1427

September 5: English Army troops suffer disastrous defeat during attempt to besiege Montargis

1427 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1427 MCDXXVII
Ab urbe condita	2180
Armenian calendar	876 ԹՎ ՊՀԶ
Assyrian calendar	6177
Balinese saka calendar	1348–1349
Bengali calendar	833–834
Berber calendar	2377
English Regnal year	5  Hen. 6  – 6  Hen. 6
Buddhist calendar	1971
Burmese calendar	789
Byzantine calendar	6935–6936
Chinese calendar	丙午年 (Fire  Horse) 4124 or 3917     — to — 丁未年 (Fire  Goat) 4125 or 3918
Coptic calendar	1143–1144
Discordian calendar	2593
Ethiopian calendar	1419–1420
Hebrew calendar	5187–5188
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1483–1484
- Shaka Samvat	1348–1349
- Kali Yuga	4527–4528
Holocene calendar	11427
Igbo calendar	427–428
Iranian calendar	805–806
Islamic calendar	830–831
Japanese calendar	Ōei 34 (応永３４年)
Javanese calendar	1342–1343
Julian calendar	1427 MCDXXVII
Korean calendar	3760
Minguo calendar	485 before ROC 民前485年
Nanakshahi calendar	−41
Thai solar calendar	1969–1970
Tibetan calendar	མེ་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Fire-Horse) 1553 or 1172 or 400     — to — མེ་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Fire-Sheep) 1554 or 1173 or 401

The Ming dynasty Emperor Xuanzong paints a picture of his dogs.

Year 1427 ( MCDXXVII ) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–June

• January 16 – The papacy of Pope Gabriel V of Alexandria, leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt, ends with his death after a reign of more than 17 years.
• January – Radu II of Wallachia resumes the throne of Wallachia for the fourth time, but a seven-year struggle for it ends in March when he is defeated in battle, and probably killed, by Dan II, who resumes the throne for a fifth term.
• February 23 – In Spain, the first tremors are felt in the Principality of Catalonia of what will become a devastating 6.7 magnitude earthquake that will happen less than a year later, on February 2, 1428. ^[1]
• March 29 – In Vietnam, the Ming dynasty China army invades a second time, bringing 120,000 reinforcement troops led by General Mu Sheng to crush the Lam Sơn uprising. ^[2]

April–June

• April 22 – In France, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, is granted the control of the county of Mortain in Normandy by the Duke of Bedford, Regent for King Henry VI in France, as a reward for his military service during the war against the French. ^[3]
• May 11 (16 Pashons, 1143 AM) – At Alexandria, Farag El-Maksi is elected as the new Patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Christians and takes the regnal name of Pope John XI. ^[4]
• June 7 – Pope Martin V orders the Roman Catholic bishops of Portro and Alba to work on driving the Fraticelli faction of the Franciscan Order from Italy. ^[5]
• June 16 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ("the Alchemist", of the Hohenzollern family), signs a peace agreement with the dukes of the various Pomeranian duchies at the Brandenburg city of Templin, ending the latest Pomeranian-Brandenburg conflict.
• June 27 – John III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard, is released from imprisonment after swearing an oath of allegiance to John, Margrave of Brandenburg.

July–September

• July 15 – The Siege of Montargis is started in France by 1,000 Englishmen led by the Earl of Warwick and lasts for seven weeks. ^[6]
• July 19 – Stefan Lazarević, ruler of the Serbian Despotate, dies at Belgrade and is succeeded by his nephew, Đurađ Branković. ^[7]
• August 4 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Tachov – The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
• August 17 – The first band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizens of Paris.

