1541

1541 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1541; MDXLI
Ab urbe condita	2294
Armenian calendar	990; ԹՎ ՋՂ
Assyrian calendar	6291
Balinese saka calendar	1462–1463
Bengali calendar	948
Berber calendar	2491
English Regnal year	32 Hen. 8 – 33 Hen. 8
Buddhist calendar	2085
Burmese calendar	903
Byzantine calendar	7049–7050
Chinese calendar	庚子年 (Metal Rat); 4237 or 4177; — to —; 辛丑年 (Metal Ox); 4238 or 4178
Coptic calendar	1257–1258
Discordian calendar	2707
Ethiopian calendar	1533–1534
Hebrew calendar	5301–5302
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1597–1598
- Shaka Samvat	1462–1463
- Kali Yuga	4641–4642
Holocene calendar	11541
Igbo calendar	541–542
Iranian calendar	919–920
Islamic calendar	947–948
Japanese calendar	Tenbun 10; (天文１０年)
Javanese calendar	1459–1460
Julian calendar	1541; MDXLI
Korean calendar	3874
Minguo calendar	371 before ROC ; 民前371年
Nanakshahi calendar	73
Thai solar calendar	2083–2084
Tibetan calendar	阳金鼠年; (male Iron-Rat); 1667 or 1286 or 514; — to —; 阴金牛年; (female Iron-Ox); 1668 or 1287 or 515

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century ; 16th century ; 17th century ;
Decades:	1520s ; 1530s ; 1540s ; 1550s ; 1560s ;
Years:	1538 ; 1539 ; 1540 ; 1541 ; 1542 ; 1543 ; 1544 ;

Last updated March 02, 2019

Year 1541 ( MDXLI ) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Roman numerals Numbers in the Roman numeral system

The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, employ seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value, as follows:

A common year starting on Saturday is any non-leap year that begins on Saturday, 1 January, and ends on Saturday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is B. The most recent year of such kind was 2011 and the next one will be 2022 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2017 and 2023 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more. Any common year that starts on Wednesday, Friday or Saturday has only one Friday the 13th; The only Friday the 13th in this common year occurs in May. Leap years starting on Friday share this characteristic.

The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict. It was the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was refined and gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar, promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.

Events

January–June

February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago del Nuevo Extremo, which will become the capital of Chile.
April 7 – Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon, on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.
April 24 – Battle of Sahart: The Emperor of Ethiopia defeats by the forces of Imam Ahmad Gragn.
May 8 – Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River, naming it the Rio de Espiritu Santo ("River of the Holy Spirit").
May 23 – Jacques Cartier departs from Saint-Malo, France on his third voyage.
June 18 – By the Crown of Ireland Act, the Parliament of Ireland declares King Henry VIII of England and his heirs to be Kings of Ireland, replacing the Lordship of Ireland with the Kingdom of Ireland.^[1]

February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 322 days remaining until the end of the year.

Pedro Gutiérrez de Valdivia or Valdiva was a Spanish conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile. After serving with the Spanish army in Italy and Flanders, he was sent to South America in 1534, where he served as lieutenant under Francisco Pizarro in Peru, acting as his second in command. In 1540 he led an expedition of 150 Spaniards into Chile, where he defeated a large force of indigenous natives and founded Santiago in 1541. He extended Spanish rule south to the Biobío River in 1546, fought again in Peru, and returned to Chile as governor in 1549. He began to conquer Chile south of the Biobío and founded Concepción in 1550. He was captured and killed in a campaign against the Mapuche. The city of Valdivia in Chile is named after him.

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.

July–December

July 9 – Estêvão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlock men and 150 slaves under his brother Cristóvão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia to defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, who has invaded his Empire.
August 29 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as visitors.
September 9 – 11 – Spanish noblewoman Beatriz de la Cueva serves as governor of the colony of Guatemala, before she is killed in a mudslide from Volcán de Agua, which ruins the capital city, Ciudad Vieja.
September 13 – After three years of exile, John Calvin returns to Geneva to reform the church under a body of doctrine that comes to be known as Calvinism.
October – An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain (Habsburg) is unsuccessful.
December 10 – Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham are executed for having affairs with Catherine Howard, Queen of England and wife of Henry VIII.

July 9 is the 190th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 175 days remaining until the end of the year.

Estêvão da Gama was the Portuguese governor of Portuguese Gold Coast (1529–15??) and Portuguese India (1540–1542). Named after his paternal grandfather Estêvão da Gama, Estêvão was the second son of Vasco da Gama and brother of Cristóvão da Gama.

Massawa is a city on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea located at the northern end of the Gulf of Zula beside the Dahlak Archipelago. As a historical and important port for many centuries, it was ruled by a succession of polities, including the Axumite Empire, Medri Bahri Kingdom, the Umayyad Caliphate, various Beja sultanates, the Ottoman Empire, the Khedivate of Egypt, Italy, Britain, and Ethiopia, until Eritrea's independence in 1991. Massawa was the capital of the Italian Colony of Eritrea until it was moved to Asmara in 1897.

Date unknown

The Portuguese defeat the Muslims near Lake Tana.
Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem.
Iceland adopts the Lutheran faith.
Gerardus Mercator makes his first globe.
The first official translation of the entire Bible into Swedish is made.
John Calvin translates his Institutio Christianae religionis into French, as L'Institution chrétienne.
Elia Levita's chivalric romance, the Bovo-Bukh , is first printed, the earliest published secular work in Yiddish.

