1573

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century 16th century 17th century
Decades:	1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s
Years:	1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576

1573 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1573 MDLXXIII
Ab urbe condita	2326
Armenian calendar	1022 ԹՎ ՌԻԲ
Assyrian calendar	6323
Balinese saka calendar	1494–1495
Bengali calendar	980
Berber calendar	2523
English Regnal year	15  Eliz. 1  – 16  Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar	2117
Burmese calendar	935
Byzantine calendar	7081–7082
Chinese calendar	壬申年 (Water  Monkey) 4270 or 4063     — to — 癸酉年 (Water  Rooster) 4271 or 4064
Coptic calendar	1289–1290
Discordian calendar	2739
Ethiopian calendar	1565–1566
Hebrew calendar	5333–5334
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1629–1630
- Shaka Samvat	1494–1495
- Kali Yuga	4673–4674
Holocene calendar	11573
Igbo calendar	573–574
Iranian calendar	951–952
Islamic calendar	980–981
Japanese calendar	Genki 4 / Tenshō 1 (天正元年)
Javanese calendar	1492–1493
Julian calendar	1573 MDLXXIII
Korean calendar	3906
Minguo calendar	339 before ROC 民前339年
Nanakshahi calendar	105
Thai solar calendar	2115–2116
Tibetan calendar	阳水猴年 (male Water-Monkey) 1699 or 1318 or 546     — to — 阴水鸡年 (female Water-Rooster) 1700 or 1319 or 547

January 25: Battle of Mikatagahara

Year 1573 ( MDLXXIII ) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

May 26: Battle of Haarlemmermeer

January–March

• January 25 (22nd day of 12th month of Genki 3 – At the Battle of Mikatagahara in Japan, Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu. ^[1]
• January 28
  • Articles of the Warsaw Confederation are signed, sanctioning religious freedom in Poland. ^[2]
  • The Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt, started by Matija Gubec, breaks out against the Croatian nobility, but is suppressed after 18 days. ^[3]
• February 2 – The Wanli Era begins in Ming dynasty China on the first New Year after 9-year-old Zhu Yijun ascends the throne.
• February 6 – In the battle of Kerestinec, General Gašpar Alapić defeats the rebel troops led by Gubec. ^[3]
• February 9 – Croatian troops, led by General Alapic, defeat the peasant rebellion in the Battle of Stubica, then begin a violent campaign of vengeance against the conquered rebels. ^[4] Rebellion leaders Matija Gubec and Ivan Pasanec are taken as prisoners of war for a trial for treason at Zagreb.
• February 11 – Fourth War of Religion: France's Marshal Henri de Montmorency, begins the Siege of Sommières in southern France. The Huguenots, French Protestants, hold out for almost two months against Montmorency's Catholic troops.
• February 15 – On orders of the Croatian Viceroy Juraj Drašković, Matija Gubec, the defeated leader of the Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt is publicly tortured with the placement of a red-hot iron crown on his head, dragged through the streets of Zagreb, and then dismembered. ^[5]
• February 16 – March – The siege of Noda Castle begins near what is now the city of Shinshiro in Japan, after the leader of the Takeda clan, the warlord Takeda Shingen, is shot by a sniper after offering generous terms of surrender to the Tokugawa clan, led by Tokugawa Ieyasu. By March 10, the Noda Castle surrenders. ^[6]
• February 23 – In the province of Munster in Ireland, the first Desmond Rebellion, led by James FitzMaurice FitzGerald, cousin of the Earl of Desmond, ends at Kilmallock as FitzGerald makes a humiliating surrender to John Perrot, the provincial leader. ^[7]
• March 7 – The Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) is ended by a peace treaty, confirming the transfer of control of Cyprus from the Republic of Venice to the Ottoman Empire, ^[8] and also confirming Turkish occupation of the more fertile region of Dalmatia.

