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Ban of Croatia | |
---|---|
Hrvatski ban | |
Reports to | King of Croatia Croatian Parliament |
Seat | Banski dvori, Zagreb, Croatia |
Term length | No fixed term length |
Formation | c. 949 |
First holder | Pribina |
Final holder | Ivan Šubašić |
Abolished | 10 April 1941 (de facto) 13 June 1943 (de jure) |
History of Croatia |
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Timeline |
Croatiaportal |
Ban of Croatia (Croatian : Hrvatski ban) was the title of local rulers or office holders and after 1102, viceroys of Croatia. From the earliest periods of the Croatian state, some provinces were ruled by bans as a ruler's representative (viceroy) and supreme military commander. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually became the chief government officials in Croatia.
They were at the head of the Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The institution of ban persisted until the first half of the 20th century, when it was officially superseded in function by that of a parliamentary prime minister.
South Slavic ban (Croatian pronunciation: [bâːn] , with a long [a]), is directly attested in 10th-century Constantine Porphyrogenitus' book De Administrando Imperio as βο(ε)άνος, in a chapter dedicated to Croats and the organization of their state, describing how their ban "has under his rule Krbava, Lika and Gacka." [1]
References from the earliest periods are scarce, but history recalls that the first known Croatian ban is Pribina from the 10th century. In the early Middle Ages, the ban was the royal district governor of Lika, Gacka and Krbava. Later, the meaning of the title was elevated to that of provincial governor in the Kingdom of Croatia. King Demetrius Zvonimir was originally a ban serving under King Peter Krešimir IV.
Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pribina | c. 949 | c. 969 | The first historically attested Ban of Croatia. Pribina deposed of King Miroslav during a civil war in the Croatian Kingdom, and replaced him with Michael Krešimir. He ruled over the Gacka, Krbava and Lika counties, according to De Administrando Imperio . He is also possibly referred to in a charter as potens banus, meaning "powerful ban". [2] | Miroslav (945–949) |
Michael Krešimir II (949–969) | ||||
Godemir | c. 969 | c. 997 | Also called Godimir. He is mentioned to have served kings Michael Krešimir and Stephen Držislav [3] in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV from 1068. [4] | |
Stephen Držislav (969–997) | ||||
Gvarda | c. 997 | c. 1000 | Mentioned in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV from 1068. | |
Svetoslav Suronja (997–1000) | ||||
Božeteh | c. 1000 | c. 1030 | Mentioned in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV from 1068. | |
Stephen Praska | c. 1035 | c. 1058 | According to the chronicle of Archdeacon Goricensis John, he was named as ban by King Stephen I around 1035 (after his military expeditions to the east), thus succeeding Božeteh as Croatian ban. [5] [6] [7] He eventually attained a Byzantine imperial title of protospatharios somewhere between 1035 and 1042, which governed his influence over the Dalmatian theme. | Stephen I (1030–1058) |
Gojčo | c. 1059 | c. 1069 | He was possibly the brother of King Peter Krešimir IV, who was rumored to have murdered his other brother called Gojslav. [8] | Peter Krešimir IV (1058–1074) |
Demetrius Zvonimir | c. 1064/1070 | c. 1075 | Croatian charters at the time were issued in the names of both King Peter Krešimir and Ban Zvonimir. [9] In 1074, Normans from southern Italy invaded Croatia and captured a certain Croatian ruler whose name is not known, certainly King Peter Krešimir, who died soon after and was succeeded by Demetrius Zvonimir. [10] | |
Petar Snačić | c. 1075 | c. 1091 | Ban of Croatia according to a later addenda to Supetar Cartulary. | Demetrius Zvonimir (1075–1089) |
Stephen II (1089–1091) |
After the Croats elected King Coloman of Hungary as King of Croatia 1102, the title of ban acquired the meaning of viceroy. Bans were appointed by the Hungarian king as his representatives in Kingdom of Croatia, heads of the parliament (sabor) and also as supreme commander of Croatian Army.
