschichte des deutschen volkes (in German). Herder. 1905. p. 186. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
483. Thumser, Matthias (1997). Schriftkultur und Landesgeschichte: Studien zum südlichen Ostseeraum vom 12. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert (in German). Böhlau. p. 225. ISBN   978-3-412-05697-1 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
484. Istorija srpskog naroda: pt. 1-2. Srbi pod tudinskom vlashdu 1537-1699 (in Serbian). Srpska knjiiževna zadruga. 1981. p. 153. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
485. "Framingham, William (FRMN530W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
486. The Publications of the Harleian Society. Harleian Society. 1984. p. 290. ISBN   978-0-9500207-5-4 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
487. Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (2002). Ivan the Terrible. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 435. ISBN   978-0-8154-1229-8 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
488. Бусева-Давыдова, И. Л. (1997). Храмы Московского Кремля: святыни и древности (in Russian). МАИК "Наука". p. 271. ISBN   978-5-7846-0004-2 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
489. Eley, C. King (1900). The Cathedral Church of Carlisle: A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See. G. Bell. p. 80. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
490. Suppan, W. (1971). "Schriften Thomas Murners (1475-1537) als volksmusikalische Quelle". Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 13 (1/4): 265–273. doi:10.2307/901761. ISSN   0039-3266. JSTOR   901761 . Retrieved 26 August 2023.
491. Benevides, Francisco da Fonseca (1878). Rainhas de Portugal: estudo historico com muitos documentos (in Brazilian Portuguese). Castro Irmâo. p. 348. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
492. Frind, Anton (1878). "Die" Kirchengeschichte Böhmens im Allgemeinen und mit besonderer Beziehung auf die jetzige Leitmeritzer Diöcese (in German). Tempsky. p. 454. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
493. Rian, Øystein. "Olav Engelbrektsson". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
494. Ernst Buchner (1960). German Painting at the Time of Dürer. Hirmer. p. 26.
495. Roy, Neha (6 April 2023). Henry VIII's Imprisoned Women: The Women of the Tower. Pen and Sword History. p. 50. ISBN   978-1-3990-9579-2 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
496. Нечаев, Сергей (20 September 2011). Иван Грозный. Жены и наложницы «Синей Бороды» (in Russian). Litres. ISBN   978-5-457-17297-5 . Retrieved 13 September 2023. And on April 4, 1538, Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya herself, who was only thirty years old, suddenly died.
497. Elton, G. R. (7 November 1985). Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell. CUP Archive. p. 255. ISBN   978-0-521-31309-4 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
498. Schaible, Joseph (1855). Geschichte des badischen Hanauerlandes nebst einer medizinisch-statistischen topographie des (in German). Malsch und Vogel. p. 50. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
499. Makens, Judith (January 2002). "Hugh Latimer and John Forest: Rituals of Martyrdom". Reformation. 6 (1): 29–48. doi:10.1179/ref_2002_6_1_003. ISSN   1357-4175. S2CID   145394860 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
500. Dillon, Anne (May 2006). "John Forest and Derfel Gadarn: A Double Execution". British Catholic History. 28 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S003419320001102X. ISSN   0034-1932. S2CID   163270338 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
501. Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde (in German). Selbstverlag des Vereins. 1907. p. 273. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
502. Royen, Laetitia V. G. Gorter-Van (1995). Maria van Hongarije, regentes der Nederlanden: een politieke analyse op basis van haar regentschaps-ordonnanties en haar correspondentie met Karel V (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 230. ISBN   978-90-6550-394-7 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
503. Valdés, Gerardo Larraín (1987). Dios, Sol Y Oro Diego de Almagro Y El Descubrimiento de Chile (in Spanish). Andres Bello. p. 306. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
504. Publications de la Section historique de l'Institute G.-D. de Luxembourg (in French). Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg Section historique. 1853. p. 234. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
505. Achaintre, Nicolas Louis (1825). Histoire Généalogique Et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de Bourbon (in French). Mansut. p. 383. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
506. Miscellanea di storia italiana (in Italian). Fratelli Bocca. 1913. p. 286. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
507. Womersley, David (18 February 2010). Divinity and State. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-19-925564-1 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
508. Benzoni, Gino (2002). "GRITTI, Andrea". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 59: Graziano–Grossi Gondi (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN   978-8-81200032-6.
509. Gringore, Pierre; Brown, Cynthia Jane (2003). Œuvres polémiques rédigées sous le règne de Louis XII (in French). Librairie Droz. p. 27. ISBN   978-2-600-00836-5 . Retrieved 13 September 2023.
510. Magno, Alessandro Marzo (1 October 2013). Bound in Venice: The Serene Republic and the Dawn of the Book. Europa Editions. ISBN   978-1-60945-152-3 . Retrieved 13 September 2023. The year 1538 is also the death of Paganino Paganini.
511. Frieda, Leonie (2013). The deadly sisterhood : a story of women, power and intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427-1527 (Paperback ed.). London: Phoenix. p. 358. ISBN   978-0-7538-2844-1.
512. "Isabella of Portugal". www.ngv.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
513. "Stokesley, John (1475–1539), bishop of London" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26563. ISBN   978-0-19-861412-8 . Retrieved 26 October 2021.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)