April–June

• April 1 – On his expedition to the New World, Francis Drake and his crew make their most lucrative capture by seizing a wagon train of silver at Panama, near the settlement of Nombre de Dios. ^{[9] [10]}
• April 5 – 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election: Polish and Lithuanian nobles gather at Warsaw to elect a successor to King Sigismund II Augustus, who had died the previous July 7. ^[11] The vote comes down to four candidates, from France, the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden and Russia.
• April 9 – The Siege of Sommières ends with the surrender of the Huguenot defenders, who are spared retaliation by General Montmorency, despite the loss of 2,500 royal troops.
• April 22 – Eighty Years' War: The Battle of Borsele is fought as a fleet of Spanish ships is intercepted by Dutch Calvinist rebels (the Geuzen). While some of the ships are able to complete their mission of supplying the Spanish-governed Netherlands cities of Middelburg and Arnemuiden, most are forced to retreat to Amberes in the Spanish Netherlands, now Antwerp in Belgium.
• May 16 – The Henry, Duke of Anjou, son of the late King Henry II of France is elected to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Polish nobility, after being nominated on May 11. ^[12]
• May 26 – Battle of Haarlemmermeer: Geuzen ships, attempting to break the siege of Haarlem, are defeated by a combined Spanish and Amsterdam fleet.
• June 24 – After Henry, Duke of Anjou learns that he has been elected the King of Poland, he agrees to negotiate an end to the Siege of La Rochelle, which has continued for almost nine months against the Huguenots in the western French city, and reaches an agreement with the Huguenot defender, the Count of Montgomery.

July–September

• July 6 – Córdoba, in the Viceroyalty of Peru, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera. ^[13]
• July 11 – The Edict of Boulogne is signed by Charles IX of France, granting limited rights to Huguenots, and ending the Fourth War of Religion in France. ^[14]
• July 12 – Siege of Haarlem: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture Haarlem, after a seven-month siege. ^[15]
• August 21 – The Duke of Alva begins the siege of Alkmaar in North Holland, before retreating after seven weeks. ^[16]
• August 27 – Oda Nobunaga drives the 15th Ashikaga shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki out of Kyoto, effectively destroying the Ashikaga shogunate, and historically ending the Muromachi and Sengoku periods. The Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japan begins.
• September 16 – In Japan, elimination of the Asakura clan is completed by Oda Nobunaga after the siege of Hikida Castle and the siege of Ichijōdani Castle are completed in eight days.
• September 26 – The Azai clan is eliminated by Oda Nobunaga after the four day siege of Odani Castle in Japan.

October–December

• October 8 – The Spanish abandon the siege of the city of Alkmaar and concede the city to the Geuzen, the Dutch Calvinist rebels. ^[17]
• October 11 – The Spanish under John of Austria take Tunis with little resistance. ^[18]
• November 15 – Santa Fe, Argentina, is founded by Juan de Garay. ^[13]
• November 29 – The Duke of Alva resigns as the Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands, and is succeeded by Luis de Requesens, who attempts to pursue a more conciliatory policy. ^[19]
• December 3 – The French Duke of Anjou, recently elected as King Henry of Poland, departs from Metz with an entourage of 1,200 people, arriving at Kraków on February 18. ^[20]
• December 11 – The Governor of Portuguese India issued an edict depriving Hindu followers of most rights, including the right to receive Jonoa, the share of the village community income. ^[21]
• December 17 – Portuguese colonists are expelled from the Maldives, where Portugal has had a presence since 1558, by order of the Sultan's son, Mohamed Bodu Takurufanu al-Azam. ^[22]
• December 23 – In the Republic of Venice, the Council of Ten votes to grant safe conduct to Venice for Spanish and Portuguese Jews. ^[23]

Date unknown

• Sarsa Dengel, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats the Oromo in a battle near Lake Zway. ^[24]
• The first Spanish galleon, laden with silver for the porcelain and silk trade with the Ming Dynasty of China, lands at Manila in the Philippines. ^[25] This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China, that will trump that of the Portuguese, the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan, and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru in the New World.
• The Luzhou Laojiao liquor is made. ^[26]
• Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, England, is formed. ^[27]

