Ban of Croatia

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Ban of Croatia
Hrvatski ban
Ban standard.PNG
The heraldic standard of the Croatian ban in the 19th century
Reports to King of Croatia
Croatian Parliament
Seat Banski dvori, Zagreb, Croatia
Term length No fixed term length
Formationc.949
First holder Pribina
Final holder Ivan Šubašić
Abolished10 April 1941 (de facto)
13 June 1943 (de jure)

Ban of Croatia (Croatian : Hrvatski ban) was the title of local rulers or office holders and after 1102, viceroys of Croatia. From the earliest periods of the Croatian state, some provinces were ruled by bans as a ruler's representative (viceroy) and supreme military commander. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually became the chief government officials in Croatia.

Contents

They were at the head of the Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The institution of ban persisted until the first half of the 20th century, when it was officially superseded in function by that of a parliamentary prime minister.

Origin of title

South Slavic ban (Croatian pronunciation: [bâːn] , with a long [a]), is directly attested in 10th-century Constantine Porphyrogenitus' book De Administrando Imperio as βο(ε)άνος, in a chapter dedicated to Croats and the organization of their state, describing how their ban "has under his rule Krbava, Lika and Gacka." [1]

Bans during the Trpimirović dynasty

References from the earliest periods are scarce, but history recalls that the first known Croatian ban is Pribina from the 10th century. In the early Middle Ages, the ban was the royal district governor of Lika, Gacka and Krbava. Later, the meaning of the title was elevated to that of provincial governor in the Kingdom of Croatia. King Demetrius Zvonimir was originally a ban serving under King Peter Krešimir IV.

Name
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Pribina
c.949
c.969
The first historically attested Ban of Croatia. Pribina deposed of King Miroslav during a civil war in the Croatian Kingdom, and replaced him with Michael Krešimir. He ruled over the Gacka, Krbava and Lika counties, according to De Administrando Imperio . He is also possibly referred to in a charter as potens banus, meaning "powerful ban". [2]
Miroslav
(945–949)
Godemir
c.969
c.997
Also called Godimir. He is mentioned to have served kings Michael Krešimir and Stephen Držislav [3] in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV from 1068. [4]
Stephen Držislav
(969–997)
Gvarda
c.997
c.1000
Mentioned in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV from 1068.
Svetoslav Suronja
(997–1000)
Božeteh
c.1000
c.1030
Mentioned in a charter of King Peter Krešimir IV from 1068.
Krešimir III
(1000–1030)
Gojslav
(1000–1020)
Stephen Praska
c.1035
c.1058
According to the chronicle of Archdeacon Goricensis John, he was named as ban by King Stephen I around 1035 (after his military expeditions to the east), thus succeeding Božeteh as Croatian ban. [5] [6] [7] He eventually attained a Byzantine imperial title of protospatharios somewhere between 1035 and 1042, which governed his influence over the Dalmatian theme.
Stephen I
(1030–1058)
Gojčo
c.1059
c.1069
He was possibly the brother of King Peter Krešimir IV, who was rumored to have murdered his other brother called Gojslav. [8]
Peter Krešimir IV
(1058–1074)
Demetrius Zvonimir
c.1064/1070
c.1075
Croatian charters at the time were issued in the names of both King Peter Krešimir and Ban Zvonimir. [9] In 1074, Normans from southern Italy invaded Croatia and captured a certain Croatian ruler whose name is not known, certainly King Peter Krešimir, who died soon after and was succeeded by Demetrius Zvonimir. [10]
Petar Snačić
c.1075
c.1091
Ban of Croatia according to a later addenda to Supetar Cartulary.
Demetrius Zvonimir
(1075–1089)
Stephen II
(1089–1091)

Croatian bans after 1102

After the Croats elected King Coloman of Hungary as King of Croatia 1102, the title of ban acquired the meaning of viceroy. Bans were appointed by the Hungarian king as his representatives in Kingdom of Croatia, heads of the parliament (sabor) and also as supreme commander of Croatian Army.