Croatia was governed by the viceregal ban as a whole from 1102 until 1225, when it was split into two separate regions of Slavonia and Croatia. Two different bans were occasionally appointed until 1476, when the institution of a single ban was resumed. Most bans were native nobles but some were also of Hungarian ancestry. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the more extensive title of Duke of Slavonia (meaning all lands of the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia and Slavonian domain [11] ) was also granted, mainly to relatives of Hungarian monarchs or other major noblemen. Most notable bans from this period were Pavao Šubić and Peter Berislavić.
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ugra/Ugrin [12] | 1102 | 1105 | In 1105 commanded the Hungarian fleet that successfully attacked the island of Rab and others in the Gulf of Kvarner, [13] [14] [15] and remained for a year on the island of Krk as comes alongside another Slavic ban. [13] In historiography by ancestry is considered to be a Hungarian, [12] or Croatian nobleman. [16] | Coloman (1102–1116) | |
Sergije/Sergius [12] | 1105 | ||||
Klaudije | 1116 | 1117 | Stephen II (1116–1131) | ||
Aleksije/Alexius [12] | c. 1130 | c. 1141 | Béla II (1131–1141) | ||
Beloš [12] (1083–1163) | 1142 | c. 1158 | Géza II (1141–1162) | ||
Apa [12] | 1158 | ||||
Beloš (1083–1163) | 1163 | Stephen III (1162–1172) | |||
Ampudije/Ampudin [12] | 1164 | c. 1180 | |||
Maurus [12] | 1181 | Béla III (1172–1196) | |||
Denis/Dionysius [12] | c. 1180 | c. 1183 | Ban only in the littoral part | ||
Subanus/Šoban [12] | 1183 | 1185 | |||
Kalán Bár-Kalán [12] (c. 1152–1218) | 1190 | 1193 | |||
Dominic Miskolc [12] | 1194 | c. 1195 | |||
Andrija [12] | 1198 | for Duke Andrew | Emeric (1196–1204) | ||
Nicholas I of Transylvania [12] | 1198 (?) | 1199 | for King Emeric | ||
Benedict Osl [12] | 1199 | 1200 | for King Emeric | ||
Nicholas, Palatine of Hungary | 1200 | 1201 (?) | for Duke Andrew | ||
Martin Hont-Pázmány [12] | 1202 | for Duke Andrew | |||
Hipolit [12] | 1204 | for King Emeric | |||
Mercurius [12] | 1205 | 1206 | Ladislaus III (1204–1205) | ||
Stephen son Mihaljev of Jak [12] | 1206 | 1207 | Andrew II (1205–1235) | ||
Bánk Bár-Kalán [12] | 1208 | 1209 | |||
Thomas Monoszló [12] | 1209 | ||||
Berthold Andechs-Merana [12] | 1209 | 1211 | |||
Michael Kacsics [12] | 1212 | ||||
Martin Hont-Pázmány | 1213 | ||||
Julius I Kán | 1213 | Ban only in Slavonia | |||
Simon Kacsics [12] | 1212 | 1214 | |||
Ohuz [12] | 1213 | 1214 | |||
Ivan [12] | 1215 | Ban only in Slavonia | |||
Pousa/Poša [12] | 1216 | meanwhile in 1217 Pontius de Cruce was a regent of Croatia and Dalmatia [12] | |||
Bánk Bár-Kalán [12] | 1217 | 1218 | |||
Julius I Kán | 1219 | Ban only in Slavonia | |||
Ernej/Ernst Hontpâzmân [12] | c. 1220 | 1221 | |||
Ohuz | 1219 | 1220 | |||
Solomon Atyusz | c. 1222 | c. 1224 | |||
From 1225 to 1476, there were parallel Bans of Croatia and Dalmatia and of Slavonia. [16] The following is the list of the former, the latter are listed at the article Ban of Slavonia. During the period of separate titles of ban, several persons held both titles, which is indicated in the notes.
After the death of King Louis I of Hungary, his daughter Mary succeeded to the throne, which led to kings Charles III and Ladislaus of Naples claiming the Kingdom of Hungary. A war erupted between forces loyal to Mary, and later to her husband and successor Sigismund of Luxembourg, and those loyal to Ladislaus.