Births

Elias Holl

Pietro Carrera

Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland

• January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (d. 1624) ^[28]
• January 18 – Ambrosius Bosschaert, still life painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1621) ^[29]
• January 20 – Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (d. 1627) ^[30]
• January 22 – Ludwig Camerarius, German politician (d. 1651) ^[31]
• January 30 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604–1622) (d. 1638) ^[32]
• February 28 – Elias Holl, German architect (d. 1646) ^[33]
• March 12 – Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt, Abbess of Gernrode, Electress of Saxony, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Plön (d. 1616) ^[34]
• March 24 – Giovanni Doria, Spanish noble (d. 1642) ^[35]
• April 6 – Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (d. 1643) ^[36]
• April 12 – Jacques Bonfrère, Flemish Jesuit priest, biblical scholar (d. 1642) ^[37]
• April 13 – Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, Queen of Sweden (d. 1625) ^[38]
• April 17 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1651) ^[39]
• April 28 – Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (d. 1650) ^[40]
• May 12 – Henri, Duke of Montpensier, French noble (d. 1608)
• May 13 – Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani, Mughal empress (d. 1619) ^[41]
• June 12 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, British Earl (d. 1629)
• June 16 – Andries de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland (d. 1637) ^[42]
• June 28 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (d. 1643) ^[43]
• July 12 – Pietro Carrera, Italian priest, painter and saint (d. 1647) ^[44]
• July 14 – Bonaventure Hepburn, Scottish philologist and Minim friar (d. 1620) ^[45]
• July 15 – Inigo Jones, English architect (d. 1652) ^[46]
• July 18 – Odoardo Fialetti, Italian painter (d. 1638) ^[47]
• July 25 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (d. 1650) ^[48]
• July 29 – Philip II, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (d. 1618) ^[49]
• August 16 – Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1598) ^[50]
• August 25 – Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German regent (d. 1626) ^[51]
• September 8 – Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau, Archbishop of Mainz (d. 1629)
• September 28 – Théodore de Mayerne, Swiss physician (d. 1654) ^[52]
• September 29 – Robert Payne, English politician (d. 1631) ^[53]
• October 6 – Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (d. 1624) ^[54]
• October 7 – William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1645) ^[55]
• October 11 – Jacobus Boonen, Dutch Catholic archbishop (d. 1655) ^[56]
• November 3 – Catherine of Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont (d. 1648) ^[57]
• November 29 – Johannes Canuti Lenaeus, archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1669) ^[58]
• November 30 – Aubert Miraeus, Belgian historian (d. 1640) ^[59]
• December 7 – Odoardo Farnese, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1626) ^[60]
• December 21 – Mathurin Régnier, French satirist (d. 1613) ^[61]
• December 22 – Ernest Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz (1606–1632) and Stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland and Drenthe (1625–1632) (d. 1632) ^[62]
• December 23 – Giovanni Battista Crespi, Italian painter (d. 1632) ^[63]
• date unknown
  • Gabrielle d'Estrées, French royal mistress (d. 1599) ^[64]
  • Richard Johnson, English romance writer (d. 1659)
  • Johannes Junius, Burgomeister of Bamberg (d. 1628) ^[65]
  • Oeyo, wife of Tokugawa Hidetada (d. 1626)
  • Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania and of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1613)
• approximate year
  • June – Joan Pau Pujol, Catalan composer and organist (d. 1626)

Deaths

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

• January 1
  • Hans Boije af Gennäs, Swedish commander
  • Johann Pfeffinger, German theologian (b. 1493) ^[66]
• January 12 – William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham, English Lord High Admiral (b. 1510) ^[67]
• February 7 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg (b. 1513)
• March 2 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (b. 1530)
• March 3 – Claude, Duke of Aumale, third son of Claude, Duke of Guise (b. 1526) ^[68]
• March 13 – Michel de l'Hôpital, French statesman (b. 1505) ^[69]
• March 17 – Maria van Schooten, Dutch war heroine (b. 1555) ^[70]
• April 2 – Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1514) ^[71]
• April 7 – Andreas Masius, Flemish Catholic priest (b. 1514) ^[72]
• April 29 – Guillaume Le Testu, French privateer (b. 1509) ^[73]
• May 13 – Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (b. 1521) ^[74]
• June 15 – Antun Vrančić, Croatian archbishop (b. 1504) ^[75]
• July – Étienne Jodelle, French dramatist and poet (b. 1532) ^[76]
• July 7 – Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Italian architect (b. 1507) ^[77]
• July 16 – Wigbolt Ripperda, mayor of Haarlem, Netherlands ^[78]
• July 29
  • John Caius, English physician (b. 1510) ^[79]
  • Ruy Gómez de Silva, Portuguese noble (b. 1516)
• August 14 – Saitō Tatsuoki, Japanese warlord (b. 1548)
• September 7 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (b. 1535)
• September 16 – Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese warlord (b. 1533) ^[80]
• September 23 – Azai Hisamasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1526) ^[81]
• September 26 – Azai Nagamasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1545) ^[82]
• October 27 – Laurentius Petri, first Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden (b. 1499) ^[83]
• November 9 – Shimazu Katsuhisa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1503)
• November 17 – Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Spanish philosopher and theologian (b. 1494) ^[84]
• December 30 – Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian novelist and poet (b. 1504) ^[85]
• date unknown
  • Paul Skalich, Croatian encyclopedist (b. 1534) ^[86]
  • Reginald Wolfe, English printer
• February 3 – Murakami Yoshikiyo, Japanese warlord (b. 1501) ^[87]
  • Richard Grafton, English merchant and printer (b. c.1506/7) ^[88]