Croatia was governed by the viceregal ban as a whole from 1102 until 1225, when it was split into two separate regions of Slavonia and Croatia. Two different bans were occasionally appointed until 1476, when the institution of a single ban was resumed. Most bans were native nobles but some were also of Hungarian ancestry. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the more extensive title of Duke of Slavonia (meaning all lands of the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia and Slavonian domain [11] ) was also granted, mainly to relatives of Hungarian monarchs or other major noblemen. Most notable bans from this period were Pavao Šubić and Peter Berislavić.

Bans of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Ugra/Ugrin [12] 11021105In 1105 commanded the Hungarian fleet that successfully attacked the island of Rab and others in the Gulf of Kvarner, [13] [14] [15] and remained for a year on the island of Krk as comes alongside another Slavic ban. [13] In historiography by ancestry is considered to be a Hungarian, [12] or Croatian nobleman. [16] Coloman
Kalman Thuroczy.jpg
(1102–1116)
Sergije/Sergius [12] 1105
Klaudije11161117 Stephen II
Stefan II wegierski.jpg
(1116–1131)
Aleksije/Alexius [12] c.1130c.1141 Béla II
II Bela KK.jpg
(1131–1141)
Beloš [12]
(1083–1163)
1142c.1158 Géza II
Geza II.jpg
(1141–1162)
Apa [12] 1158
Beloš
(1083–1163)
1163 Stephen III
III Istvan koronazasa KK.jpg
(1162–1172)
Ampudije/Ampudin [12] 1164c.1180
Maurus [12] 1181 Béla III
Bela3.jpg
(1172–1196)
Denis/Dionysius [12] c.1180c.1183Ban only in the littoral part
Subanus/Šoban [12] 11831185
Kalán Bár-Kalán [12]
(c.1152–1218)
11901193
Dominic Miskolc [12] 1194c.1195
Andrija [12] 1198for Duke Andrew Emeric
Emeric of Hungary.jpg
(1196–1204)
Nicholas I of Transylvania [12] 1198 (?)1199for King Emeric
Benedict Osl [12] 11991200for King Emeric
Nicholas, Palatine of Hungary 12001201 (?)for Duke Andrew
Martin Hont-Pázmány [12] 1202for Duke Andrew
Hipolit [12] 1204for King Emeric
Mercurius [12] 12051206 Ladislaus III
III.Laszlo.jpg
(1204–1205)
Stephen son Mihaljev of Jak [12] 12061207 Andrew II
Andrew II of Hungary th.jpg
(1205–1235)
Bánk Bár-Kalán [12] 12081209
Thomas Monoszló [12] 1209
Krainer Pfennig.JPG Berthold Andechs-Merana [12] 12091211
Michael Kacsics [12] 1212
Martin Hont-Pázmány 1213
Julius I Kán 1213Ban only in Slavonia
Simon Kacsics [12] 12121214
Ohuz [12] 12131214
Ivan [12] 1215Ban only in Slavonia
Pousa/Poša [12] 1216meanwhile in 1217 Pontius de Cruce was a regent of Croatia and Dalmatia [12]
Bánk Bár-Kalán [12] 12171218
Julius I Kán 1219Ban only in Slavonia
Ernej/Ernst Hontpâzmân [12] c. 12201221
Ohuz 12191220
Solomon Atyusz c.1222c.1224

Bans of Croatia and Dalmatia

From 1225 to 1476, there were parallel Bans of Croatia and Dalmatia and of Slavonia. [16] The following is the list of the former, the latter are listed at the article Ban of Slavonia. During the period of separate titles of ban, several persons held both titles, which is indicated in the notes.

After the death of King Louis I of Hungary, his daughter Mary succeeded to the throne, which led to kings Charles III and Ladislaus of Naples claiming the Kingdom of Hungary. A war erupted between forces loyal to Mary, and later to her husband and successor Sigismund of Luxembourg, and those loyal to Ladislaus.

