1579

January 23: The Union of Utrecht is signed.

1579 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1579 MDLXXIX
Ab urbe condita	2332
Armenian calendar	1028 ԹՎ ՌԻԸ
Assyrian calendar	6329
Balinese saka calendar	1500–1501
Bengali calendar	985–986
Berber calendar	2529
English Regnal year	21  Eliz. 1  – 22  Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar	2123
Burmese calendar	941
Byzantine calendar	7087–7088
Chinese calendar	戊寅年 (Earth  Tiger) 4276 or 4069     — to — 己卯年 (Earth  Rabbit) 4277 or 4070
Coptic calendar	1295–1296
Discordian calendar	2745
Ethiopian calendar	1571–1572
Hebrew calendar	5339–5340
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1635–1636
- Shaka Samvat	1500–1501
- Kali Yuga	4679–4680
Holocene calendar	11579
Igbo calendar	579–580
Iranian calendar	957–958
Islamic calendar	986–987
Japanese calendar	Tenshō 7 (天正７年)
Javanese calendar	1498–1499
Julian calendar	1579 MDLXXIX
Korean calendar	3912
Minguo calendar	333 before ROC 民前333年
Nanakshahi calendar	111
Thai solar calendar	2121–2122
Tibetan calendar	阳土虎年 (male Earth-Tiger) 1705 or 1324 or 552     — to — 阴土兔年 (female Earth-Rabbit) 1706 or 1325 or 553

Year 1579 ( MDLXXIX ) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Monday of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 6 – The Union of Arras unites the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain. ^[1]
• January 23 – The Union of Utrecht unites the northern Netherlands in a confederation called the United Provinces. William I of Orange becomes Stadtholder, and the Duc d'Anjou, younger brother of Henry III of France, is invited to become hereditary sovereign. ^[1]
• February 4 – The Ghent Republic joins the Union of Utrecht. ^[2]
• February 28 – The seizure in September by Willem IV van den Bergh, of the Boxmeer Castle in September in the Netherlands is condemned by the other Dutch members of the Union of Utrecht. ^[3]
• March 1 – Off of the coast of what is now Ecuador, the English galleon Golden Hind , captained by Francis Drake, captures the Spanish freighter Nuestra Señora de la Concepción (unofficially called "Cagafuego") and its cargo, including 26 tons of silver and 1,000 pounds of gold. ^[4]
• March 2 – Battle of Borgerhout in Brabant (now Belgium): Spanish troops under the command of the Duke of Parma overwhelm rebels fighting for the Union of Utrecht. ^[5]
• March 12 – The Siege of Maastricht, a center of the Dutch resistance to Spanish rule, is started in the Netherlands by Spanish troops under the command of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. ^[6] The siege will last almost four months before Maastricht falls on July 1.

April–June

• April 10 – In the village of Cuers in France, near Toulon rebel peasants kill 600 nobles and upper-class gentlemen of the Catholic League serving the Count of Carces. ^[7]
• May 17 – The Treaty of Arras is concluded between Spain (represented by the Duke of Parma), and members of the Union of Arras that had been formed in January. The Union of Utrecht continues its resistance against Spain while the County of Hainaut, the County of Artois, and the cities of Douai, Lille, Orchies and Arras agree to a separate peace under Spanish rule. ^[8]
• May 21 – Battle of Mimaomote: In Japan, Doi Kiyonaga defeats the forces of Kumu Yorinobu. ^[9]
• June 17 – Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation of the world, lands in modern-day California, which he claims for Queen Elizabeth I. ^{[10] [11]} With an English claim here and in Newfoundland, it becomes the basis for English colonial charters which will claim all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from "sea to sea." Drake's claim is called Nova Albion (New England), and subsequent maps will show all lands north of New Spain and New Mexico under this name.

July–September

• July 1 – Maastricht surrenders to Spanish troops after a surprise attack by the Duke of Parma, who had besieged the city for more than three months.
• July 13 – Karlovac in Croatia is founded. ^{[12] [13]}
• July 17 – James FitzMaurice FitzGerald lands with a small force of Irish, Spanish, and Italian troops at Smerwick, on the Dingle Peninsula in south-western Ireland, and commences the Second Desmond Rebellion against the rule in Ireland of Elizabeth I of England. ^[14]
• August 6 – In the Spanish-controlled Netherlands, the representatives of the Union of Utrecht declare that they will no longer respect the authority of King Philip of Spain.
• August 17 – "Yasuke", a man of African origin who has been hired as a manager by the Chancellor of the Realm, Oda Nobunaga, arrives in Japan. Called "The Black Samurai" in dramatizations of his experience, he begins a service of three years to the Chancellor, ending on June 21, 1582.
• August 30 – Livonian War: In what is now Belarus, the city of Polotsk falls to the forces of Stephen Báthory, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. ^[15]
• September 10 – (5th waning of Tawthalin 941 ME) In the Kingdom of Mrauk U in what is now Myanmar and Bangladesh, King Min Phalaung becomes the owner of the first of three white elephants, and gives himself the title of Hsinbyushin. ^[16]
• September 12 – Amendments are made to the May 17 Treaty of Arras, with further concessions to Spain by the Union of Arras. The final version is promulgated by King Philip of Spain in Mons, one of the regions in the Arras Union. ^[8]
• September 28 – In Switzerland, a mutual assistance pact was signed at Lucerne between representatives of Roman Catholic cantons by the efforts of the Catholic Bishop of Basel, Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee. ^[17]

October–December

• October 5 – At Banda Aceh, on the island of Sumatra in what is now Indonesia, Alauddin Mansur Syah becomes the new Sultan of Aceh upon the death of Sultan Zainul Abidin. ^[18]
• October 11 – Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire for more than 14 years, is assassinated in Constantinople. ^[19]
• October 13 – Semiz Ahmed Pasha is appointed as the new Ottoman Grand Vizier by Sultan Murad III. ^[19]
• October 19 – King James VI of Scotland makes his ceremonial entry into Edinburgh to assume the throne at the age of 13, after being declared to have reached the age of majority. ^[20] Scotland had been ruled by regents since 1567, when James was declared king.
• October 20 – Nicolò Doria is elected to a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa. ^[21]

November 3: Seditious writer John Stubbs is barred from writing again

• November 3 – The English puritan John Stubbs, author of numerous pamphlets against the doctrines of the Church of England, is convicted of sedition, and his right hand is amputated as punishment. ^[22]
• November 13 – During the Second Desmond Rebellion, rebel troops in Ireland, led by Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond, carry out the Sack of Youghal and massacre the English Army garrison, then pillage and burn the homes of local residents. ^[23]
• November 21 – Iancu Sasul becomes the new Prince of Moldavia as Peter the Lame steps down for the second time. ^[24] Peter will replace Sasul on October 17, 1582.
• November 23 – Jeremias II Tranos is removed from office as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and replaced by his rival Metrophanes III of Constantinople, whom he deposed on May 4, 1572. ^[25]
• December 16 – After Willem van Pamele, the Spanish Governor of Flanders, is forced to flee during the Dutch Revolt, the Duke of Parma orders Pamele and the Catholic members of the Council of Flanders to convene at Douai as the temporary Flemish capital. ^[26]
• December 24 – German astronomer Michael Maestlin makes the first cataloging of the Pleiades cluster, recording 11 separate stars visible to the naked eye, with a detailed illustration and measurements. ^[27]
• December 25 – In France, Protestant French troops under the command of Matthieu Merle, make a surprise attack on the Roman Catholic cathedral in the village of Mende during Mass, and kill 400 civilians. ^[28]

Date unknown

• In the Mughal Empire in India, Akbar abolishes the jizya, the tax placed upon non-Muslim residents.
• Akbar issues a mazhar signed by the leading ulamas, putting himself as the highest religious authority, allowing him to interpret the Quran. ^[29]
• The municipality of Boac in Marinduque, Philippines is founded. ^[30]
• The Bible of Kralice begins publication. The first complete translation of the Bible into the Czech language (with notes), it is prepared by the Unity of the Brethren, and published at Kralice nad Oslavou, Bohemia. ^[31]