References

1. Jeroen Pieter Lamers (2000). Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord, Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered. Hotei Publishing. p. 49. ISBN   978-90-74822-22-0.
2. Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick (1980). History of the Church: Reformation and Counter Reformation. Burns & Oates. p. 319. ISBN   978-0-86012-085-8 . Retrieved January 14, 2024.
3. Vjekoslav Klaić, History of the Croats, Volume 5 (Matica hrvatska, 1988) p.375
4. Horvat, Rudolf (1904). Pripovijesti iz hrvatske povjesti (in Croatian). Društvo sv.Jeronima. pp. 42–43. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
5. Oto Lothar et al.The Land Between: A History of Slovenia (Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2008) p.214
6. Stephen Turnbull, Battles of the Samurai (Arms and Armour Press, 1987) p.78
7. "Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of", Encyclopædia Britannica Vol. 8 (11th ed.), ed. by Hugh Chisholm (Cambridge University Press, 1911) pp. 98–99
8. Ágoston, Gábor (September 12, 2023). The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Princeton University Press. p. 245. ISBN   978-0-691-20539-7 . Retrieved January 14, 2024.
9. John Sugden, Sir Francis Drake (Pimlico Press, 1990) pp. 72-73
10. N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649 (Penguin UK, 2004) p.lxxxiii
11. Leśniewski, Sławomir (1991). Jan Zamoyski (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 28–29. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
12. Kaczorowski, Włodzimierz (2020). "The 400th anniversary of the death of Stanisław Żółkiewski, Hetman and Great Crown Chancellor, Senator of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth". Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne. 18 (4): 153–164. doi: 10.25167/osap.3438 . ISSN   1731-8297 . Retrieved January 14, 2024.
13. James D. Henderson; Alexander C. Henderson; Helen Delpar (2000). A Reference Guide to Latin American History. M.E. Sharpe. p. 83. ISBN   978-1-56324-744-6.
14. Peiresc, Nicolas Claude Fabri de (1982). Abrégé de l'histoire de Provence et autres textes inédits (in French). Aubanel. p. 257. ISBN   978-2-7006-0096-4 . Retrieved January 14, 2024.
15. Quijano, Gregorio del Ser (2008). Fernando Álvarez de Toledo (in Spanish). Diputación de Ávila, Institución "Gran Duque de Alba". p. 281. ISBN   978-84-96433-78-6 . Retrieved January 14, 2024.
16. Lummel, Hendrik Jan van (1873). T'zegevierend Alkmaar (Alcmaria victrix) 8 october 1573 (in Dutch). Van Bentum. pp. 17–18. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
17. Blok, Petrus Johannes (1916). Geschiedenis eener Hollandsche stad: Eene Hollandsche stad onder de republiek (in Dutch). M. Nijhoff. p. 47. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
18. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A History (A&C Black, 2014)
19. "Literature of Belgium and the Netherlands", in The Saturday Review (August 25, 1888) p. 246
20. Norman Davies, God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795 (Oxford University Press, ) p. 312
21. Manjul K. Agarwal, From Bharata to India: Volume 2: the Rape of Chrysee p.86
22. Ian Preston, A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia (Europa Publications, 2001) p.189
23. Alisa Meyuhas Ginio, Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World After 1492 (Routledge, 2014) p. 123
24. Adejumobi, Saheed A. (December 30, 2006). The History of Ethiopia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 169. ISBN   978-0-313-08823-0 . Retrieved January 16, 2024.
25. Brook, Timothy (May 18, 1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 205. ISBN   978-0-520-92407-9 . Retrieved January 16, 2024.
26. Li, Zhengping (March 3, 2011). Chinese Wine. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN   978-0-521-18650-6 . Retrieved January 16, 2024.
27. "Queen Elizabeth's boys' grammar has been doing its own thing since 1573" . The Independent. April 9, 2014. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
28. Vierteljahrsschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft (in German). Astronomische Gesellschaft. 1942. p. 25. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
29. "RKD Research". research.rkd.nl. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
30. Bricka, Carl Frederik (1887). Dansk biografisk Lexikon (in Danish). Copenhagen: F. Hegel & Søn. p. 177. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
31. Schubert, Friedrich Hermann (1955). Ludwig Camerarius, 1573-1651: eine Biographie (in German). Opf., M. Lassleben. p. 14. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