During this time, Sigismund appointed Nicholas II Garai (who was also count palatine) the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1392, Butko Kurjaković in 1394, and then again Garai in the period from 1394 to 1397. Nicholas II Garai was also at the time the Ban of Slavonia, succeeded by Ladislav Grđevački (1402–1404), Paul Besenyő (1404), Pavao Peć (1404–1406), Hermann II of Celje (1406–1408).
Ladislaus in turn appointed his own bans. In 1409, this dynastic struggle was resolved when Ladislaus sold his rights over Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice.
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vojnić | 1225 | Andrew II (1205–1235) | |||
Valegin | 1226 | ||||
Stephen IV Babonić | 1243 | 1249 | Béla IV (1235–1270) | ||
Butko of Podgorje | 1259 | ||||
Stephen of Klis | 1263 | 1266 | |||
Nicholas of Gacka | 1275 | Son of Amadeus Aba | Ladislaus IV (1272–1290) | ||
Pavao I Šubić | 1278 | 1312 | |||
Andrew III (1290–1301) | |||||
Charles I (1301–1342) | |||||
Mladen II Šubić | 1312 | 1322 | |||
Stephen I Lackfi | 1350 | 1352 | Louis I (1342–1383) | ||
Ivan Ćuz | 1356 | 1358 | |||
Nicholas Szécsi | 1358 | 1366 | |||
Kónya Szécsényi | 1366 | 1367 | |||
Emeric I Lackfi | 1368 | ||||
Simon Mauritius of Pok | 1369 | 1371 | |||
Charles of Durazzo | 1371 | 1376 | |||
Nicholas Szécsi | 1377 | 1380 | Second term | ||
Emeric I Bebek | 1380 | 1383 | |||
Stephen II Lackfi | 1383 | 1384 | Mary (1382–1395) | ||
Thomas of St George | 1384 | 1385 | |||
Ivan Paližna | 1385 | 1386 | Co-ruled with relative Ivan Anjou Horvat (1385–1387). Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia. | ||
Ladislaus Lackfi | 1387 | ||||
Denis of Lučenec | 1387 | 1389 | |||
Ivan Paližna | 1389 | Second term. Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia. | |||
Butko Kurjaković | 1394 | ||||
Nicholas II Garai | 1395 | 1397 | Charles II (1385–1386) | ||
Hermann II of Celje | 1406 | 1407 | Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia. | Sigismund (1387–1437) | |
Karlo Kurjaković | 1408 | 1409 | |||
Ivan Kurjaković | 1410 | 1411 | |||
Pavao Kurjaković | 1410 | 1411 | Co-ruled with Ivan Kurjaković. | ||
Peter Albeni | 1412 | 1413 | |||
John Albeni | 1414 | 1419 | |||
Ivaniš Nelipić | 1419 | 1419 | |||
Albert Nagymihályi | 1419 | 1426 | |||
Nikola IV Frankopan | 1426 | 1432 | Son of Ban Ivan Frankopan | ||
Ivan VI Frankopan | 1434 | 1436 | |||
Stephen III Frankopan | 1434 | 1437 | Co-ruled with Ivan Frankopan and later Matko Talovac | ||
Peter Talovac | 1438 | 1453 | Co-ruled with Matko Talovac and Franko Talovac | Albert I (1437–1439) | |
Vladislaus I (1440–1444) | |||||
Ladislaus V (1444–1457) | |||||
Ladislaus Hunyad | 1453 | ||||
Pavao Špirančić | 1459 | 1463 | |||
Matthias I (1458–1490) | |||||
Stephen Frankopan | 1463 | ||||
Nicholas of Ilok | 1457 | 1463 | Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia (1457–1463) | ||
Emeric Zápolya | 1464 | 1465 | Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia | ||
John Thuz | 1466 | 1467 | Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia | ||
Blaise Magyar | 1470 | 1472 | Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia | ||
Damjan Horvat | 1472 | 1473 | Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
From 1476 onwards, the titles of Ban of Dalmatia and Croatia, and Ban of Slavonia are again united in the single title of Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (banus regnorum Dalmatiae et Croatiae et totius Sclavoniae). [16]
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrew Bánffy | 1476 | 1477 | Matthias I (1458–1490) | ||
Ladislaus of Egervár | 1477 | 1481 | |||
Blaise Magyar | 1482 | ||||
Matthias Gereb | 1483 | 1489 | Known for the Battle of Una. | ||
Ladislaus of Egervár | 1489 | 1493 | |||
Vladislaus II (1490–1516) | |||||
John Both | 1493 | ||||