During this time, Sigismund appointed Nicholas II Garai (who was also count palatine) the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1392, Butko Kurjaković in 1394, and then again Garai in the period from 1394 to 1397. Nicholas II Garai was also at the time the Ban of Slavonia, succeeded by Ladislav Grđevački (1402–1404), Paul Besenyő (1404), Pavao Peć (1404–1406), Hermann II of Celje (1406–1408).

Ladislaus in turn appointed his own bans. In 1409, this dynastic struggle was resolved when Ladislaus sold his rights over Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice.

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Vojnić1225 Andrew II
Andrew II of Hungary th.jpg
(1205–1235)
Valegin1226
Stephen IV Babonić12431249 Béla IV
Kk ivb.jpg
(1235–1270)
Butko of Podgorje1259
Stephen of Klis12631266
Nicholas of Gacka1275Son of Amadeus Aba Ladislaus IV
Kun L szl Thuroczy.jpg
(1272–1290)
Paul I Subic of Bribir.JPG Pavao I Šubić 12781312
Andrew III
III Andras Thuroczy.jpg
(1290–1301)
Charles I
Chronicon Pictum I Karoly Robert.jpg
(1301–1342)
Money issued by Paul I Subic of Bribir.jpg Mladen II Šubić 13121322
Stephen I Lackfi 13501352 Louis I
Nuremberg Chronicles f 235r 2 Ladislaus rex.jpg
(1342–1383)
Ivan Ćuz13561358
Szecsi Miklos seal.jpg Nicholas Szécsi 13581366
Kónya Szécsényi 13661367
Emeric I Lackfi 1368
Simon Mauritius of Pok13691371
Charles III of Naples (head).jpg Charles of Durazzo 13711376
Szecsi Miklos seal.jpg Nicholas Szécsi 13771380Second term
Seal of Emeric I Bebek.jpg Emeric I Bebek 13801383
Lackfi Istvan nador lovas szobra (Kalmar Katalin, 2000). -Keszthely, 2016 Hungary.jpg Stephen II Lackfi 13831384 Mary
Maria Thuroczy.jpg
(1382–1395)
Thomas of St George13841385
Ivan Palizna Zagrebacka katedrala.jpg Ivan Paližna 13851386Co-ruled with relative Ivan Anjou Horvat (1385–1387). Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia.
Ladislaus Lackfi1387
Denis of Lučenec13871389
Ivan Palizna Zagrebacka katedrala.jpg Ivan Paližna 1389Second term. Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia.
Butko Kurjaković1394
Nicholas II Garai 13951397 Charles II
Kis Karoly TK.jpg
(1385–1386)
Herman II, Count of Celje.jpg Hermann II of Celje 14061407Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia. Sigismund
Sigismund (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg
(1387–1437)
Karlo Kurjaković 14081409
Ivan Kurjaković 14101411
Pavao Kurjaković 14101411Co-ruled with Ivan Kurjaković.
Peter Albeni14121413
John Albeni 14141419
Ivaniš Nelipić 14191419
Nagymihalyi Albert cimere.jpg Albert Nagymihályi 14191426
Crkva Gospe Trsatske 1.jpg Nikola IV Frankopan 14261432Son of Ban Ivan Frankopan
Ivan VI Frankopan 14341436
Stephen III Frankopan 14341437Co-ruled with Ivan Frankopan and later Matko Talovac
Peter Talovac 14381453Co-ruled with Matko Talovac and Franko Talovac Albert I
Albrecht II. von Habsburg.jpg
(1437–1439)
Vladislaus I
Jagello Ulaszlo.jpg
(1440–1444)
Ladislaus V
VLaszlo.gif
(1444–1457)
Portrait of Laszlo Hunydi 18. c..jpg Ladislaus Hunyad 1453
Pavao Špirančić 14591463
Matthias I
Matei Corvin Johannes de Thurocz f137.jpg
(1458–1490)
Stephen Frankopan 1463
Epitaf Nikole Ilockog crkva sv Ivana Kapistrana Ilok 221208.jpg Nicholas of Ilok 14571463Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia (1457–1463)
Emeric Zápolya 14641465Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia
John Thuz14661467Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia
Magyar Balazs.jpg Blaise Magyar 14701472Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia
Damjan Horvat14721473Also at the time the Ban of Slavonia

Bans of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia

From 1476 onwards, the titles of Ban of Dalmatia and Croatia, and Ban of Slavonia are again united in the single title of Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (banus regnorum Dalmatiae et Croatiae et totius Sclavoniae). [16]

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Andrew Bánffy14761477 Matthias I
Matei Corvin Johannes de Thurocz f137.jpg
(1458–1490)
Ladislaus of Egervár14771481
Magyar Balazs.jpg Blaise Magyar 1482
Matthias Gereb 14831489Known for the Battle of Una.
Ladislaus of Egervár14891493
Vladislaus II
Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.jpg
(1490–1516)
John Both 1493
Mirko Derenčin 1493Known for the Battle of Krbava field.
Ladislaus Kanizsai14931495
Baldassare Estense 004.jpg John Corvinus 14951498
George Kanizsai14981499
Baldassare Estense 004.jpg John Corvinus 14991504
Andrew Both 15051507
Marko Mišljenović15061507
John Ernuszt 15081509
George Kanizsai15081509
Andrew Both 15101511
Perenyi Imre (nador).jpg Emeric Perényi15121513
Petar Berislavic Zagrebacka katedrala.jpg Peter Berislavić 15131520Known for the Battle of Dubica.
Louis II
Hans Krell 001.jpg
(1516–1526)
Ivan Karlović 15211524
John Tahy1525
Batthyany Ferenc horvat ban.jpg Ferenc Batthyány 15251526
Frankopan Zagreb.JPG Christoph I Frankopan
(1482–1527)
15261527Appointed as supporter of John Zápolya

Habsburg-era bans

The title of ban persisted in Croatia after 1527 when the country became part of the Habsburg monarchy, and continued all the way until 1918.

Among the most distinguished bans in Croatian history were the three members of Zrinski family Nikola Šubić Zrinski and his great-grandsons Nikola Zrinski and Petar Zrinski. Also there are two notable Erdődys: Toma Erdődy, great warrior and statesman, and Ivan Erdődy, to whom Croatia owes much for protecting her rights against the Hungarian nobility, his most widely known saying in Latin is Regnum regno non praescribit leges (A kingdom may not proscribe laws to another kingdom.)

In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually became chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The most known bans of that era were Josip Jelačić, Ivan Mažuranić and Josip Šokčević.

Bans in the Habsburg Monarchy

The Habsburg dynasty ruled Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Slavonia between 1527 and 1918.

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Ivan Karlović
(c.1485–1531)
15271531 Ferdinand I
Hans Bocksberger der Aeltere 001.jpg
(1526–1564)
Simon Erdődy
(c.1489–1543)
15301534
Louis Pekry 15321537
Nadasdy Tamas1.jpg Thomas Nádasdy
(1498–1562)
15371539
Petar II. Keglevic (1478-1554).JPG Peter Keglević
(1478–c.1554)
15371542
Nikola Zrinski.jpg Nikola Šubić Zrinski
(1508–c.1566)
15421556
Péter Erdődy
(1508–c.1566)
15571567
Franjo Frankopan Slunjski.jpg Franjo Frankopan Slunjski 15671572 Maximilian II
Nicolas Neufchatel 002.jpg
(1563–1576)
Juraj kardinal Draskovic (1525-1587) Glasoviti Hrvati 1886.png Juraj Drašković
(1525–1587)
15671576
Gašpar Alapić
(?–1584)
15751577
Kristóf Ungnad15781583 Rudolf II
Martino Rota - Emperor Rudolf II in Armour - WGA20140.jpg
(1572–1608)
Nadgrobna ploca bana Tome Bakaca Erdodyja ZG Katedrala.jpg Thomas Erdődy
(1558–1624)
15831595
Gaspar Stankovacki (1588-1596.).jpg Gašpar Stankovački
(1555–1596)
15951596
Draskovits Janos ban.jpg Ivan II Drašković
(1550–1613)
15951607
Nadgrobna ploca bana Tome Bakaca Erdodyja ZG Katedrala.jpg Thomas Erdődy
(1558–1624)
16081615 Matthias II
Lucas van Valckenborch - Emperor Matthias as Archduke, with baton.jpg
(1608–1618)
Benedict Thuroczy
16151616
Nikola IX Frankopan
(1584–1647)
16171622
Zrinyi Gyorgy Pollak.jpg Juraj V Zrinski
(1599–1626)
16221626 Ferdinand II
Kaiser Ferdinand II. 1614.jpg
(1618–1637)
Sigismund Erdődy
(1596–1639)
16271639

Ivan III. Draskovic.jpg

Ivan III Drašković
(1595–1648)
16401646 Ferdinand III
Luycx Ferdinand III Habsburg.jpg
(1625–1657)

Jan Thomas Portrait of Miklos Zrinyi.jpg

Nikola Zrinski
(1620–1664)
16471664
PetarZrinskiPortrait.jpg Peter Zrinski
(1621–1671)
16651670 Leopold I
Leopold I of Habsburg.jpg
(1657–1705)
Miklós Erdődy
(1630–1693)
16701693
Batthyany Adam orszagbiro.jpg Adam II. Batthyány
(1662–1703)
16931703
Palffy Janos V.jpg János Pálffy
(1664–1751)
17041732 Joseph I
Joseph I Holy Roman Emperor 002.jpg
(1705–1711)
Ivan Draskovic.JPG Ivan V Drašković
(1660–1733)
17321733 Charles VI
Martin van Meytens (attrib.) - Portrat Kaiser Karl VI.jpg
(1711–1740)
Count Jozsef Esterhazy.JPG Josef Esterházy
(1682–1748)
17331741
Juraj Branjug.jpg György Branyng
(1677–1748)
17411742 Maria Theresa
Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR).jpg
(1740–1780)
Batthyany Karoly.jpg Karl Josef Batthyány
(1697–1772)
16 March 17436 July 1756
Franz Leopold von Nadasdy ban of Croatia.jpg Ferenc Nádasdy
(1708–1783)
17561783
Esterhazy Ferenc (1715-1785).jpg Ferenc Eszterházy
(1715–1785)
17831785 Joseph II
JosephusImperator.png
(1780–1790)
Balassa Ferenc.jpg Ferenc Balassa
(1736–1807)
17851790
Erdody Janos.jpg Ivan Erdődy
(1733–1806)
17901806 Leopold II
Johann Daniel Donat, Emperor Leopold II in the Regalia of the Golden Fleece (1806).png
(1790–1792)
Ignjat Gyulay.jpg Ignác Gyulay
(1763–1831)
18061831 Francis II
HGM Kupelwieser Portrat Kaiser Franz I.jpg
(1792–1835)
Vlasic szobor dombovar.jpg Franjo Vlašić
(1766–1840)
10 February 183216 May 1840 Ferdinand V
Leopold Kupelwieser - Kaiser Ferdinand I.jpg
(1835–1848)
Juraj-Haulik 1856.jpg Juraj Haulik
(1788–1869)
184016 June 1842Acting ban
Franz Graf Hallerkeoe.jpg Franz Haller
(1796–1875)
16 June 18421845
Juraj-Haulik 1856.jpg Juraj Haulik
(1788–1869)
184523 March 1848Acting ban

Bans after the Revolutions of 1848

Croatia was a Habsburg crown territory during the Revolutions of 1848 and remained one up until 1867. [17]

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Ivan Zasche, Portret bana Josipa Jelacica.jpg Josip Jelačić
(1801–1859)
23 March 184819 May 1859 Franz Joseph I
Portrait of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (by Philip Alexius de Laszlo) - Hungarian National Museum.jpg
(1848–1916)
Johann Baptist Graf Coronini-Cronberg (1794-1880).jpg Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg
(1794–1880)
28 July 185919 June 1860
Joseph Freiherr von Sokcsevits 1863.png Josip Šokčević
(1811–1896)
19 June 186027 June 1867