Births

Tokugawa Hidetada

• January 4 – Willem Teellinck, Dutch pastor (d. 1629) ^[32]
• January 6 – Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, Spanish nobleman, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (d. 1636) ^[33]
• January 23 – Marie of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (d. 1649) ^[34]
• January 27 – Antonio Tornielli, Italian Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Novara (1636–1650) (d. 1650)
• February 24 – Johann Jacob Grasser, Swiss poet, historian and theologian (d. 1627) ^[35]
• March 23 – Francis Mansell, English academic (d. 1665) ^[36]
• April 10 – Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1666) ^[37]
• April 12 – François de Bassompierre, French courtier (d. 1646) ^[38]
• May 1 – Wolphert Gerretse, Dutch founder of the New Netherland Colony (d. 1662)
• May 2 – Tokugawa Hidetada, Japanese shōgun (d. 1632)
• June 17 – Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1650) ^[39]
• June 18 – Afonso Mendes, Patriarch of Ethiopia (d. 1659)
• July 2 – Janusz Radziwiłł, Lithuanian and Polish nobleman (d. 1620) ^[40]
• July 6
  • Bernardino de Almansa Carrión, Spanish Catholic prelate and Archbishop (d. 1633) ^[41]
  • Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berkshire, English noble (d. 1622) ^[42]
• July 13 – Arthur Dee, English physician and alchemist (d. 1651) ^[43]
• August 1 – Luis Vélez de Guevara, Spanish dramatist and novelist (d. 1644) ^[44]
• August 18 – Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau, Dutch-French abbess (d. 1640) ^[45]
• August 21 – Henri, Duke of Rohan, French Huguenot soldier and writer (d. 1638) ^[46]
• August 23 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish scholar and historian (d. 1625) ^[47]
• September 1 – John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop, German Catholic archbishop (d. 1634) ^[48]
• September 3 – Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1606–1643) (d. 1643) ^[49]
• September 16 – Samuel Coster, Dutch writer (d. 1665) ^[50]
• September 17 – Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English noble (d. 1642) ^[51]
• October 4 – Guido Bentivoglio, Italian cardinal (d. 1644) ^[52]
• October 18 – Anthony Abdy, English merchant (d. 1640)
• November 7 – Juan de Peñalosa, Spanish painter (d. 1633) ^[53]
• November 11 – Frans Snyders, Flemish painter (d. 1657) ^[54]
• November 12 – Albrecht of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (d. 1635) ^[55]
• November 16 – Federico Baldissera Bartolomeo Cornaro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1653) ^[56]
• December 9 – Martin de Porres, Peruvian monk, Roman Catholic saint (d. 1639) ^[57]
• December 20 (bapt.)– John Fletcher, English dramatist (d. 1625) ^[58]
• date unknown
  • Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading, royalist commander in the English Civil War (d. 1652) ^[59]
  • Arthur Johnston, Scottish physician and poet (d. 1641) ^[60]
  • John Ogilvie, Scottish Jesuit, Roman Catholic saint (martyred 1615) ^[61]
  • Johannes Meursius, Dutch classical scholar and antiquary (d. 1639) ^[62]

Deaths

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha

• February 5 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern, Countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (b. 1532)
• February 16 – Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Spanish explorer (b. 1509) ^[63]
• February 20 – Nicholas Bacon, English politician (b. 1509) ^[64]
• March 12 – Alessandro Piccolomini, Italian humanist and philosopher from Siena (b. 1508) ^[65]
• April 24 – John Stuart, 4th Earl of Atholl ^[66]
• May 6 – François de Montmorency, French nobleman (b. 1530) ^[67]
• May 20 – Isabella Markham, English courtier (b. 1527) ^[68]
• June 17 – Johannes Stadius, Flemish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician (b. 1527) ^[69]
• June 25 – Hatano Hideharu, Japanese samurai (b. 1541)
• July 3 – Edward Fitton, the elder, Irish politician (b. 1527) ^[70]
• August 5 – Stanislaus Hosius, Polish Catholic cardinal (b. 1504) ^[71]
• August 12 – Domenico Bollani, Bishop of Milan (b. 1514) ^[72]
• October 11 – Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Turkish Janissary and Grand Vizier (b. 1505)
• October 13 – William Drury, English politician (b. 1527) ^[73]
• October 21 – Tanegashima Tokitaka, Japanese Daimyo (b. 1528)
• October 24 – Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1528) ^[74]
• November 9 – Philip VI, Count of Waldeck (1567–1579) (b. 1551) ^[75]
• November 15 – Francis David, Hungarian religious reformer (b. 1510) ^[76]
• November 21 – Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (b. 1519) ^[77]
• date unknown
  • Giovanni Battista Adriani, Italian historian (b. c. 1512) ^[78]
  • Diego de Landa, Spanish Bishop of the Yucatán (b. 1524) ^[79]
  • Hieronim Jarosz Sieniawski, Polish noble (b. 1516) ^[80]
  • Barbara Thenn, Austrian merchant and Münzmeister (b. 1519) ^[81]
  • William Whittingham, English Biblical scholar and religious reformer (b. 1524) ^[82]
  • Voravongsa I, Laotian king of Lan Xang
• probable– Hans Staden, German adventurer (b. 1525)