Mirko Derenčin | 1493 | Known for the Battle of Krbava field. | |||
Ladislaus Kanizsai | 1493 | 1495 | |||
John Corvinus | 1495 | 1498 | |||
George Kanizsai | 1498 | 1499 | |||
John Corvinus | 1499 | 1504 | |||
Andrew Both | 1505 | 1507 | |||
Marko Mišljenović | 1506 | 1507 | |||
John Ernuszt | 1508 | 1509 | |||
George Kanizsai | 1508 | 1509 | |||
Andrew Both | 1510 | 1511 | |||
Emeric Perényi | 1512 | 1513 | |||
Peter Berislavić | 1513 | 1520 | Known for the Battle of Dubica. | ||
Louis II (1516–1526) | |||||
Ivan Karlović | 1521 | 1524 | |||
John Tahy | 1525 | ||||
Ferenc Batthyány | 1525 | 1526 | |||
Christoph I Frankopan (1482–1527) | 1526 | 1527 | Appointed as supporter of John Zápolya |
The title of ban persisted in Croatia after 1527 when the country became part of the Habsburg monarchy, and continued all the way until 1918.
Among the most distinguished bans in Croatian history were the three members of Zrinski family Nikola Šubić Zrinski and his great-grandsons Nikola Zrinski and Petar Zrinski. Also there are two notable Erdődys: Toma Erdődy, great warrior and statesman, and Ivan Erdődy, to whom Croatia owes much for protecting her rights against the Hungarian nobility, his most widely known saying in Latin is Regnum regno non praescribit leges (A kingdom may not proscribe laws to another kingdom.)
In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually became chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The most known bans of that era were Josip Jelačić, Ivan Mažuranić and Josip Šokčević.
The Habsburg dynasty ruled Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Slavonia between 1527 and 1918.
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivan Karlović (c. 1485–1531) | 1527 | 1531 | Ferdinand I (1526–1564) | ||
Simon Erdődy (c. 1489–1543) | 1530 | 1534 | |||
Louis Pekry | 1532 | 1537 | |||
Thomas Nádasdy (1498–1562) | 1537 | 1539 | |||
Peter Keglević (1478–c. 1554) | 1537 | 1542 | |||
Nikola Šubić Zrinski (1508–c. 1566) | 1542 | 1556 | |||
Péter Erdődy (1508–c. 1566) | 1557 | 1567 | |||
Franjo Frankopan Slunjski | 1567 | 1572 | Maximilian II (1563–1576) | ||
Juraj Drašković (1525–1587) | 1567 | 1576 | |||
Gašpar Alapić (?–1584) | 1575 | 1577 | |||
Kristóf Ungnad | 1578 | 1583 | Rudolf II (1572–1608) | ||
Thomas Erdődy (1558–1624) | 1583 | 1595 | |||
Gašpar Stankovački (1555–1596) | 1595 | 1596 | |||
Ivan II Drašković (1550–1613) | 1595 | 1607 | |||
Thomas Erdődy (1558–1624) | 1608 | 1615 | Matthias II (1608–1618) | ||
Benedict Thuroczy | 1615 | 1616 | |||
Nikola IX Frankopan (1584–1647) | 1617 | 1622 | |||
Juraj V Zrinski (1599–1626) | 1622 | 1626 | Ferdinand II (1618–1637) | ||
Sigismund Erdődy (1596–1639) | 1627 | 1639 | |||
Ivan III Drašković (1595–1648) | 1640 | 1646 | Ferdinand III (1625–1657) | ||
Nikola Zrinski (1620–1664) | 1647 | 1664 | |||
Peter Zrinski (1621–1671) | 1665 | 1670 | Leopold I (1657–1705) | ||
Miklós Erdődy (1630–1693) | 1670 | 1693 | |||
Adam II. Batthyány (1662–1703) | 1693 | 1703 | |||
János Pálffy (1664–1751) | 1704 | 1732 | Joseph I (1705–1711) | ||
Ivan V Drašković (1660–1733) | 1732 | 1733 | Charles VI (1711–1740) | ||
Josef Esterházy (1682–1748) | 1733 | 1741 | |||
György Branyng (1677–1748) | 1741 | 1742 | Maria Theresa (1740–1780) | ||
Karl Josef Batthyány (1697–1772) | 16 March 1743 | 6 July 1756 | |||
Ferenc Nádasdy (1708–1783) | 1756 | 1783 | |||
Ferenc Eszterházy (1715–1785) | 1783 | 1785 | Joseph II (1780–1790) | ||
Ferenc Balassa (1736–1807) | 1785 | 1790 | |||
Ivan Erdődy (1733–1806) | 1790 | 1806 | Leopold II (1790–1792) | ||
Ignác Gyulay (1763–1831) | 1806 | 1831 | Francis II (1792–1835) | ||
Franjo Vlašić (1766–1840) | 10 February 1832 | 16 May 1840 | Ferdinand V (1835–1848) | ||
Juraj Haulik (1788–1869) | 1840 | 16 June 1842 | Acting ban | ||
Franz Haller (1796–1875) | 16 June 1842 | 1845 | |||
Juraj Haulik (1788–1869) | 1845 | 23 March 1848 | Acting ban |
Croatia was a Habsburg crown territory during the Revolutions of 1848 and remained one up until 1867. [17]
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Josip Jelačić (1801–1859) | 23 March 1848 | 19 May 1859 | Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) | ||
Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg (1794–1880) | 28 July 1859 | 19 June 1860 | |||
Josip Šokčević (1811–1896) | 19 June 1860 | 27 June 1867 |
Croatia was returned to Hungarian control in 1867 when the Habsburg Empire was reconstituted as the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Between then and 1918 the following bans were appointed:
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levin Rauch (1819–1890) | 27 June 1867 | 26 January 1871 | Member of the Unionist Party that advocated for more integration of Croatia into Hungary. Notable for securing victory of the Unionist Party through changing the election law and terrorising those who were able to vote. [18] | Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) | |
Koloman Bedeković (1818–1889) | 26 January 1871 | 12 February 1872 | Bedeković was the leader of the Unionist Party and fought against Croatia's autonomy from Hungary. Dissatisfaction with the obstruction of parliament led to the Rakovica Revolt. Early elections were subsequently called for in 1872. The failure of Bedeković to convene the previous parliament resulted in him being removed from the post of ban and replaced with the first non-noble ban, Ivan Mažuranić. | ||
Antun Vakanović (1808–1894) | 17 February 1872 | 20 September 1873 | Acting ban | ||
Ivan Mažuranić (1814–1890) | 20 September 1873 | 21 February 1880 | Mažuranić was the first Croatian ban not to hail from old nobility, as he was born a commoner. He was a member of the People's Party. He accomplished the transition of Croatian lands from a semi-feudal legal and economic system to a modern civil society similar to those emerging in other countries in Central Europe. | ||
Ladislav Pejačević (1824–1901) | 21 February 1880 | 4 September 1883 | As the reincorporation of the Military Frontier into the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was proclaimed on 15 July 1881, Pejačević was given the task to follow it through. On 1 August 1881, he took over the administration of the former Frontier. On 24 August 1883, he quit after the Council of Ministers in Vienna concluded that bilingual Hungarian official emblems, installed by Hungarian officials in Croatia-Slavonia, were not allowed to be removed from the official buildings and were to stay along the Croatian ones. | ||
Hermann Ramberg (1820–1899) | 4 September 1883 | 1 December 1883 | Acting ban | ||
Karoly Khuen-Héderváry (1849–1918) | 4 December 1883 | 27 June 1903 | Khuen's reign was marked by strong Magyarization. After a series of riots broke out against him in 1903, Khuen was relieved of his duty and appointed prime minister of Hungary. | ||
Teodor Pejačević (1855–1928) | 1 July 1903 | 26 June 1907 | At the beginning of the 20th century, he was faced with a new direction of Croatian policy marked by political alliance between Croats and Serbs in Austria-Hungary for mutual benefit. A Croat-Serb Coalition was formed in 1905, and it governed the Croatian lands from 1906 until the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy in 1918. As Pejačević supported the ruling Coalition in its resistance towards the Hungarian request in 1907 to make the Hungarian language an official language on railways in Croatia, he was forced to resign. | ||
Aleksandar Rakodczaj (1848–1924) | 26 June 1907 | 8 January 1908 | |||
