Pope Clement VII was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death, on 25 September 1534. Deemed "the most unfortunate of the popes", Clement VII's reign was marked by a rapid succession of political, military, and religious struggles—many long in the making—which had far-reaching consequences for Christianity and world politics.
Pope Julius II was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death, in February 1513. Nicknamed the Warrior Pope, Battle Pope or the Fearsome Pope, he chose his papal name not in honour of Pope Julius I but in emulation of Julius Caesar. One of the most powerful and influential popes, Julius II was a central figure of the High Renaissance and left a significant cultural and political legacy. As a result of his policies during the Italian Wars, the Papal States increased its power and centralization, and the office of the papacy continued to be crucial, diplomatically and politically, during the entirety of the 16th century in Italy and Europe.
The 1490s decade ran from January 1, 1490, to December 31, 1499.
Year 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1554 (MDLIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
The 1460s decade ran from January 1, 1460, to December 31, 1469.
Year 1473 (MCDLXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
The 1470s decade ran from January 1, 1470, to December 31, 1479.
The 1480s decade ran from January 1, 1480, to December 31, 1489.
Year 1523 (MDXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1493 (MCDXCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1486 (MCDLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday.
Giovanni Pico dei conti della Mirandola e della Concordia, known as Pico della Mirandola, was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher. He is famed for the events of 1486, when, at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy, and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance", and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been called the "Hermetic Reformation". He was the founder of the tradition of Christian Kabbalah, a key tenet of early modern Western esotericism. The 900 Theses was the first printed book to be universally banned by the Church. Pico is sometimes seen as a proto-Protestant, because his 900 theses anticipated many Protestant views.
The Republic of Florence, known officially as the Florentine Republic, was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, Italy. The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in her successors' place. The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere, who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members.
Ippolito de' Medici was the only son of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici, born out-of-wedlock to his mistress Pacifica Brandano.
Alessandro Achillini was an Italian philosopher and physician. He is known for the anatomic studies that he was able to publish, made possible by a 13th-century edict putatively by Emperor Frederick II allowing for dissection of human cadavers, and which previously had stimulated the anatomist Mondino de Luzzi at Bologna.
The Bentivoglio family was an Italian noble family that became the de facto rulers of Bologna and responsible for giving the city its political autonomy during the Renaissance, although their rule did not survive a century.
Giovanni Filoteo Achillini was an Italian philosopher.
Bartolomeo della Rocca, also known as Cocles was a scholar of chiromancy, physiognomy, astrology, and geomancy who lived in Bologna, Italy during the rule of the House of Bentivoglio from 1323 to 1506.
Achillini is an Italian surname. People with this surname include:
