1378

This article is about the year 1378. For the video game, see 1378 km.

1378 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1378 MCCCLXXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2131
Armenian calendar	827 ԹՎ ՊԻԷ
Assyrian calendar	6128
Balinese saka calendar	1299–1300
Bengali calendar	784–785
Berber calendar	2328
English Regnal year	1  Ric. 2  – 2  Ric. 2
Buddhist calendar	1922
Burmese calendar	740
Byzantine calendar	6886–6887
Chinese calendar	丁巳年 (Fire  Snake) 4075 or 3868     — to — 戊午年 (Earth  Horse) 4076 or 3869
Coptic calendar	1094–1095
Discordian calendar	2544
Ethiopian calendar	1370–1371
Hebrew calendar	5138–5139
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1434–1435
- Shaka Samvat	1299–1300
- Kali Yuga	4478–4479
Holocene calendar	11378
Igbo calendar	378–379
Iranian calendar	756–757
Islamic calendar	779–780
Japanese calendar	Eiwa 4 (永和４年)
Javanese calendar	1291–1292
Julian calendar	1378 MCCCLXXVIII
Korean calendar	3711
Minguo calendar	534 before ROC 民前534年
Nanakshahi calendar	−90
Thai solar calendar	1920–1921
Tibetan calendar	མེ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Fire-Snake) 1504 or 1123 or 351     — to — ས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Earth-Horse) 1505 or 1124 or 352

Year 1378 ( MCCCLXXVIII ) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

January 6: The Banquet of the Three Kings is hosted in Paris.

• January 6 – At the Great Hall of the Conciergerie in Paris, King Charles V of France hosts the Banquet of the Three Kings with his uncle, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the Emperor's son, Wenzel the Idle, King of the Romans as his guests (along with 800 German and French knights), to celebrate the friendship between the nations. The banquet, held on the day of the Feast of the Epiphany, has three courses, with 10 dishes in each course. ^[1]
• January 13 – Balša II succeeds his brother, Durađ I, as ruler of Lower Zeta in what is now Montenegro. ^[2]
• January 14 – King Richard II opens the Irish Parliament for the first time since the death of his father, King Edward III, a year earlier.
• February 6 – King Charles V of France is widowed when his queen consort, Joanna dies at age 40, two days after giving birth to their last child, Catherine. ^[3] Against medical advice, Queen Joanna had taken a hot bath in order to induce labor. ^[4]
• February 12 – Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev and spiritual leader of the Russian Orthodox Church since 1354, dies of old age and his designated successor, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Lithuania, attempts to become the new leader. However, the Grand Prince of Moscow, Dmitry Donskoy, denies Cyprian permission and appoints Pimen, Metropolitan of Kiev as successor to Alexius. ^[5]
• February 19 – In England, John Wycliffe, who has been trying to promote ideas for Catholic reform and has published a tract outlining his theses, appears at the Church of St. Paul before a group of bishops headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon of Sudbury, to defend his actions. With a citation having directed him to appear "on the thirtieth court-day" after receipt, Wycliffe arrives before the bishops to proceed with trial, but proceedings are halted when Sir Lewis Clifford, dispatched by Joan of Kent, Princess of Wales, acting as the regent for her son, King Richard II the Kingdom, directs that the bishops are "not to presume to determine anything against John Wycliffe. According to a chronicler, "Struck with terror, they at once abandoned the business of their meeting," but they subsequently order Wycliffe to appear at Lambeth in March. ^[6]
• March 27 – Pope Gregory XI dies at the Vatican in Rome after a little more than seven years as leader of the Roman Catholic Church, and shortly after moving the church leadership back to Rome from the French city of Avignon. Officials of Rome begin a campaign of intimidation to prevent the Roman Catholic cardinals, a majority of whom are French, from electing a French cardinal as Gregory's successor. ^[7]

April–June

• April 9 – Following the death of Pope Gregory XI, and riots in Rome calling for a Roman pope, the cardinals, who are mostly French, meet in a papal conclave and elect an Italian from Naples, Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari, as the 202nd Pope. ^[8] Prignano takes the regnal name Pope Urban VI, and is the last Pope of the Roman Catholic Church to have been elected from outside of the College of Cardinals. The French cardinals then flee from Rome before the populace learns that a non-Roman was picked, and return to Avignon, beginning the Western Schism, a 39-year period where rival popes are selected at Avignon and Rome. ^[9]
• April 16 – Mujahid Shah, ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate in what is now the Karnataka state in southern India, is assassinated by his uncle, Da'ud Shah, while traveling between Adoni and Kulbarga. Da'ud and three accomplices enter Mujahid's tent and stab him to death, after which Da'ud declares himself to be the new Sultan of Bahmani. ^[10]
• May 21 – After only five weeks as Sultan of Bahmani in India, Da'ud Shah is assassinated while praying in the grand mosque at the capital, Kalaburagi. ^[11] Da'ud Shah is succeeded by one of his nephews, Mahmud Shah.
• May 26 – Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür succeeds his father, Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara, as ruler of the Northern Yuan dynasty in Mongolia.
• May 30 – The War of Chioggia begins on the Italian peninsula between the navies of the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa, with a surprise attack on 11 Genoese galleys at Capo d'Anzio by a 10-galley fleet led by Venetian Admiral Vettor Pisani. Venice captures five of the Genoese ships and takes their crews as prisoners of war, including the Genoese admiral, Luigi de' Fieschi. ^[12]
• June 17 – In the wake of the recent defeat of the Genoese Navy at the battle of Capo d'Anzio, Domenico di Campofregoso, Doge of the Republic of Genoa, is removed from office by the Genoese Senate and replaced by Nicolò Guarco. ^[13]

