Yasuke

Last updated

Yasuke
Born Mozambique (most likely)
DiedAfter June 1582
Allegiance Jesuits, Alessandro Valignano
Mon-Oda.png Oda clan, Oda Nobunaga (1581–1582)
Battles/wars

Yasuke (Japanese : 弥助 / 弥介, Japanese pronunciation: [jasɯ̥ke] ) was a man of African origin [2] [3] who served as a retainer to the Japanese daimyō Oda Nobunaga for a period of 15 months between 1581 and 1582, during the Sengoku period, until Nobunaga's death in the Honnō-ji Incident. [4] [5]

Contents

There are few historical documents on Yasuke. From the fragmentary accounts, Yasuke first arrived in Japan in the service of Jesuit Alessandro Valignano. [6] He was summoned to Nobunaga after Nobunaga wished to see a black man. [6] Subsequently, Nobunaga took him into his service and gave him the name Yasuke. As a retainer, he was granted a stipend, a house, and a Tantō. [5] Yasuke accompanied Nobunaga until his death and was present at the Honnō-ji Incident. Afterwards, Yasuke was sent back to the Jesuits. There are no records of him afterwards.

Birth and early life

Yasuke is the earliest known African to appear in Japanese historical records, though few records exist. Much of what is known about Yasuke appears in fragmentary accounts in the letters of the Jesuit missionary Luís Fróis, Ōta Gyūichi's Shinchō Kōki (信長公記, Nobunaga Official Chronicle), Matsudaira Ietada's Matsudaira Ietada Nikki (松平家忠日記, Matsudaira Ietada Diary), Jean Crasset's Histoire de l'église du Japon and François Solier's Histoire Ecclesiastique Des Isles Et Royaumes Du Japon. [7] His confirmed period of stay in Japan was about three years, from 17 August 1579 to 21 June 1582. [8]

The name Yasuke was given to him by Nobunaga. [9] His real name, [lower-alpha 1] date of birth, family structure, place of birth, ethnicity and native language are unknown. [8]

Yasuke had African roots, and Luís Fróis wrote of Yasuke as Cafre [lower-alpha 2] in his letters. [7] Crasset states that Yasuke was a servant brought from India when Alessandro Valignano came to Japan, while Solier states that he was from Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique). [12] [13] [14] It has been suggested that Yasuke was likely a Muslim. [15]

Documented life in Japan

Oda Nobunaga, late 16th-century depiction Odanobunaga.jpg
Oda Nobunaga, late 16th-century depiction

In 1579, Yasuke arrived in Japan in the service of the Italian Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano, Visitor of Missions in the Indies, in India. [6] [13] Valignano had been appointed the Visitor (inspector) of the Jesuit missions in the Indies (which at that time meant East Africa, South, Southeast, and East Asia). Valignano's party spent the first two years of their stay in Japan, mainly in Kyushu. [7]

Entering 1581, Valignano decided to visit the capital Kyoto as an envoy. He wanted to have an audience with Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful man in Japan, to ensure the Jesuits' missionary work before leaving Japan. [7] These events are recorded in a 1581 letter Luís Fróis wrote to Lourenço Mexia, and in the 1582 Annual Report of the Jesuit Mission in Japan also by Fróis. These were published in Cartas que os padres e irmãos da Companhia de Jesus escreverão dos reynos de Japão e China II (1598), normally known simply as Cartas. [16] [17] On 27 March 1581, Valignano, together with Luís Fróis, who had arrived in Japan earlier, had an audience with Nobunaga, and Yasuke is said to have accompanied them as an attendant. [8] [18] [5]

The Jesuit Luís Fróis wrote that while in the capital, a melee broke out among the local townsfolk who fought amongst themselves to catch a glimpse of Yasuke, breaking down the door of a Jesuit residence in the process and ended in a number of deaths and injuries among the Japanese. [2] [6] Luís Fróis's Annual Report on Japan states that Nobunaga also longed to see a black man, and summoned him. [6] Fr. Organtino took Yasuke to Nobunaga, who upon seeing a black man for the first time, refused to believe that his skin color was natural and not applied later, and made him remove his clothes from the belt upwards. [17] Valignano describes how Nobunaga, thinking that he might have ink on his body, made him take off his clothes and wash his body, but the more he washed and scrubbed, the darker his skin became. [5] [19] The Shinchō Kōki manuscript of the Sonkeikaku Bunko (尊経閣文庫) archives describes him as follows:

A black bōzu (黒坊主, kuro-bōzu) [lower-alpha 3] from the Christian country has arrived. He appears to be 26 or 27 years old. The blackness of his body is like that of a bull, and he is healthy and of fine physique. Moreover, he has the strength of more than ten men. The padres came with him and thanked Lord Nobunaga for his permission to proselytize. [4] [7] [2]

Alessandro Valignano, late 16th-century depiction Alessandro Valignano 2.jpg
Alessandro Valignano, late 16th-century depiction

Nobunaga was impressed by him and asked Valignano to give him over. [6] He gave him the Japanese name Yasuke, [lower-alpha 4] made him an attendant at his side and enlisted Yasuke into his army. [2] [3] Nobunaga's nephew gave him a sum of money at this first meeting. [20] [17]

The Shinchō Kōki states:

A black man was taken on as a vassal by Nobunaga-sama and received a stipend. His name was decided to be Yasuke. He was also given a short sword and a house. He was sometimes made to carry Nobunaga-sama's tools. [5]

Father Lourenço Mexía wrote in a letter to Father Pero da Fonseca dated 8 October 1581: [21]

The black man understood a little Japanese, and Nobunaga never tired of talking with him. And because he was strong and could do a few tricks, Nobunaga took great pleasure in protecting him and had him roam around the city of Kyoto with an attendant. Some people in the town thought that Nobunaga might make him as tono ("lord").

After entering into Nobunaga's service, Yasuke followed Nobunaga to Azuchi Castle in Omi Province. [22] Yasuke next appears in historical records on 11 May 1582. The Ietada Diary of Matsudaira Ietada, a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu, mentions that Yasuke accompanied Nobunaga on his inspection tour of the region after he destroyed his long-time arch-enemy, the Takeda clan of Kai. [5] [7] The description of 11 May 1582 states:

Nobunaga-sama was accompanied by a black man who was presented to him by the missionaries and to whom he gave a stipend. His body was black like ink and he was 6 shaku 2 bu [182.4 cm or near 6 feet] tall. His name was said to be Yasuke.

On 14 May, Yasuke departed for Echizen Province with Fróis and the other Christians. [lower-alpha 5] [23] They returned to Kyoto on 30 May. [24]

The Honnō-ji Incident

On 21 June 1582, Oda Nobunaga was betrayed and attacked by his senior vassal Akechi Mitsuhide in the Honnō-ji Incident and Yasuke was serving near Nobunaga at this time. [25] After his lord was forced to commit suicide, Yasuke was captured and later released. [3] He later went to Nijō Shin-gosho, the residence of Nobunaga's heir, Nobutada, where he engaged the Akechi forces and eventually surrendered. [18] [25] After being defeated, Nobutada also committed seppuku. [26]

A black man whom the visitor [Valignano] sent to Nobunaga went to the house of Nobunaga's son after his death and was fighting for quite a long time, when a vassal of Akechi approached him and said, "Do not be afraid, give me that sword", so he gave him the sword. The vassal asked Akechi what should be done with the black man, and he said, "A black slave is an animal (bestial) and knows nothing, nor is he Japanese, so do not kill him, and place him in the custody at the cathedral of Padre in India." [5] [22]

There are no historical documents to show the true meaning of Mitsuhide's statement, and it is not known whether it was a sign of his discriminatory mindset or an expedient to save Yasuke's life. [5] [27]

As a result, Yasuke was sent to the Nanban-ji and treated by Jesuit missionaries. [5] [7] It is certain that Yasuke did not die, as Luís Fróis wrote five months after the Honnō-ji Incident, thanking God that he did not lose his life. [7] However, there are no historical sources about him since then and it is not clear what happened to him afterwards. [5] [22]