References

1. Mack P. Holt (2 May 2002). The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN   978-0-521-89278-0.
2. Despretz, André (1963). "De instauratie der Gentse Calvinistische republiek (1577-1579) /". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
3. R.W. Tadama, Willem Graaf van den Berg en Zijne Tijdgenooten (in Dutch)(Zutphen, 1846) p.29
4. Arthur Herman, To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World (Harper Collins, 2004) p.88
5. Famiano Strada, Segunda decada de las Guerras de Flandes: desde el principio del govierno de Alexandro Farnese (1681) p.30
6. "Limburg". dutchrevolt.leiden.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
7. Mack P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 (Cambridge University Press, 1995) p.112
8. Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806 (Clarendon Press, 1995)
9. The samurai sourcebook. Arms and Armour Press. 1998. p. 230. ISBN   978-1-85409-371-4 . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
10. Gough, Barry M. (1980). Distant dominion : Britain and the northwest coast of North America, 1579-1809. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 15. ISBN   978-0-7748-0113-3 . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
11. Sugden, John (24 April 2012). Sir Francis Drake. Random House. p. 134. ISBN   978-1-4481-2950-8 . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
12. "O gradu". karlovac.hr. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
13. Stallaerts, Robert (22 December 2009). Historical Dictionary of Croatia. Scarecrow Press. p. 183. ISBN   978-0-8108-7363-6 . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
14. Orr, D. Alan (July 2019). ""Communis Hostis Omnium": The Smerwick Massacre (1580) and the Law of Nations". Journal of British Studies. 58 (3): 473–493. doi:10.1017/jbr.2019.6. ISSN   0021-9371. S2CID   201334633 . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
15. Daniel Stone, The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 (University of Washington Press, 2001)
16. Ashin Sandamala Linkara, Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan (in Burmese). Vol. 2 (Tetlan Sarpay, 1931) pp.50-51
17. "Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee". hls-dhs-dss.ch. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
18. Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië (M. Nijhoff & Brill, 1917)
19. "Murad III", by J. H. Kramers, in E. J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, ed. by M. Th. Houtsma, et al., Vol. VI (Brill, 1993) p.730
20. Meikle, Maureen M. (1 January 2008). "Chapter Twelve. Anna Of Denmark's Coronation And Entry Into Edinburgh, 1590: Cultural, Religious And Diplomatic Perspectives". Sixteenth-Century Scotland. Brill. pp. 277–294. ISBN   978-90-474-3373-6 . Retrieved 30 January 2024.
21. Sergio Buonadonna and Mario Marcenaro, Rosso Doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797 (De Ferrari Press, 2000).
22. "Dismembering and Forgetting in Titus Andronicus", by Katherine A. Rowe, Shakespeare Quarterly (Autumn 1994) p.285
23. William Palmer, The Problem of Ireland in Tudor Foreign Policy, 1485–1603 (Boydell & Brewer, 1995)
24. Nouzille, Jean (2005). Moldova: istoria tragică a unei regiuni Europene (in Romanian). Prut Internaţional. p. 52. ISBN   978-9975-69-720-0 . Retrieved 30 January 2024.
25. "Jérémie II", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, Vol. 28 (Letouzey et Ané, 2003) pp. 999-1000
26. "Pamele (Guillaume de)", by Émile de Borchgrave, in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 16 (Royal Academy of Belgium, 1901), pp.526-528
27. "On the Visibility of Stars in the Pleiades with the Naked Eye", by Friedrich Winnecke, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (December 1878), pp.146–148
28. "Léon Costecalde, Monographie illustré de la cathédrale de Mende (Imprimerie Ignon-Renouard, 1922) p.13 ("La nuit de Noel 1579, Mathieu Merle, chef des protestants cevenois, s'avanca vers Mende, a la feveur des tenebres, s'empara de la ville par trabison, y massacra 400 pretres ou fideles, la plupart, dans l'enceinte meme de la cathedrale."
29. Akhtar, Awais (2019). "Christianity in the Court of Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556-1605AD)" (PDF). Journal of Indian Studies. 5 (2): 189–198. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
30. AKYLBEKOV, Kalibek (2022). "Marinduk Island in the Philippines from the Position of Geography of Tourism" (PDF). GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 44 (4): 1459–1471. doi:10.30892/gtg.44434-966 . Retrieved 30 January 2024.