Pavao Rauch (1865–1933) | 8 January 1908 | 5 February 1910 | From the very beginning of Rauch's rule, the Croato-Serbian Coalition announced that it would refuse to co-operate in any manner with the new unionist ban. [19] After the Croatian Parliament had been disbanded on 12 March 1908, because of its refusal to co-operate and the insults it directed at the ban, Pavao Rauch ruled through decrees and civil servants. Despite all opposition predictions, Rauch remained in power for two years. On 5 February 1910, he received the king's letter of dismissal. | ||
Nikola Tomašić (1864–1918) | 5 February 1910 | 19 January 1912 | |||
Slavko Cuvaj (1851–1931) | 19 January 1912 | 21 July 1913 | He was appointed in January 1912, when anti-Habsburg sentiments were on the rise in Croatia, often manifesting in sympathies for Serbia and calls for creation of a Yugoslav state. Cuvaj tried to curb those trends by series of decrees directed at curbing the freedom of the press, limiting rights of assembly and local autonomy. This created a backlash in the form of strikes and demonstrations. Some young radicals even engaged in terrorism. Cuvaj himself was target of two assassination attempts in 1912. | ||
Ivan Skerlecz (1873–1951) | 27 November 1913 | 29 June 1917 | Skerlecz managed to reconvene the Croatian Parliament in Zagreb by 1915. The Croats made further demands for local authority, as well as unification of Croatia-Slavonia with Dalmatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. | ||
Charles IV (1916–1919) | |||||
Antun Mihalović (1868–1949) | 29 June 1917 | 20 January 1919 |
Ban was also the title of the governor of each province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. The weight of the title was far less than that of a medieval ban's feudal office. Most of Croatian territory was divided between the Sava and Littoral Banovina, but also some parts were outside this provinces.
In 1939 Banovina of Croatia was created with Cvetković-Maček agreement as a unit of limited autonomy. It consisted of the Sava and Littoral Banovinas along with smaller parts of Vrbas, Zeta, Drina and Danube Banovina's. Ivan Šubašić was appointed for the Ban of Banovina of Croatia until the collapse of Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941. Šubašić was also the last person who held the position of Croatian Ban.
Following a brief period of self-rule at the end of World War I, Croatia was incorporated into the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918, under the Karađorđević dynasty.
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivan Paleček (1868–1945) | 20 January 1919 | 24 November 1919 | Peter I (1918–1921) | ||
Tomislav Tomljenović (1877–1945) | 24 November 1919 | 22 February 1920 | |||
Matko Laginja (1852–1930) | 22 February 1920 | 11 December 1920 | |||
Teodor Bošnjak (1876–1942) | 23 December 1920 | 3 July 1921 | |||
Tomislav Tomljenović (1877–1945) | 2 March 1921 | 2 March 1921 |
In 1929, the new Constitution of the Kingdom renamed it Kingdom of Yugoslavia and split up the country into banovinas.
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Josip Šilović (1858–1939) | 3 October 1929 | 1931 | Alexander I (1921–1934) | ||
Ivo Perović (1881–1958) | 1931 | 1935 | |||
Marko Kostrenčić (1884–1976) | 1935 | 1936 | Peter II (1934–1941) | ||
Viktor Ružić (1893–1976) | 1936 | 1938 | |||
Stanoje Mihaldžić (1892–1941/1956) | 1938 | 26 August 1939 |
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivo Tartaglia (1880–1949) | 1929 | 1932 | Alexander I (1921–1934) | ||
Josip Jablanović (1875–1961) | 1932 | 1935 | |||
Mirko Buić (1894–1967) | 1935 | 26 August 1939 | Peter II (1934–1941) |
In 1939, the Banovina of Croatia was created with Cvetković-Maček agreement as a unit of limited autonomy within Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It consisted of the Sava and Littoral Banovinas along with smaller parts of Vrbas, Zeta, Drina and Danube Banovinas.
