1475

June 15: Pope Sixtus IV (right) creates the Vatican Library and appoints Bartolomeo Platina as its first librarian.

1475 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1475 MCDLXXV
Ab urbe condita	2228
Armenian calendar	924 ԹՎ ՋԻԴ
Assyrian calendar	6225
Balinese saka calendar	1396–1397
Bengali calendar	881–882
Berber calendar	2425
English Regnal year	14  Edw. 4  – 15  Edw. 4
Buddhist calendar	2019
Burmese calendar	837
Byzantine calendar	6983–6984
Chinese calendar	甲午年 (Wood  Horse) 4172 or 3965     — to — 乙未年 (Wood  Goat) 4173 or 3966
Coptic calendar	1191–1192
Discordian calendar	2641
Ethiopian calendar	1467–1468
Hebrew calendar	5235–5236
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1531–1532
- Shaka Samvat	1396–1397
- Kali Yuga	4575–4576
Holocene calendar	11475
Igbo calendar	475–476
Iranian calendar	853–854
Islamic calendar	879–880
Japanese calendar	Bunmei 7 (文明７年)
Javanese calendar	1391–1392
Julian calendar	1475 MCDLXXV
Korean calendar	3808
Minguo calendar	437 before ROC 民前437年
Nanakshahi calendar	7
Thai solar calendar	2017–2018
Tibetan calendar	ཤིང་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Wood-Horse) 1601 or 1220 or 448     — to — ཤིང་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Wood-Sheep) 1602 or 1221 or 449

Year 1475 ( MCDLXXV ) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 10 – At the Battle of Vaslui during the Moldavian–Ottoman Wars, in what is now Romania, Stephen III of Moldavia leads his troops to defeat Ottoman invaders commanded by General Hadım Suleiman Pasha. ^[1]
• January 15 – At Madrid, Queen Isabella I of Castile, who had been crowned on December 11, declares her husband Prince Fernando de Aragón to be the joint ruler with her, and is proclaimed as King Fernando V of Castile. ^[2] Fernando, the oldest son and heir to the throne of King Juan II of Aragon, will make Isabella co-ruler of Aragon when he ascends the throne upon his father's death in 1479.
• January 30 – An alliance between the Duchy of Burgundy (ruled by Charles the Bold), the Duchy of Savoy (ruled by Filiberto the Hunter) and the Duchy of Milan (ruled by Galeazzo Maria Sforza) is created by the signing of a treaty at the city of Moncalieri, in Savoy near Turin. ^[3]
• February 20 – The joint Spanish rulers of Castile and León, Queen Isabella and King Fernando, issue a decree of monetary reform at Segovia, setting a standard value for the real as 30 maravedí coins, and the dobla castellana as 870 maravedis. ^[4]
• February 27 – At Racibórz (now in Poland, but at the time under the control of the Kingdom of Bohemia), the Bohemian King Matyáš Korvín arrests the Duke of Gliwice, Jan IV of Oświęcim and holds him prisoner until Jan relinquishes half of his lands to Bohemian control. ^[5]
• March 10 – The city of Perpignan is recaptured by the army of the Kingdom of France after having been captured by the Spanish king John II of Aragon. ^[6]
• March 14 – King Edward IV of England gives royal assent to several acts passed by the English Parliament, including the Safe Conducts Act and the Wool Act. ^[7]

April–June

• April 3 – While in Valladolid, capital of the Kingdom of Castile and León, to celebrate a tournament in their honor, the joint rulers of Castile, Queen Isabella and King Fernando II are interrupted by a messenger sent by King Afonso V of Portugal. King Afonso announces a declaration of war against the crown of Castile and León. ^[8]
• May 10 – The War of the Castilian Succession begins as Portugal's army invades the Spanish kingdom of Castile and León with King Afonso of Portugal in command. The troops advance to the town of Plasencia, where King Afonso's fiancée Juana la Beltraneja (who claims to be the daughter of the late King Enrique IV of Castile) lives. ^[9]
• May 25 – Having invaded Castile, King Afonso V of Portugal is betrothed to his first cousin, Juana la Beltraneja, Princess of Asturias, who had been identified on May 9, 1462, as heir to the Castilian throne as the daughter of King Enrique IV, and claims his right to rule the Kingdom of Castile and León. ^[10] On May 30, Afonso and Juana then hold court at the small town of Toro for the former proclamation of themselves as joint rulers of Castile, an office held in the rest of the kingdom by Queen Isabella and King Fernando. ^[11]
• June 15 – The Vatican Library in Rome is created by the papal bull Ad decorem militantis ecclesiae and names Bartolomeo Platina as the first librarian for the Vatican. ^[12]
• June 19 – After Queen consort Dorothea of Denmark visits Rome, Pope Sixtus IV issues a papal bull permitting King Christian I to establish a university in Denmark ^[13]
• June 27 – Burgundy and its allies abandon the Siege of Neuss afer 11 months when the imperial army from the Holy Roman Empire comes to the relief of the Free City of Köln, and a papal legate sent by Pope Sixtus IV says that the Pope wil excommunicate both Charles the Bold of Burgundy and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick if the fighting end, a threat that allows both monarchs to cease hostilities without dishonor. ^[14]