July–December

• July 21 – Ciompi Revolt: Discontented wool carders briefly take over the government of Florence.
• August 4 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father, Galeazzo II Visconti, as ruler of Milan.
• August 11 – Battle of the Vozha River: Prince Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow resists a small invasion by the Mongol Blue Horde under Mamai.
• September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi, elect Clement VII as antipope, and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism, also known as the Great Schism. ^[14] France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.
• November 10 – The first observation of Halley's Comet from Earth is made, based on an estimate from orbital calculations. ^[15]
• November 29 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, dies in Prague. He is succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus, as King of Bohemia, but the office of Holy Roman Emperor falls into abeyance, until Charles's son Sigismund is crowned in 1433.

Date unknown

• The Raseborg Castle is mentioned for the first time in documents, ^[16] but its actual date of foundation is unknown.
• Tokhtamysh dethrones Temur-Malik to become Khan of the White Horde.
• Uthman Beg establishes the Aq Qoyunlu (Turkomans of the White Sheep) dynasty at Diyarbakır, in modern-day southeast Turkey.
• Ottoman Turks capture the town of Ihtiman in west Bulgaria.
• Tai Bian succeeds Zhao Bing Fa as King of Mong Mao (modern-day northern Myanmar).
• Sa'im al-Dahr is hanged for blowing the nose off the Great Sphinx of Giza. ^[17]

Births

• January 23 – Louis III, Elector Palatine (d. 1436)
• May 27 – Zhu Quan, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (d. 1448)
• August 16 – Hongxi Emperor of China (d. 1425)
• October 24 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to throne of Scotland (d. 1402) ^[18]
• December 31 – Pope Callixtus III (d. 1458)
• date unknown
  • Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (d. 1446)
  • Joan II, Countess of Auvergne, French vassal (d. 1424)
  • Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian sculptor and metal-worker (d. 1455)
  • John Hardyng, English chronicler (d. 1465)
  • Narasimha Saraswati - Indian Guru and Saint

Deaths

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

• February 6 – Joanna of Bourbon, queen consort of Charles V of France (b. 1338)
• March 27 – Pope Gregory XI (b. c. 1329)
• July – Owain Lawgoch, titular Prince of Wales and mercenary – assassinated (b. c. 1330)
• August 4 – Galeazzo II Visconti, Lord of Milan (b. c. 1320)
• November 29 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1316)
• November 30 – Andrew Stratford, English verderer and landowner

References

1. de Parseval, Béatrice; Mazeau, Guillaume (2019). La Conciergerie - Palais de la Cité (in French). Paris: Editions du Patrimoine- Centre des Monuments historiques. pp. 14–15. ISBN   978-2-7577-0667-1.
2. E. Jacques, Edwin (2009). The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present - Volume 1. McFarland & Company. p. 169. ISBN   978-0-7864-4238-6.
3. Hand, Joni M. (2013). Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350-1550. Ashgate Publishing. p. 16.
4. J. A. Buchon, Collection des Chroniques nationales françaises écrites en langue vulgaire du treizième au seizième siècle, Chroniques de Froissart, Tome VII, Verdière, Libraire, Paris, 1824, p. 61
5. John Meyendorff, Byzantium and the Rise of Russia (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary, 1989), 214-221.
6. Perry, G. G. (1903). A History of the English: From Its First Planting to the Accession of Henry VIII. (596-1509). Vol. 1. London: John Murray. p. 425.
7. Creighton, Mandell (2012). The Great Schism. The Council of Constance, 1378–1418. Houghton, Mifflin & Company. p. 50.
8. Miranda, Salvador (2002). "Conclaves of the 14th Century (1303-1394)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
9. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Urban VI"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
10. Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1985). The Bahmanis of the Deccan. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 119–123.
11. Haig, Wolseley (1925). Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2. pp. 383–384.
12.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Ashby, Thomas; Hannay, David McDowall (1911). "Chioggia". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 235.
13. Musso, Riccardo (2003). "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani" . Retrieved March 4, 2012.
14. "Western Schism | History, Background, Popes, & Resolution | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
15. Annales Mediolanenses.
16. Raseborg Castle - Sygic Travel
17. According to Al-Maqrizi.
18. "David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved October 24, 2020.