31. Archives, Moravian. "Moravian Archives" (PDF). www.moravianchurcharchives.org. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
32. Engelberts, Willem Jodocus Matthias (1898). Willem Teellinck (in Dutch). Scheffer & Company. p. 3. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
33. "Juan Manuel Alonso Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno". dbe.rah.es. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
34. Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums (in German). Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nurnberg. 2000. p. 113. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
35. Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde (in German). R. Reich. 1989. p. 46. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
36. "Mansell, Francis" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17991 . Retrieved 30 January 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
37. Jahrbuch des Provinzialmuseums zu Hannover (in German). Wilh. Riemschneider. 1909. p. 65. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
38. Journal de ma vie Mémoires du maréchal de Bassompierre publiée avec fragments inédits pour la Société de l'histoire de France par le Mis de Chantérac: Tome 1 (in French). Mme Ve Jules Renouard. 1870. p. IX. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
39. Mittheilungen aus der historischen Litteratur (in German). Weidmann. 1878. p. 220. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
40. Łukaszewicz, Józef (1842). Dzieje kosciołów wyznania helweckiego w Litwie (in Polish). Drukarni Orędownik. p. 164. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
41. Indias, Archivo General de (1912). Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en la provincia del Paraguay: (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Perú, Bolivia y Brasil) según los documentos originales del Archivo General de Indias (in Spanish). V. Suárez. p. 384. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
42. Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1909). Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 565. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
43. Raines, Francis Robert (1885). The Rectors of Manchester: And the Wardens of the Collegiate Church of that Town. Chetham Society. p. 111. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
44. "Luis Vélez de Guevara". dbe.rah.es. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
45. Roosbroeck, Robert van (1962). Willem van Oranje, droom en gestalte (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Heideland. p. 183. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
46. Chesnaye-Desbois, Franc̜ois Alexandre Aubert de La (1778). Dictionnaire de la noblesse, contenant les généalogies, l'histoire & la chronologie des familles nobles de France (in French). La veuve Duchesne. p. 279. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
47. "Dempster, Thomas" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7473 . Retrieved 2 March 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
48. Wappenbuch zu der zweiten Auflage von Dr. Kamill von Behr's Genealogie der in Europa regierenden Fürstenhäuser (in German). B. Tauchnitz. 1890. p. 13. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
49. "Hessian Biography". www.lagis-hessen.de. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
50. "[Dr. Samuel Adriaensz Koster of Coster], Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde, F. Jos. van den Branden, J.G. Frederiks". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
51. "HOWARD, Charles II (1579-1642), of Effingham, Surr". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
52. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of January 11, 1621". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
53. Perales, Francisco Valverde y (1903). Historia de la villa de Baena (in Spanish). La Viuda é Hijos de J. Peláez. p. 384. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
54. Koester, Olaf (2000). Flemish Paintings, 1600-1800. Statens Museum for Kunst. p. 231. ISBN   978-87-90096-05-2 . Retrieved 2 March 2024.
55. Suchier, Reinhard (1894). Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894 (in German). Heydt. p. 15. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
56. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of January 19, 1626". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
57. Walsh, Michael J. (1994). The Book of Saints. Twenty-Third Publications. p. 127. ISBN   978-0-89622-628-9 . Retrieved 2 March 2024.
58. "Fletcher, John" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9730 . Retrieved 2 March 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