Possible depictions of Yasuke

Sumo Yurakuzu Byobu, drawn in 1605 Sumo yurakuzu byobu.jpg
Sumō Yūrakuzu Byōbu, drawn in 1605

Sumō Yūrakuzu Byōbu (相撲遊楽図屏風, Sakai City Museum collection), drawn in 1605 by an anonymous artist, depicts a dark-skinned man wrestling a Japanese man in the presence of noble samurai. There are various theories regarding the work: some believe that this samurai is Oda Nobunaga or Toyotomi Hidetsugu, while others believe that the dark-skinned man wrestling in the center is Yasuke and the one to his right, playing the role of a gyōji, is Oda Nobunaga. [22] [27] [28]

Rimpa-style suzuri-bako, depicting a dark-skinned man in Portuguese clothing Rinpa style ink-stone box.jpg
Rimpa-style suzuri-bako , depicting a dark-skinned man in Portuguese clothing

An ink-stone box ( suzuri-bako ) made by a Rinpa artist in the 1590s, owned by Museu do Caramulo  [ pt ], depicts a black man wearing Portuguese high-class clothing. Author Thomas Lockley argues that it could be Yasuke, as he does not appear to be subservient to the other Portuguese man in the work. [29]

However, none of these theories are supported by firm historical evidence. Therefore, it is not possible to determine with certainty whether any of these works depicts Yasuke. [22] Human trafficking was rampant in the world at the time, and it was not uncommon for individual Africans and other people from European colonial areas to come to Japan as followers and slaves of Jesuit missionaries and visitors. [5] [8]

Nanban byobu (painted by Kano Naizen), Europeans and their African followers Namban-17.jpg
Nanban byōbu (painted by Kano Naizen), Europeans and their African followers

A Nanban byōbu (南蛮屏風, folding screen featuring scenes of Europeans) painted by Kanō Naizen, a painter active in the same period, depicts dark-skinned followers holding parasols over Europeans. [25]

Other references to people who appear to be African can be found in various records from other parts of Japan relating to this period, such as Toyotomi Hideyoshi rewarding the Cafre [lower-alpha 2] for their dancing. [4] [22]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Thomas Lockley suggests that Nobunaga may have heard Valignano's group pronounce the name "Isake" (Jewish name "Isaac") and named him "Yasuke", or that Nobunaga may have learnt that Yasuke was from the Yao people of northern Mozambique and added suke, a common Japanese male name, to his name, making it "Yaosuke" (shortened then to "Yasuke"). In 2013, a Japanese TBS television program titled Sekai Fushigi Hakken! (世界ふしぎ発見!, "Discovery of the World's Mysteries!") suggested that Yasuke was a Makua named "Yasufe". [10] However, these are their speculations and have no basis. [11]
  2. 1 2 "Cafre" is a word of Arabic origin and referred to the inhabitants of the area around the east coast of Africa (Swahili Coast) at the time.
  3. ↑ "Bōzu" means a monk, a kid, or a shaved head.
  4. ↑ The origin of his name is unknown.
  5. ↑ Midori Fujita says that during this trip they met local warlords such as Shibata Katsutoyo, Hashiba Hidekatsu, and Shibata Katsuie.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oda Nobunaga</span> Japanese samurai and warlord (1534–1582)

Oda Nobunaga was a Japanese daimyō and one of the leading figures of the Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods. He was the Tenka-bito and regarded as the first "Great Unifier" of Japan. Sometimes referred as the "Demon Daimyō" and "Demon King of the Sixth Heaven".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</span> Japanese samurai and daimyo (1537–1598)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi, otherwise known as Kinoshita Tōkichirō and Hashiba Hideyoshi, was a Japanese samurai and daimyō of the late Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan. Although he came from a peasant background, his immense power earned him the rank and title of Kampaku and Daijō-daijin, the highest official position and title in the nobility class. He was the first person in history to become a Kampaku who was not born a noble. He then passed the position and title of Kampaku to his nephew, Toyotomi Hidetsugu. He remained in power as Taikō (太閤), the title of retired Kampaku, until his death. It is believed, but not certain, that the reason he refused or could not obtain the title of shogun (征夷大将軍), the leader of the warrior class, was because he was of peasant origin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tokugawa Ieyasu</span> First Tokugawa shōgun of Japan (1543–1616)

Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fellow Oda subordinate Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The son of a minor daimyo, Ieyasu once lived as a hostage under daimyo Imagawa Yoshimoto on behalf of his father. He later succeeded as daimyo after his father's death, serving as ally, vassal and general of the Oda clan, and building up his strength under Oda Nobunaga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sengoku period</span> Period of Japanese history from 1467 to 1615

The Sengoku period, also known as Sengoku Jidai is the period in Japanese history in which civil wars and social upheavals took place almost continuously in the 15th and 16th centuries. Although the Kyōtoku incident (1454), Ōnin War (1467) or Meiō incident (1493) are generally chosen as the Sengoku period's start date, there are many competing historiographies for its end date, ranging from 1568, the date of Oda Nobunaga's march on Kyoto, to the suppression of the Shimabara Rebellion in 1638, deep into what is traditionally considered the Edo period. Regardless of the dates chosen, the Sengoku period overlaps substantially with the Muromachi period (1336–1573).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashikaga Yoshiaki</span> 15th shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate of Japan (1568–1573)

Ashikaga Yoshiaki was the 15th and final shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate in Japan who reigned from 1568 to 1573 when he staged a revolt and was overthrown. His father, Ashikaga Yoshiharu, was the twelfth shōgun, and his brother, Ashikaga Yoshiteru, was the thirteenth shōgun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luís Fróis</span> Portuguese missionary (1532–1597)

Luís Fróis was a Portuguese Catholic priest and missionary who worked in Asia, most notably Japan, during the second half of the 16th century. As a Jesuit, he preached in Japan during the Sengoku period, meeting with Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He is famous for writing "The First European Description of Japan" and "History of Japan".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Anegawa</span> 1570 battle in Japan

The Sengoku period Battle of Anegawa occurred near Lake Biwa in Ōmi Province, Japan, between the allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, against the combined forces of the Azai and Asakura clans. It is notable as the first battle that involved the alliance between Nobunaga and Ieyasu, liberated the Oda clan from its unbalanced alliance with the Azai, and saw Nobunaga's prodigious use of firearms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Nagashino</span> 1575 Oda-Tokugawa victory over the Takeda clan

The Battle of Nagashino was a famous battle in Japanese history, fought in 1575 at Nagashino in Mikawa Province. The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu (38,000) fought against Takeda Katsuyori's forces (15,000) and the allied forces won a crushing victory over the Takeda clan. As a result, Oda Nobunaga's unification of Japan was seen as certain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oda clan</span> Medieval Japanese clan

The Oda clan is a Japanese samurai family who were daimyo and an important political force in the unification of Japan in the mid-16th century. Though they had the climax of their fame under Oda Nobunaga and fell from the spotlight soon after, several branches of the family continued as daimyo houses until the Meiji Restoration. After the Meiji Restoration, all four houses of the clan were appointed Viscount in the new system of hereditary peerage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Honnō-ji Incident</span> 1582 assassination of Oda Nobunaga in Kyoto, Japan

The Honnō-ji Incident was the assassination of Japanese daimyo Oda Nobunaga at Honnō-ji temple in Kyoto on 21 June 1582. Nobunaga was on the verge of unifying the country, but died in the unexpected rebellion of his vassal, Akechi Mitsuhide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nōhime</span> Wife of Oda Nobunaga, a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history

Nōhime, Nohime, also known as Kichō (帰蝶) was a Japanese woman from the Sengoku period to the Azuchi–Momoyama period. She was the daughter of Saitō Dōsan, a Sengoku Daimyō of the Mino Province, and the lawful wife of Oda Nobunaga, a Sengoku Daimyō of the Owari Province.