July–September

• July 4 – Burgundian Wars: Edward IV of England lands in Calais, in support of the Duchy of Burgundy against France. ^[15]
• August 29 – The Treaty of Picquigny ends the brief war between France and England. ^[16]
• September 9 – The city of Köln (Cologne), already separate from the surrounding Köln is granted the status of a "free imperial city" by the Holy Roman Empire, with representation in the Imperial Diet and self-government within the Empire.
• September 17 – At the royal capital, Pekan, Ahmad Shah I of Pahang becomes the new Sultan of Pahang (now one of the federal states within Malaysia) upon the death of his younger brother, Muhammad Shah ^[17]

October–December

• October 13 – The Swiss Confederacy Canton of Bern invades the Canton of Vaud, at the time under the control of Jacques of Savoy, one of the nobles in the Duchy of Savoy.
• October 22 – In retaliation for the resistance of the village of Les Clées against the Swiss invasion of Vaud, the army of Bern destroys the city and kills the members of the garrison at the Vaud Castle. ^[18]
• November 13 – Burgundian Wars – In the Battle on the Planta, near Sion in the Swiss Canton of Valais, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious against those of the Duchy of Savoy. ^[19]
• November 14 – The original Landshut Wedding takes place, between George, Duke of Bavaria, and Hedwig Jagiellon.
• November 17 – The Emirate of Granada, led by the Emir Abu'l-Hasan Ali and now part of Spain's Mediterranean coast, signs a peace treaty with the Spanish Kingdom of Castile and León, led by the joint monarchs Isabella and Fernando. In the agreement, Granada offers to assist the Castilians against any attempt by Portugal to invade the Castilian region, Córdoba, that borders Granada. ^[20]
• December 2 – In the Spanish kingdom of Castile, the siege by Portugal of the Castle of Burgos ends with the commander of the garrison agreeing to surrender within 70 days, "the waiting period decreed by chivalric courtesy" and Queen Isabella enters the city to a welcoming crowd. ^[21]
• December – The Principality of Theodoro falls to the Ottoman Empire, ^[22] arguably taking with it the final territorial remnant of the successor to the Roman Kingdom after nearly 2,228 years of Roman civilization since the legendary Founding of Rome in 753 BC.

Date unknown

• Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton in Bruges (or 1473–74?).
• Rashi's commentary on the Torah is the first dated book to be printed in Hebrew, in Reggio di Calabria. ^[23]
• Conrad of Megenberg's book, Buch der Natur, is published in Augsburg. ^[24]
• In Wallachia, Radu cel Frumos loses the throne (for the last time), and is again replaced by Basarab Laiotă.

Births

Michelangelo Buonarroti

• January 9 – Crinitus, Italian humanist (d. 1507)
• January 29 – Giuliano Bugiardini, Italian painter (d. 1555)
• February 25 – Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last male member of the House of York (d. 1499)
• March 6 – Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian sculptor (d. 1564) ^[25]
• March 12 – Luca Gaurico, Italian astrologer (d. 1558)
• March 30 – Elisabeth of Culemborg, German noble (d. 1555)
• June 29 – Beatrice d'Este, duchess of Bari and Milan (d. 1497)
• September 6
  • Artus Gouffier, Lord of Boissy, French nobleman and politician (d. 1519)
  • Sebastiano Serlio, Italian Mannerist architect (d. 1554)
• September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (d. 1539) ^[26]
• September 13 or April 1476 – Cesare Borgia, illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI (approximate date; d. 1507)
• October 20 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian Renaissance man of letters (d. 1525)
• November 2 – Anne of York, seventh child of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville (d. 1511) ^[27]
• November 28 – Anne Shelton, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (d. 1556)
• December 11 – Pope Leo X (d. 1521) ^[28]
• December 24 – Thomas Murner, German satirist (d. c. 1537)
• date unknown
  • Valerius Anshelm, Swiss chronicler
  • Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish conquistador (approximate date; d. 1519)
  • Gendun Gyatso, 2nd Dalai Lama (d. 1541)
• probable
  • Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr (d. 1554)
  • Margaret Drummond, mistress of James IV of Scotland (d. 1502)
  • Pierre Gringoire, French poet and playwright (d. 1538)
  • Filippo de Lurano, Italian composer (d. 1520)
  • Gunilla Bese, Finnish noble and fiefholder (d. 1553)