59. "Astley, Jacob, first Baron Astley of Reading" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/817 . Retrieved 2 March 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
60. Farquhar, Alexander (1 January 2017). "8 Arthur Johnston (c. 1579–1641): A Scottish Neo-Latin Poet in Europe". Neo-Latin Literature and Literary Culture in Early Modern Scotland. Brill. pp. 203–222. ISBN   978-90-04-33073-3 . Retrieved 2 March 2024.
61. Dilworth, Mark (1983). "Three Documents Relating to St John Ogilvie". Innes Review. 34 (2): 51–65. doi:10.3366/inr.1983.34.2.51 . Retrieved 2 March 2024.
62. "[Meursius, Johannes], Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 7". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 January 2024.
63. Saldahna, E. de (1916). El licenciado Jimenez de Quesada: algunas viejas novedades y ciertas nuevas vejeces sobre las empresas literarias y militares de don Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada, mariscal y adelantado que fue del n.r. de Granada. Con acopio de documentos ineditos (in Spanish). Mogollon. p. 89. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
64. London Topographical Record. London Topographical Society. 1917. p. 60. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
65. Basil Brown (1968). Astronomical Atlases, Maps & Charts: An Historical & General Guide. Dawsons of Pall Mall. p. 17. ISBN   978-0-7129-0131-4.
66. "Stewart, John, fourth earl of Atholl" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26491 . Retrieved 4 March 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
67. Sainte-Marie, Anselme de (1728). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, des pairs, grands officiers de la couronne & de la maison du Roy, & des anciens barons du royaume ... (in French). Compagnie des libraires associez. p. 604. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
68. Levin, Carole; Bertolet, Anna Riehl; Carney, Jo Eldridge (3 November 2016). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650. Taylor & Francis. p. 509. ISBN   978-1-315-44071-2 . Retrieved 4 March 2024.
69. Eckstein, Friedrich August (1871). Nomenclator philologorum (in German). B. G. Teubner. p. 543. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
70. Ormerod, George (1882). The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester: Comp. from Original Evidences in Public Offices, the Harleian and Cottonian Mss., Parochial Registers, Private Muniments, Unpublished Ms. Collections of Successive Cheshire Antiquaries, and a Personal Survey of Every Township in the County; Incorporated with a Republication of King's Vale Royal and Leycester's Cheshire Antiquities. G. Routledge. p. 553. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
71. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 26, 1561". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
72. "Bollani, Domenico". Treccani (in Italian).
73. "Drury, William" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8101 . Retrieved 4 March 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
74. Schreiber, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1889). Geschichte Bayerns in Verbindung mit der deutschen Geschichte: Bd. Von den Agilofingern bis zum Ausgang des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges (in German). Herdersche Verlagshandlung. p. 564. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
75. Hamann, Richard (1936). Marburger Jahrbuch für Kunstwissenschaft (in German). Verlag des Kunstgeschichtlichen Seminars der Universität Marburg an der Lahn. p. 59. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
76. Transilvania (in Romanian). Comitetul Județean de Cultură și Educație Socialistă. 2009. p. 16. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
77. Calendar of Wills Proved and Enrolled in the Court of Husting, London, A.D. 1258-A.D. 1688: A.D. 1358-1688. J.C. Francis. 1890. p. 698. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
78. "Adriani, Giovanni Battista". Treccani (in Italian).
79. Archivo ibero-americano (in Spanish). J. Costa. 1916. p. 266. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
80. Boniecki, Adam (1883). Poczet rodów w Wielkiem Ksie̦stwie Litewskiem w XV i XVI wieku (in Polish). Ośrodek Kultury Polskiej nad Renem. p. 24. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
81. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung (in German). Böhlaus Nachf. 1982. p. 418. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
82. "Whittingham, William" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29329 . Retrieved 4 March 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)