Kitsuno was a Japanese woman from the Sengoku period to the Azuchi–Momoyama period. She was a concubine of Oda Nobunaga, a Sengoku Daimyō of the Owari Province.

<i>Shinchō Kōki</i> Chronicle of Oda Nobunaga

Shinchō Kōki, Nobunaga Kōki is a chronicle of Oda Nobunaga, a daimyo of Japan's Sengoku period. It is also called Shinchō Ki, Nobunaga Ki (信長記). It was compiled after Nobunaga's death by Ōta Gyūichi (太田牛一), a vassal of Nobunaga, based on his notes and diary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobunaga Shimazaki</span> Japanese voice actor

Nobunaga Shimazaki is a Japanese voice actor affiliated with Aoni Production. He won the Best Rookie Actor Award at the 7th Seiyu Awards and the Best Actors in Supporting Roles at the 15th Seiyu Awards.

<i>Nobunaga Concerto</i> Japanese manga series

Nobunaga Concerto is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ayumi Ishii. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's Monthly Shōnen Sunday since May 2009, with its chapters collected in twenty-two tankōbon volumes as of February 2022.

<i>The Knife and the Sword</i> Japanese manga series

The Knife and the Sword is a Japanese manga series written by Mitsuru Nishimura and illustrated by Takuro Kajikawa. It was noted to be adapted into a Japanese television drama series in January 2013. The manga was serialized in Houbunsha's Weekly Manga Times on a bi-weekly basis from March 18, 2011 to April 12, 2024.

<i>Ninja Girl & Samurai Master</i> Japanese manga series

Ninja Girl & Samurai Master, known in Japan as Nobunaga no Shinobi, is a Japanese four-panel manga series written and illustrated by Naoki Shigeno. It has been serialized in Hakusensha's seinen manga magazine Young Animal since June 2008, with its chapters collected in 20 tankōbon volumes as of May 2023. The series is about a fictional shinobi named Chidori who aids the real Japanese general Oda Nobunaga on his journey to the unification of Japan, so that he may bring peace to the land.

Black people in Japan are Japanese residents or citizens of sub-Saharan African ancestry.

<i>Yasuke</i> (TV series) 2021 original net animation series

Yasuke is a Japanese-American original net animation (ONA) series loosely based on the historical figure of the same name, an African warrior who served under Japanese daimyo Oda Nobunaga during the Sengoku period of samurai conflict in 16th century Japan. Created by LeSean Thomas and animated by Japanese animation studio MAPPA, the series stars Lakeith Stanfield as the titular character. The series was released on Netflix on April 29, 2021.