Bans in Austria-Hungary

Croatia was returned to Hungarian control in 1867 when the Habsburg Empire was reconstituted as the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Between then and 1918 the following bans were appointed:

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Rauch Levin portrait.jpg Levin Rauch
(1819–1890)
27 June 186726 January 1871Member of the Unionist Party that advocated for more integration of Croatia into Hungary. Notable for securing victory of the Unionist Party through changing the election law and terrorising those who were able to vote. [18] Franz Joseph I
Portrait of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (by Philip Alexius de Laszlo) - Hungarian National Museum.jpg
(1848–1916)
Bedekovich Kalman.jpg Koloman Bedeković
(1818–1889)
26 January 187112 February 1872Bedeković was the leader of the Unionist Party and fought against Croatia's autonomy from Hungary. Dissatisfaction with the obstruction of parliament led to the Rakovica Revolt. Early elections were subsequently called for in 1872. The failure of Bedeković to convene the previous parliament resulted in him being removed from the post of ban and replaced with the first non-noble ban, Ivan Mažuranić.
Antun Vakanovic.jpg Antun Vakanović
(1808–1894)
17 February 187220 September 1873Acting ban
Ban Ivan Mazuranic.jpg Ivan Mažuranić
(1814–1890)
20 September 187321 February 1880Mažuranić was the first Croatian ban not to hail from old nobility, as he was born a commoner. He was a member of the People's Party. He accomplished the transition of Croatian lands from a semi-feudal legal and economic system to a modern civil society similar to those emerging in other countries in Central Europe.
Ladislav Pejacevic portret.JPG Ladislav Pejačević
(1824–1901)
21 February 18804 September 1883As the reincorporation of the Military Frontier into the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was proclaimed on 15 July 1881, Pejačević was given the task to follow it through. On 1 August 1881, he took over the administration of the former Frontier. On 24 August 1883, he quit after the Council of Ministers in Vienna concluded that bilingual Hungarian official emblems, installed by Hungarian officials in Croatia-Slavonia, were not allowed to be removed from the official buildings and were to stay along the Croatian ones.
Hermann Ramberg
(1820–1899)
4 September 18831 December 1883Acting ban
Khuen-Hedervary 1883.jpg Karoly Khuen-Héderváry
(1849–1918)
4 December 188327 June 1903Khuen's reign was marked by strong Magyarization. After a series of riots broke out against him in 1903, Khuen was relieved of his duty and appointed prime minister of Hungary.
Teodor Pejacevic (Crncic).jpg Teodor Pejačević
(1855–1928)
1 July 190326 June 1907At the beginning of the 20th century, he was faced with a new direction of Croatian policy marked by political alliance between Croats and Serbs in Austria-Hungary for mutual benefit. A Croat-Serb Coalition was formed in 1905, and it governed the Croatian lands from 1906 until the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy in 1918. As Pejačević supported the ruling Coalition in its resistance towards the Hungarian request in 1907 to make the Hungarian language an official language on railways in Croatia, he was forced to resign.
Aleksandar Rakodczay.jpg Aleksandar Rakodczaj
(1848–1924)
26 June 19078 January 1908
Barun Pavao Rauch 1908 Th. Mayerhofer.png Pavao Rauch
(1865–1933)
8 January 19085 February 1910From the very beginning of Rauch's rule, the Croato-Serbian Coalition announced that it would refuse to co-operate in any manner with the new unionist ban. [19] After the Croatian Parliament had been disbanded on 12 March 1908, because of its refusal to co-operate and the insults it directed at the ban, Pavao Rauch ruled through decrees and civil servants. Despite all opposition predictions, Rauch remained in power for two years. On 5 February 1910, he received the king's letter of dismissal.
Nikola Tomasic.JPG Nikola Tomašić
(1864–1918)
5 February 191019 January 1912
Slavko Cuvaj portret.png Slavko Cuvaj
(1851–1931)
19 January 191221 July 1913He was appointed in January 1912, when anti-Habsburg sentiments were on the rise in Croatia, often manifesting in sympathies for Serbia and calls for creation of a Yugoslav state. Cuvaj tried to curb those trends by series of decrees directed at curbing the freedom of the press, limiting rights of assembly and local autonomy. This created a backlash in the form of strikes and demonstrations. Some young radicals even engaged in terrorism. Cuvaj himself was target of two assassination attempts in 1912.
Ivan skrlec lomnicki.jpg Ivan Skerlecz
(1873–1951)
27 November 191329 June 1917Skerlecz managed to reconvene the Croatian Parliament in Zagreb by 1915. The Croats made further demands for local authority, as well as unification of Croatia-Slavonia with Dalmatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Charles IV
Theodor Mayerhofer Kaiser Karl I von osterreich 1917.jpg
(1916–1919)
Antun Mihalovich.jpg Antun Mihalović
(1868–1949)
29 June 191720 January 1919