32. Fecht, Karl Gustav (1869). Geschichte der Stadt Durlach (in German). Adolph Emmerling. p. 99. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
33. Wagenseil, Christian Jakob (1837). Elias Holl: Baumeister der ehemaligen Reichsstadt Augsburg ; biographische Skizze ; ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte (in German). Geiger. p. 6. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
34. Ersch, Johann Samuel (1841). Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste (in German). J. f. Gleditsch. p. 62. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
35. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 9, 1604". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
36. Behr, Kamill von (1854). Genealogie der in Europa regierenden Fürstenhäuser nebst der Reihenfolge sämmtlicher Päpste (in German). Tauchnitz. p. 43. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
37. Sæbø, Magne; Brekelmans, Christianus; Haran, Menahem; Fishbane, Michael A.; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (1996). Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation: II: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 759. ISBN   978-3-525-53982-8 . Retrieved January 16, 2024.
38. "Kristina - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon". sok.riksarkivet.se.
39. Albrecht, Dieter (November 27, 2014). Maximilian I. von Bayern 1573–1651 (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 86. ISBN   978-3-486-83080-4 . Retrieved January 16, 2024.
40. Journal de la Société d'archéologie lorraine et du Musée historique lorrain (in French). Société d'archéologie lorraine et du Musée historique lorrain. 1908. p. 152. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
41. Chandra, Satish (2008). "Jodha Bai—Who Is She?". Indian Historical Review. 35 (2): 237. doi:10.1177/037698360803500214. S2CID   148336450 . Retrieved January 18, 2024.
42. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1898. p. 570. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
43. Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (1908). The Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 487. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
44. "Carrera, Pietro". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved January 18, 2024.
45. "Hepburn, James" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13002 . Retrieved January 18, 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
46. "Inigo Jones | English architect and artist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
47. Levey, Michael (1964). The Later Italian Pictures in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen. Phaidon Publishers. p. 79. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
48. Braunmühl, Anton von (1891). Christoph Scheiner als Mathematiker, Physiker und Astronom (in German). Buchner. p. 1. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
49. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1888. p. 34. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
50. Pelican, Berta (1903). Leben der Erzherzogin Maria von Steiermark: mutter Kaiser Ferdinands II; nach authentischen quellen bearbeitet (in German). H. Kirich. p. 19. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
51. Schäfer, Dietrich (1902). Geschichte von Dänemark (in German). F.A. Perthes. p. 259. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
52. Trevor-Roper, Hugh Redwald (January 1, 2006). Europe's Physician: The Various Life of Sir Theodore de Mayerne. Yale University Press. p. 17. ISBN   978-0-300-11263-4 . Retrieved January 18, 2024.
53. "PAYNE, Sir Robert (1573-1631)". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
54. "Wriothesley, Henry, third earl of Southampton" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30073 . Retrieved January 18, 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
55. Ronald H. Fritze; William B. Robison (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 284. ISBN   978-0-313-28391-8.
56. Feller, François Xavier (1830). Geschiedkundig woordenboek (in Dutch). Arkesteyn. p. 6. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
57. Donnadieu, Alphonse (1922). L'hérédité dans la maison ducale de Lorraine-Vaudémont (in French). Berger-Levrault. p. 174. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
58. "Johannes Canuti Lenæus". sok.riksarkivet.se. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
59. The Journal of Library History: JLH. School of Library Science. 1975. p. 341. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
60. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 6, 1591". cardinals.fiu.edu.