Lake Tana is the source of the Blue Nile and is the largest lake in Ethiopia. Located in Amhara Region in the north-western Ethiopian Highlands, the lake is approximately 84 kilometres long and 66 kilometres wide, with a maximum depth of 15 metres, and an elevation of 1,788 metres. Lake Tana is fed by the Lesser Abay, Reb and Gumara rivers. Its surface area ranges from 3,000 to 3,500 square kilometres, depending on season and rainfall. The lake level has been regulated since the construction of the control weir where the lake discharges into the Blue Nile. This controls the flow to the Blue Nile Falls and hydro-power station.

Suleiman the Magnificent Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Suleiman I, commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Kanunî Sultan Süleyman in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman state ruled over 15 to 25 million people.

The Golden Gate, as it is called in Christian literature, is the only eastern gate of the Temple Mount and one of only two that used to offer access into the city from that side. It has been walled up since medieval times. The date of its construction is disputed and no archaeological work is allowed at the gatehouse, but opinions are shared between a late Byzantine and an early Umayyad date.

Births

January 24 – Magdalena Moons, Dutch heroine (d. 1613)
January 26 – Florent Chrestien, French writer (d. 1596)
February 21 – Philipp V, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1599)
March 25 – Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1587)
April 8 – Michele Mercati, Italian physician and gardener (d. 1593)
April 12 – Ipatii Potii, Metropolitan of Kiev (d. 1613)
September 7
- Luigi Groto, Italian lutenist and poet (d. 1588)
- Hernando de Cabezón, Spanish musician (d. 1602)
Luigi Groto, also called Cieco d'Adria or Cieco D'Hadria, was a blind Italian poet, lutenist, playwright and actor. Groto was born in Veneto and lost his sight eight days after birth. He studied philosophy and literature with such success that at the age of 15 he was already a public orator. He was often in Venice as an envoy from Veneto, and entertained with public performances of his songs. In 1565 he was appointed president of the newly founded Academy of Illustrati of Adria. He died in Venice, having just come from the theater where he had played the role of the blind King Oedipus. In 1623 Filippo Bonaffino set some of his poetry to music in a book of madrigals.
1588 (MDLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1588th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 588th year of the 2nd millennium, the 88th year of the 16th century, and the 9th year of the 1580s decade. As of the start of 1588, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Hernando de Cabezón, was a Spanish composer and organist, son of Antonio de Cabezón. Only a few of his works are extant today, and he is chiefly remembered for publishing the bulk of his father's work.
September 16 – Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, English nobleman (d. 1576)
September 17 – Roberto de' Nobili, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1559)
September 21 – Anna of Nassau-Dillenburg, Countess consort of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1616)
November 9 – Menso Alting, Dutch preacher and reformer (d. 1612)
November 25 – Michele Bonelli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1598)
December 12 – Johann Bauhin, Swiss botanist (d. 1613)
date unknown
- Pierre Charron, French philosopher (d. 1603)
- El Greco, or Domênikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος), Cretian painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1614)
- Hatano Hideharu, Japanese samurai (d. 1579)
- Mizuno Tadashige, Japanese nobleman (d. 1600)
- Guðbrandur Þorláksson, Icelandic mathematician (d. 1627)
- Hattori Hanzō, Japanese ninja who served under Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1596)

January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 341 days remaining until the end of the year.

Magdalena Moons was famous for her role during the Dutch war of liberation, when she saved the city of Leiden during its first siege by Spain in 1574.

1613 (MDCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1613th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 613th year of the 2nd millennium, the 13th year of the 17th century, and the 4th year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1613, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Deaths

Pedro de Alvarado Alvarado.jpeg — Pedro de Alvarado

January 2 – Wang Gen, Chinese philosopher (b. 1483)
January 5 – Philip of the Palatinate, Bishop of Freising and Naumburg (b. 1480)
April – Jerzy Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (born 1480)
April 21 – James, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (b. 1540)
April 24 – Celio Calcagnini, Italian astronomer (b. 1479)
April 29 – Johann Gramann, German theologian (b. 1487)
May 27 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (executed) (b. 1473)
June 26 – Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistador (b. c. 1475)
July 4 – Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish conquistador (b. 1495)
August – Juan de Valdés, Spanish religious writer (b. 1500)
August 1 – Simon Grynaeus, German scholar and theologian (b. 1493)
August 18 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (1539–1541) (b. 1473)
September 24 – Paracelsus, Swiss alchemist and physician (b. 1493)
September – Beatriz de la Cueva, Governor of Guatemala (b. 1510)
October 18 – Margaret Tudor, queen of James IV of Scotland (b. 1489)
November – Wolfgang Fabricius Capito, German reformer (b. 1478)
November 30 – Amago Tsunehisa, Japanese warlord
December 10 – Thomas Culpeper, English courtier (executed)
December 24 – Andreas Karlstadt, Christian theologian and reformer (b. 1486)
date unknown
- Jean Clouet, French miniature painter
- Margareta von Melen, Swedish noblewoman (b. 1489)
- Giovanni Guidiccioni, Italian poet (b. 1480)

References

↑ Moody, T. W.; et al., eds. (1989). A New History of Ireland. 8: A Chronology of Irish History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821744-2.

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[Chronology-1] Moody, T. W.; et al., eds. (1989). A New History of Ireland. 8: A Chronology of Irish History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821744-2.