Croatian bans in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Ban was also the title of the governor of each province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. The weight of the title was far less than that of a medieval ban's feudal office. Most of Croatian territory was divided between the Sava and Littoral Banovina, but also some parts were outside this provinces.

In 1939 Banovina of Croatia was created with Cvetković-Maček agreement as a unit of limited autonomy. It consisted of the Sava and Littoral Banovinas along with smaller parts of Vrbas, Zeta, Drina and Danube Banovina's. Ivan Šubašić was appointed for the Ban of Banovina of Croatia until the collapse of Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941. Šubašić was also the last person who held the position of Croatian Ban.

Bans within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

Following a brief period of self-rule at the end of World War I, Croatia was incorporated into the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918, under the Karađorđević dynasty.

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Ban Palecek 1919..jpg Ivan Paleček
(1868–1945)
20 January 191924 November 1919 Peter I
Peter I Karadjordjevic of Serbia.jpg
(1918–1921)
Tomislav Tomljenovic.jpg Tomislav Tomljenović  [ hr ]
(1877–1945)
24 November 191922 February 1920
Matko Laginja (1852-1930).jpg Matko Laginja
(1852–1930)
22 February 192011 December 1920
Teodor Bosnjak.png Teodor Bošnjak
(1876–1942)
23 December 19203 July 1921
Tomislav Tomljenovic.jpg Tomislav Tomljenović
(1877–1945)
2 March 19212 March 1921

Bans of the Sava Banovina

In 1929, the new Constitution of the Kingdom renamed it Kingdom of Yugoslavia and split up the country into banovinas.

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Josip Silovic.jpg Josip Šilović
(1858–1939)
3 October 19291931 Alexander I
Kralj aleksandar1.jpg
(1921–1934)
Ivo Perović
(1881–1958)
19311935
Marko Kostrencic.jpg Marko Kostrenčić
(1884–1976)
19351936 Peter II
Peter II Karadordevic.jpg
(1934–1941)
Viktor Ruzic.jpg Viktor Ružić
(1893–1976)
19361938
Stanoje Mikhaldzhitsh.jpg Stanoje Mihaldžić
(1892–1941/1956)
193826 August 1939

Bans of the Littoral Banovina

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Ivo Tartaglia.jpg Ivo Tartaglia
(1880–1949)
19291932 Alexander I
Kralj aleksandar1.jpg
(1921–1934)
Josip Jablanović
(1875–1961)
19321935
Mirko Buić
(1894–1967)
193526 August 1939 Peter II
Peter II Karadordevic.jpg
(1934–1941)

Bans of the Banovina of Croatia

In 1939, the Banovina of Croatia was created with Cvetković-Maček agreement as a unit of limited autonomy within Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It consisted of the Sava and Littoral Banovinas along with smaller parts of Vrbas, Zeta, Drina and Danube Banovinas.

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term startTerm endNotesMonarch
(Reign)
Aj 10 03 01 subasic s.jpg Ivan Šubašić
(1892 –1955)
26 August 193910 April 1941Last person to hold the title of ban. Peter II
Peter II Karadordevic.jpg
(1934–1941)

See also

Related Research Articles

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