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term start | Term end | Notes | Monarch (Reign) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivan Šubašić (1892 –1955) | 26 August 1939 | 10 April 1941 | Last person to hold the title of ban. | Peter II (1934–1941) |
At the time of the Roman Empire, the area of modern Croatia comprised two Roman provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the area was subjugated by the Ostrogoths for 50 years, before being incorporated into the Byzantine Empire.
The coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia consists of one main shield and five smaller shields which form a crown over the main shield. The main coat of arms is a checkerboard (chequy) that consists of 13 red and 12 white fields. It is also informally known in Croatian as šahovnica. The five smaller shields represent five different historical regions within Croatia. The checkerboard as a heraldic symbol of Croatia was introduced in the late 15th century, and officially since 1527 election in Cetin, replacing the original coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia.
The Kingdom of Croatia, also known with full diplomatic name Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia, entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102, after a period of rule of kings from the Trpimirović and Svetoslavić dynasties and a succession crisis following the death of king Demetrius Zvonimir. With the coronation of King Coloman of Hungary as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1102 in Biograd, the realm passed to the Árpád dynasty until 1301, when the (male) line of the dynasty died out. Then, kings from the Capetian House of Anjou, who were also cognatic descendants of the Árpád kings, ruled the kingdoms. Later centuries were characterized by conflicts with the Mongols, who sacked Zagreb in 1242, competition with Venice for control over Dalmatian coastal cities, and internal warfare among Croatian nobility. Various individuals emerged during the period, such as Paul I Šubić of Bribir, who was representing the most powerful Croatian dynasty at the time, the Šubić noble family. These powerful individuals were on occasion able to de facto secure great deal of independence for their fiefdoms. The Ottoman incursion into Europe in the 16th century significantly reduced Croatian territories and left the country weak and divided. After the death of Louis II in 1526 during the Battle of Mohács and a brief period of dynastic dispute, both crowns passed to the Austrian House of Habsburg, and the realms became part of the Habsburg monarchy.
The Kingdom of Croatia, and since 1060 known as Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia, was a medieval kingdom in Southern Europe comprising most of what is today Croatia, as well as most of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Croatian Kingdom was ruled for part of its existence by ethnic dynasties, and the Kingdom existed as a sovereign state for nearly two centuries. Its existence was characterized by various conflicts and periods of peace or alliance with the Bulgarians, Byzantines, Hungarians, and competition with Venice for control over the eastern Adriatic coast. The goal of promoting the Croatian language in the religious service was initially introduced by the 10th century bishop Gregory of Nin, which resulted in a conflict with the Pope, later to be put down by him. In the second half of the 11th century Croatia managed to secure most coastal cities of Dalmatia with the collapse of Byzantine control over them. During this time the kingdom reached its peak under the rule of kings Peter Krešimir IV (1058–1074) and Demetrius Zvonimir (1075–1089).
Croatian nobility was a privileged social class in Croatia during the Antiquity and Medieval periods of the country's history. Noble families in the Kingdom of Croatia included high ranking populates from Slavonia, Dalmatia, Istria, and Republic of Ragusa. Members belonged to an elite social hierarchy, normally placed immediately behind blood royalty, that possessed considerably more privileges or eminence than most other classes in a society. Membership thereof typically was often hereditary. Historically, membership in the nobility and the prerogatives thereof have been regulated or acknowledged by the monarch. Acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, military prowess or royal favour enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility. The country's royalty was heavily influenced by France's nobility resulting members of the Royal Courts to assume French titles and practices during French occupation. The controversial assumption of French practices contributed to wide spread political and social elitism among the nobles and monarch. The nobility regarded the peasant class as an unseen and irrelevant substrata of people which lead to high causality revolts and beheadings as well as sporadic periods of intense domestic violence.