61. Régnier, Mathurin; Duc, Emmanuel Louis Viollet Le (1853). Oeuvres complètes de Mathurin Regnier: avec les commentaires rev. et corr., préc. de l'histoire de la satire en France pour servir de discours préliminaire (in French). Jannet. p. xxxvi. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
62. Laar, C. van (1752). Levens-Beschryving Van Den Doorluchtigsten Vorst En Heere (in Dutch). Van der Deyster. p. 7. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
63. Crespi, Giovanni Battista; Rosci, Marco (2005). Il Cerano (1573-1632): protagonista del Seicento lombardo (in Italian). F. Motta. p. 98. ISBN   978-88-7179-474-7 . Retrieved January 18, 2024.
64. Desclozeaux, Adrien (1889). Gabrielle d'Estreés, marquise de Monceaux, duchesse de Beaufort (in French). H. Champion. p. 2. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
65. Junius, Anna Maria; Hümmer, Friedrich Karl (1891). Bamberg im Schweden-Kriege: nach einem Manuscripte (Mittheilungen über die Jahre 1622-1634) (in German). Buchner in Komm. p. 4. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
66. Joecher, Christian Gottlieb (1816). Allgemeines Gelehrten Lexicon (in German). Gleditsch. p. 2182. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
67. Hickey, Julia A. (September 15, 2022). The Son that Elizabeth I Never Had: The Adventurous Life of Robert Dudley's Illegitimate Son. Pen and Sword History. p. 41. ISBN   978-1-3990-9115-2 . Retrieved January 18, 2024.
68. Pitois, Christian (1851). Mémorial de la noblesse: chronologie militaire de France depuis les premiers temps de la monarchie (in French). Au Bureau des annales militaires. p. 130. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
69. Seong-Hak Kim (1991). Michel de L'Hôpital: The Political Vision of a Reformist Chancellor 1560-1568. University of Minnesota. p. 270.
70. "Schooten, Maria van". resources.huygens.knaw.nl. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
71. "Consistory of December 19, 1544 (VIII)". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
72. Wilkinson, R. J. (January 1, 2007). "Chapter Three. The Northern Scholars: Masius". The Kabbalistic Scholars of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible. Brill. pp. 39–48. ISBN   978-90-474-2253-2 . Retrieved January 21, 2024.
73. Kelsey, Harry (January 1, 2000). Sir Francis Drake: The Queen's Pirate. Yale University Press. p. 63. ISBN   978-0-300-08463-4 . Retrieved January 21, 2024.
74. Lamers, Jeroen Pieter (2000). Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord, Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered. Hotei Publishing. p. 94. ISBN   978-90-74822-22-0 . Retrieved January 21, 2024.
75. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 2, 1572". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
76. Harry S. Ashmore (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 80.
77. Atti e memorie (in Italian). Deputazione di storia patria per le provincie dell'Emilia. 1879. p. 54. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
78. Groningsche volksalamanak (in Dutch). E.B. van der Kamp. 1916. p. 131. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
79. "Caius, John" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4351 . Retrieved January 21, 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
80. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Kodansha. 1983. p. 95. ISBN   978-0-87011-620-9 . Retrieved January 21, 2024.
81. Rankin, Andrew (2011). Seppuku : a history of samurai suicide. Kodansha International. p. 63. ISBN   978-4-7700-3142-6 . Retrieved January 21, 2024.
82. Glenn, Chris (January 5, 2023). The Samurai Castle Master: Warlord Todo Takatora. Frontline Books. p. 8. ISBN   978-1-3990-9661-4 . Retrieved January 21, 2024.
83. August Strindberg (1921). Mäster Olof: prosaupplagan skådespel i fem akter. A. Bonniers. p. xx.
84. Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim (1996). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN   978-0-19-506493-3 . Retrieved January 21, 2024.
85. Nuova enciclopedia italiana: Testo (in Italian). Unione tipografico-editrice torinese. 1880. p. 532. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
86. Sakcinski, Ivan Kukuljević (1875). Pavao Skalić, gradjanin zagrebački, učenjak na glasu, svećenik katolički i protestantski prvi ministar pruski, pustolov smjeli, nazvan Cagliostro XVI. vieka (in Croatian). Dionička tisk. p. 45. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
87. "村上義清(むらかみ・よしきよ)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved January 21, 2024.
88. "Grafton, Richard (c.1507-73), of London. | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved January 21, 2024.