October–December

• September 5 – A French Army relief force of 1,600 soldiers, led by Jean de Dunois, ends the siege of Montargis by luring the English Army into a trap. The Montargis defenders open the city gates and the English are attacked from two sides, losing more than 1,000 men and all of their artillery. ^[6]
• September 29 – Lam Sơn uprising: China's General Liu Sheng arrives at China's border with Vietnam where a meeting is held with rebel leader Lê Lợi, who proposes settling the war by recognizing Tran Cao's rule as King of Đại Việt. The proposal is a pretext for Liu Sheng's army being lured into an ambush that soon follows, with 70,000 Chinese troops killed. ^[8]
• October 13 –
  • Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, is founded by the Bishop of Lincoln.
  • The English Parliament assembles at Westminster after being summoned on July 15 by England's Regency Council. John Tyrrell is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.
• November 12 – To avoid further destruction of the Chinese army, General Wang Tong begins withdrawing troops from northern Vietnam's Jiaozhi region, having accepted a proposal by Vietnam without the approval of China's Xuande Emperor. The Emperor is informed of the proposal and agrees on November 20 to accept terms of peace. ^[9]
• December 29 – Victorious in the Lam Sơn uprising, Đại Việt (Vietnam) succeeds in forcing the withdrawal of Chinese troops from its territory as China's General Wang Tong and Vietnam's General Nguyễn Trãi agree to terms of disarmament and repatriation of 86,640 Ming Chinese prisoners in return for Chinese withdrawal. ^[10]

Date unknown

• Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Myanmar).
• The Conflict of Druimnacour occurs in Sutherland, Scotland. ^[11]
• The first witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.
• The Celestine Order is established in France.
• The Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he will later become its patron saint).
• Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.
• Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.
• Battle of the Echinades: A Byzantine fleet defeats the fleet of Carlo I Tocco.
• Itzcoatl becomes the 4th Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, after his nephew Chimalpopoca is killed by the Maxtla, at Azcapotzalco.
• Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.

Births

• February 27 – Ruprecht, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1480)
• May 8 – John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1470)
• May 29 – Françoise d'Amboise, duchess consort of Brittany, co-founder of the first monastery of the Carmelites in France (d. 1485)
• June 22 – Lucrezia Tornabuoni, Italian writer, adviser and spouse of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (d. 1482)
• September 9 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1464)
• October 26 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (d. 1496)
• November 24 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1473)
• November 29 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (d. 1464)
• November 30 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (d. 1492)
• date unknown– Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)

Deaths

• April 17 – John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403) ^[12]
• May 7 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
• May 28 – Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (b. 1397)
• July 19 – Stefan Lazarević, Despot of Serbia (b. 1377) ^[13]
• date unknown
  • Chimalpopoca, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397) ^[14]
  • Qu You, Chinese novelist (b. 1341)
• probable
  • Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (b. 1350)
  • Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter
  • Radu II Prasnaglava, ruler of Wallachia, probably killed in or after a lost battle

References

1. Banda, E.; Correig, A. M. (1984), "The Catalan earthquake of February 2, 1428", Engineering Geology, 20 (1–2), Elsevier: 89–97, Bibcode:1984EngGe..20...89B, doi:10.1016/0013-7952(84)90045-0
2. Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 88–89, ISBN   978-1-316-44504-4
3. Cokayne, G. & White, G.H., eds. (1953). The Complete Peerage . Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). London: St. Catherine Press. p. 49.
4. Atiya, Aziz S., ed. (1991). "John XI". The Coptic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Provided by Claremont Graduate University. New York City: Macmillan Publishers.
5. Matthew Mills, "Fraticelli", in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 4th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2022).
6. Wagner, John A. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 219. ISBN   978-0313327360.
7. Djokić, Dejan (2023). A Concise History of Serbia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN   9781107028388.
8. Dreyer, Edward L. (1982). Early Ming China: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 228. ISBN   0-8047-1105-4.
9. Chan (1988), p. 290.
10. United States Air Force Academy (1998). WLA: War, Literature & the Arts. Department of English, United States Air Force Academy. p. 210.
11. The History of the Feuds and Conflicts Among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles: from the year M.XX1 unto M.B.C.XIX, now first published from a manuscript wrote in the reign of King James VI. Foulis press, 1764.
12. Jean de Wavrin (1879). Recueil des croniques et anchiennes istories de la Grant Bretaigne, à présent nommé Engleterre. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green. p. 223.
13. John V. A. Fine; John Van Antwerp Fine (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 525. ISBN   0-472-08260-4.
14. "Chimalpopoca, "Escudo humeante (1417-1426)" [Chimalpopoca, “Smoking Shield" (1417-1426)]. Arqueologia Mexico (in Spanish). July 2, 2016.