<i>Assassins Creed Shadows</i> 2024 video game

Assassin's Creed Shadows is an upcoming action role-playing video game developed by Ubisoft Quebec and published by Ubisoft, set to release in November 2024. The game is the fourteenth major installment in the Assassin's Creed series and the successor to 2023's Assassin's Creed Mirage, as well as the first title to be included in the Assassin's Creed: Infinity platform.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Murakami, Naojiro; Yanagitani, Takeo (2002). イエズス会日本年報 上[Society of Jesus – Japan Annual Report, First Volume]. New Foreign Country (in Japanese). Maruzen-Yushodo. ISBN   978-4-8419-1000-1.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Russell, John G. (1 January 2007). "Excluded Presence: Shoguns, Minstrels, Bodyguards, and Japan's Encounters with the Black Other" (PDF). Zinbun 40, Kyoto University. 40: 15–51. doi:10.14989/71097. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024. The most well-documented case is that Yasuke, a Mozambican brought to Japan by the Italian Jesuit Alessandro Valignano
  3. 1 2 3 Wright, David (1998). "The Use of Race and Racial Perceptions Among Asians and Blacks: The Case of the Japanese and African Americans". Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies. 30 (2): 135–152. ISSN   0073-280X. JSTOR   43294433. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024. In 1581, a Jesuit priest in the city of Kyoto had among his entourage an African
  4. 1 2 3 "第14回 アフリカの日本、日本のアフリカ 第2章 日本に渡ったアフリカ人" [Part 14: Japan in Africa, Africa in Japan Chapter 2: Africans who came to Japan]. 本の万華鏡 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ando, Kenji (6 May 2021). "織田信長に仕えた黒人武士「弥助」の生涯とは?ネトフリのアニメ『Yasuke -ヤスケ-』のモデルに" [What was the life of Yasuke, a black warrior who served Oda Nobunaga? The model for the Netflix anime Yasuke]. HuffPost (in Japanese). BuzzFeed Japan. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Leupp, Gary P. (March 1995). "Images of black people in late medieval and early modern Japan 1543–1900". Japan Forum. 7 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/09555809508721524. ISSN   0955-5803. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "ハリウッドで映画化!信長に仕えた黒人、弥助とは何者だったのか?" [Movie made in Hollywood! Who was Yasuke, a black man who served Nobunaga?]. WARAKU web (in Japanese). Shogakukan. 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "戦国時代にアフリカから日本へ? 織田信長に仕えた黒人従者「弥助」とは【前編】" [Did he come to Japan from Africa during the Sengoku period? Who is Yasuke, a black servant who served Oda Nobunaga? [Part 1]]. excite news (in Japanese). Excite Japan. 27 September 2020. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  9. ↑ Tsujiuchi, Makoto (1998). "Historical Context of Black Studies in Japan". Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies. 30 (2): 95–100. ISSN   0073-280X. JSTOR   43294431. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  10. ↑ 信長最期の刻 — 本能寺にいた「漆黒のサムライ」を追え！ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  11. ↑ Lockley 2017, pp. 200–202
  12. ↑ "Yasuke: le premier samouraï étranger était africain". Rfi.fr (in French). 2 January 2015. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020.
  13. 1 2 Crasset 1925 , p. 384 (number of frames 207)
  14. ↑ Solier, François (9 May 2024). Histoire ecclésiastique des isles et royaumes du Japon [Ecclesiastical History of the Isles and Kingdoms of Japan] (in French). Vol. 1. p. 444. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  15. ↑ Morris, James Harry (2 January 2018). "Christian–Muslim Relations in China and Japan in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries". Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. 29 (1): 37–55. doi:10.1080/09596410.2017.1401797. ISSN   0959-6410. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  16. ↑ 1581 letters of the Jesuits Luís Fróis and Lorenço Mexia
  17. 1 2 3 Cooper, Michael, ed. (1965). They came to Japan : an anthology of European reports on Japan, 1543–1640. Center for Japanese Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 71. ISBN   978-0-520-04509-5. OCLC   500169.
  18. 1 2 "日本初の黒人武士・弥助〜信長に仕え本能寺で巻き込まれたその後は?" [Japan's first black warrior, Yasuke-What happened after he served Nobunaga and got caught up in Honnoji?]. Busho Japan (in Japanese). Tokyosha. 22 February 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  19. ↑ Fujita 2005, pp. 8–9.
  20. ↑ Lockley 2017, p. 65.
  21. ↑ Mexía, Lourenço. "Carta que o padre Lourenço Mexía escreueo de Funày ao padre Pero da Fonseca a oito de Outubro de 1581". Biblioteca Geral Digital. UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "戦国時代にアフリカから日本へ? 織田信長に仕えた黒人従者「弥助」とは【後編】" [Did he come to Japan from Africa during the Sengoku period? Who is Yasuke, a black servant who served Oda Nobunaga? [Part 2]]. excite news (in Japanese). Excite Japan. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  23. ↑ Fujita 2005, pp. 7–8.