Deaths

• January – Radu cel Frumos, Voivoid of Wallachia (b. c. 1437)
• February 3 – John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1410)
• March – Simon of Trent, Italian saint, subject of a blood libel
• March 20 – Georges Chastellain, Burgundian chronicler and poet ^[29]
• May 20 – Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk (born c.1404) ^[30]
• June 13 – Joan of Portugal, Queen of Castile (b. 1439)
• September 6 – Adolph II of Nassau, Archbishop of Mainz (b. c. 1423)
• December 10 – Paolo Uccello, Italian painter (b. 1397)
• date unknown
  • Theodorus Gaza, Greek scholar, one of the leaders of the revival of learning in the 15th century (b. c. 1400)
  • Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow
  • Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (b. 1410)

References

1. Gábor Kármán; Lovro Kunčevic, eds. (2013). The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill. p. 266. ISBN   9789004246065.
2. John Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520 (Blackwell Publishers, 2000)
3. Vaughan, Richard; Paravicini, Wener (2002). Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 304. ISBN   9780851159188.
4. "Money and its value", in Chriatian Córdoba: The city and its region in the late Middle Ages, by John Edwards (The Library of Iberian Resources Online, 2001)
5. "Jan (Janusz) IV oświęcimski (gliwicki)", Poczet.com (in Polish)
6. Hernández Cardona, F. Xavier (2003). Història militar de Catalunya. Vol. III La defensa de la Terra[Military history of Catalonia, Vol. III: The defense of the territory] (in Catalan). Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau Editorial. pp. 35–39. ISBN   84-232-0664-5.
7. "14° Edw. IV.". The Statutes of the Realm. Vol. 2: 1377 to 1509. Dawsons of Pall Mall. 1963. pp. 445–451 – via Hathi Trust.
8. Menéndez y Pidal, Ramón (1983). Historia de España, Tomo XVII, Volumen 1, La España de los Reyes Católicos. Editorial Espasa-Calpe SA. p. 116. ISBN   84-239-4819-6.
9. Navarro Sainz, Jose María (2004). El consejo de Sevilla en el reinado de Isabel I (1474–1504). University of Seville. p. 44.
10. Stuart, Nancy Rubin (1991). Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 136. ISBN   0-312-05878-0.
11. "Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico (Joana (D.)" (in Portuguese). Lisbon. 1915. pp. 1033–1034, Vol. III. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
12. "Origins of the Library", Vatican Library website, February 14, 2004
13. "History of the University of Copenhagen about 1479". University of Copenhagen. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
14. Pat McGill, et al.,The Burgundian Army of Charles the Bold: The Ordonnance Companies and their Captains (Lincoln: Freezywater Publications, 2001), pp.8–15.
15. Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.  185–187. ISBN   0-304-35730-8.
16. Knecht, Robert (2007). The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589 . Continuum. pp.  100–101. ISBN   978-1-85285-420-1.
17. .Linehan, William (1973). History of Pahang. Malaysian Branch Of The Royal Asiatic Society, Kuala Lumpur. ISBN   978-0710-101-37-2.
18. "Les Clées", Historical Dictionary of Switzerland online
19. Richard Vaughan, Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy (Boydell Press, 2002) p.364
20. John Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474-1520 (Blackwell Publishers, 2000) p.37
21. Liss, Peggy K. (20 December 2004). Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 125. ISBN   978-0-8122-1897-8.
22. Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1936). The Goths in the Crimea. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America. p. 259.
23. Mendel, Menachem (2007). "The Earliest Printed Book in Hebrew". Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
24. "Book of Nature". World Digital Library . 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
25. Barbara A. Somervill (February 2008). Michelangelo: Sculptor and Painter. Capstone. p. 102. ISBN   978-0-7565-1060-2.
26. "Stokesley, John (1475–1539), bishop of London" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26563. ISBN   978-0-19-861412-8 . Retrieved 26 October 2021.(Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
27. Levin, Carole; Bertolet, Anna Riehl; Carney, Jo Eldridge (3 November 2016). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650. Taylor & Francis. p. 275. ISBN   978-1-315-44071-2.
28. "Leo X | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
29. Ogg, Oscar (1952). A New Survey of Universal Knowledge. Crowell. p. 313. ISBN   9780690841152.
30. Thelma Anna Leese (1996). Blood Royal: Issue of the Kings and Queens of Medieval England, 1066-1399: the Normans and Plantagenets. Heritage Books. p. 302. ISBN   978-0-7884-0525-9.