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Alfonso the Magnanimous was the King of Aragon and King of Sicily and the ruler of the Crown of Aragon from 1416 and King of Naples from 1442 until his death. He was involved with struggles to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples with Louis III of Anjou, Joanna II of Naples and their supporters, but ultimately failed and lost Naples in 1424. He recaptured it in 1442 and was crowned king of Naples. He had good relations with his vassal, Stjepan Kosača, and his ally, Skanderbeg, providing assistance in their struggles in the Balkans. He led diplomatic contacts with the Ethiopian Empire and was a prominent political figure of the early Renaissance, being a supporter of literature as well as commissioning several constructions for the Castel Nuovo.
Pope Callixtus III, born Alfonso de Borgia, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 April 1455 to his death. Borgia spent his early career as a professor of law at the University of Lleida; he later served as a diplomat for the kings of Aragon. He became a tutor for King Alfonso V's illegitimate son Ferdinand. After arranging a reconciliation between Alfonso and Pope Martin V, Borgia was made Bishop of Valencia. In 1444, Pope Eugene IV named him a cardinal, and Borgia became a member of the Roman Curia. During the siege of Belgrade (1456), Callixtus initiated the custom that bells be rung at midday to remind the faithful to pray for the crusaders. The tradition of the Angelus noon bell still exists in most Catholic Churches to this day. He was also responsible for the retrial of Joan of Arc that saw her vindicated. He appointed two nephews as cardinals, one of whom became Pope Alexander VI. He is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Callixtus".
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The 1520s decade ran from January 1, 1520, to December 31, 1529.
The 1470s decade ran from January 1, 1470, to December 31, 1479.
The 1480s decade ran from January 1, 1480, to December 31, 1489.
The 1450s decade ran from January 1, 1450, to December 31, 1459.
1521 (MDXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1521st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 521st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 16th century, and the 2nd year of the 1520s decade.
The 1500s ran from January 1, 1500, to December 31, 1509.
Year 1471 (MCDLXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
The 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419.
Year 1524 (MDXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1502 (MDII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1479 (MCDLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1479th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 479th year of the 2nd millennium, the 79th year of the 15th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1470s decade.
Year 1438 (MCDXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Jacopo Sannazaro was an Italian poet, humanist and epigrammist from Naples.
The Duchy of Athens was one of the Crusader states set up in Greece after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade as part of the process known as Frankokratia, encompassing the regions of Attica and Boeotia, and surviving until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century.
The 1400s ran from January 1, 1400, to December 31, 1409.
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.
References
- ↑ John P. C. Matthews (2007). Explosion: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Hippocrene Books. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7818-1174-3.
- ↑ David Grummitt (May 8, 2015). Henry VI. Routledge. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-317-48260-4.
- ↑ Jan L. de Jong (April 5, 2013). The Power and the Glorification: Papal Pretensions and the Art of Propaganda in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Penn State Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-271-06237-1.
- ↑ Vasconcelos e Sousa, Bernardo. "História de Portugal" (in Portuguese) (4th ed.). p. 182.
- ↑ "College History". magd.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
- ↑ Choice: Publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association. American Library Association. 1964. p. 261.
- ↑ Martin Luther D'Ooge (1909), The Acropolis of Athens (The acropolis of Athens ed.), New York: Macmillan, OL 7107840M,
In 1458 the Turkish ruler occupied the Propylaea as a residence, and turned the Erechtheum into a harem, restoring, however, the Parthenon to the Greeks as a place of worship.
- ↑ Lemaître, Frédéric (September 19, 2011). "Erfurt, ses juifs et l'UNESCO". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ Connor, Steve (July 7, 2014). "The history of the planet's biggest volcanic explosions - deep in the ice of Antarctica" . The Independent . London. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
- ↑ Saint Camilla Battista da Varano (1986). The Mental Sorrows of Jesus in His Passion. Peregrina. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-920669-05-1.
- ↑ Woldemar Harleß. "ADB:Johann II. (Herzog von Kleve-Mark)". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
- ↑ Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer (2000). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Yorkin Publications. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-7876-4064-4.
- ↑ Paul Burns (July 15, 2007). Butler's Saint for the Day. A&C Black. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-86012-434-4.
- ↑ William John Kennedy; Gene Z. Hanrahan (1983). Jacopo Sannazaro and the Uses of Pastoral. University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-268-7.
- ↑ William John Wright (1988). Capitalism, the State, and the Lutheran Reformation: Sixteenth-century Hesse. Ohio University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8214-0863-6.
- ↑ Théoharis Stavrides (2001). The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453-1474). BRILL. p. 94. ISBN 90-04-12106-4.
- ↑ E. Michael Gerli (2003). Medieval Iberia. Taylor & Francis. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-415-93918-8.
- ↑ Annie E. McKilliam (1912). A Chronicle of the Popes from St. Peter to Pius X. G. Bell and sons, Limited. p. 388.