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. It was associated with the Kingdom of Hungary within the dual Austro-Hungarian state, being within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, also known as Transleithania. While Croatia had been granted a wide internal autonomy with "national features", in reality, Croatian control over key issues such as tax and military issues was minimal and hampered by Hungary. It was internally officially referred to as the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, also simply known as the Triune Kingdom, and had claims on Dalmatia, which was administered separately by the Austrian Cisleithania. The city of Rijeka, following a disputed section in the 1868 Settlement known as the Rijeka Addendum, became a corpus separatum and was legally owned by Hungary, but administered by both Croatia and Hungary.
Ivan Karlović, also known as by his Latin name Johannes Torquatus, was the Count of Krbava. His life during critical periods of Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War was marked by constant efforts to stop Ottoman conquests of Croatia, during which he held position of Ban of Croatia twice: from 1521 to 1524 and again from 1527 to 1531. He was also one of the Croatian magnates who participated in 1527 Election in Cetin.
Ban of Slavonia sometimes also Ban of "Whole Slavonia", was the title of the governor of a territory part of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia.
Pavao Ritter Vitezović was a Habsburg-Croatian polymath, variously described as a historian, linguist, publisher, poet, political theorist, diplomat, printmaker, draughtsman, cartographer, writer and printer.
The Kingdom of Croatia was part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown, but was subject to direct Imperial Austrian rule for significant periods of time, including its final years. Its capital was Zagreb. It was also a part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy from 1527, following the Election in Cetin, and the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867.
The coat of arms of Dalmatia is the heraldic symbol used for the historical region of Dalmatia on the eastern coast of Adriatic Sea, and previously the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia until early 16th century. It is also featured on the crest of the coat of arms of Croatia. The arms have three golden lion heads, facing front, with golden crowns and red tongues, on a blue shield. The blazon, or formal heraldic description, is azure, with three crowned golden leopards' heads affrontés caboshed Or, langued in gules. The lions' heads affrontés were historically referred to as leopards, but this refers to their pose rather than species.
Tituš Brezovački was a Croatian playwright, satirist and poet.
The Croatian–Hungarian Settlement was a pact signed in 1868 that governed Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary. It lasted until the end of World War I, when the Croatian Parliament, as the representative of the historical sovereignty of Croatia, decided on October 29, 1918 to end all state and legal ties with the old Austria-Hungary.
The Triune Kingdom or Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia was the concept—advocated by the leaders of the 19th-century Croatian national revival—of a united kingdom between Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, which were already within the Austrian Empire under one king, who was also the Emperor of Austria, but were politically and administratively separate entities. This concept had roots in the high medieval period, as a successor to the historical Kingdom of Croatia which was made up of those regions.
The Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War was a sequence of conflicts, mostly of relatively low intensity, between the Ottoman Empire and the medieval Kingdom of Croatia, and the later Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia. Besides periods of small-scale borderland warfare, the conflict also saw episodes of major conquest campaigns of Croatian land undertaken by the Ottomans especially during the 16th century.
The Banate of Macsó or the Banate of Mačva was an administrative division (banate) of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, which was located in the present-day region of Mačva, in modern Serbia.
Godemir or Godimir was Ban of Croatia during 10th century Croatia. He is said to have served the king Stephen Držislav in a charter from 1068. According to the much debated Chronicle of Archdeacon Goricensis John, he was established to his position by a certain King Krešimir. He is also referred to in a charter as potens banus, meaning "powerful ban".
The Duke of Slavonia, also meaning the Duke of Dalmatia and Croatia was a title of nobility granted several times in the 12th and 14th centuries, mainly to relatives of Hungarian monarchs or other noblemen.
The Great Turkish War of 1684–1689 saw conflict between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire in territories of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. The war was concluded by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, which significantly eased the Ottoman grip on Croatia.
Josip Kušević was a Croatian politician and lawyer. He was the prothonotary of the Croatian realm and a member of the Croatian Parliament and the Diet of Hungary. As a politician, he opposed introduction of Hungarian language in official use in Croatia. Kušević is known for De municipalibus iuribus et statutis regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae et Slavoniae – the work compiling and advocating the rights of Croatia to a special status within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, i.e. the Croatian state right.