  24. ↑ Fujita 2005, p. 8.
  25. 1 2 3 Watanabe, Daimon (19 May 2021). "織田信長が登用した黒人武将・弥助とは、いったい何者なのか" [Who was Yasuke, the black warlord promoted by Oda Nobunaga?]. Yahoo! News (in Japanese). Yahoo! Japan. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  26. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. p. 231. ISBN   1854095234.
  27. 1 2 Ayukawa, Tetsuya (4 October 2020). "信長に仕え本能寺の変を生き延びた"黒人侍"" [Black Samurai who served Nobunaga and survived the Honnoji Incident]. Aera (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  28. ↑ 『第八回特別展 すもう 天下の力士』、葛城市博物館、2007年10p
  29. ↑ Lockley 2017 , pp. 147–148
  30. 1 2 Jozuka, Eimiko (19 May 2019). "African samurai: The enduring legacy of a black warrior in feudal Japan". CNN . Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  31. ↑ "Kuro-suke[Black One]". International Institute for Children's Literature, Osaka. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  32. ↑ くろ助. Digital Daijisen Plus (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021– via Kotobank.
  33. ↑ Bridges, Will (2020). "Genre Trouble: Breaking the Law of Genre and Literary Blackness in the Long 1970s". Playing in the Shadows: Fictions of Race and Blackness in Postwar Japanese Literature. Michigan Monograph Series in Japanese Studies. Vol. 88. University of Michigan Press. p. 137. ISBN   978-0-472-07442-6. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021. ... Kuronbō (Darkie), Endō Shūsaku's (1923–96) 1971 satirical more-fiction-than-history historical fiction of Yasuke and Nobunaga?
  34. 1 2 Berlatsky, Noah (2 May 2021). "The Real Yasuke Is Far More Interesting Than His Netflix Show". Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  35. ↑ 舞台「桃山ビート・トライブ Momoyama Beat Tribe」. Mottorekishi.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Kayama, Ryūji (29 April 2021). Netflixアニメ『Yasuke -ヤスケ-』の主人公・弥助、マンガの世界ではどう描かれてきた？. Yahoo! Japan (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  37. ↑ "Yasuke Voice – Nioh (Video Game)". behindthevoiceactors.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2022. Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  38. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (23 March 2017). "Lionsgate Taps 'Highlander' Creator Gregory Widen To Script Film On First Black Samurai". Deadline . Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  39. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (7 May 2019). "Chadwick Boseman To Play African Samurai 'Yasuke' In Deal With Picturestart, De Luca Productions, Solipsist & X●ception Content". Deadline . Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  40. ↑ Vlessing, Etan (7 May 2019). "Chadwick Boseman to Star in Samurai Drama 'Yasuke'". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  41. ↑ Yamato, Jen (28 August 2020). "'Black Panther' star Chadwick Boseman dies of cancer at 43". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  42. ↑ "Yasuke: Not just an action movie, a cultural event". Picturestart . Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  43. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (18 April 2019). "MGM Sets Film On 'Yasuke', History's Sole African Samurai". Deadline . Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  44. ↑ "Yasuke Anime Unveils Japanese Cast With New Teaser". Anime News Network . 13 April 2021. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  45. ↑ Armstrong, Vanessa (1 April 2021). "Netflix's epic Yasuke trailer finds LaKeith Stanfield as a reluctant ronin in magic & mech-filled Japan". Syfy Wire . Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  46. ↑ Romano, Sal (23 April 2021). "Samurai Warriors 5 adds Nobunaga Oda (Mature), Mitsuhide Akechi (Mature), Hanzo Hattori, Sandayu Momochi, Magoichi Saika, and Yasuke". Gematsu. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  47. ↑ Walker, Ian (26 June 2021). "Guilty Gear Strive's Vampire Samurai Says Black Lives Matter". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  48. ↑ "Watch: Sao Paulo carnival champions tell the story of Mozambique's Yasuke, who was a samurai in Japan". Club of Mozambique. 23 February 2023. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  49. ↑ Jackson, Angelique (10 April 2024). "Warner Bros. Lands 'Black Samurai' Movie From 'The Color Purple' Director Blitz Bazawule (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  50. ↑ Assassin's Creed Shadows: Who Are Naoe and Yasuke?. Ubisoft. 15 May 2024. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024– via YouTube.
  51. ↑ Lee, Chantelle (16 May 2024). "Assassin's Creed Fans Slam Decision to Include Black Samurai in Feudal Japan Story". Time. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

Sources

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.