1406

July 16: China's Emperor Cheng Zu issues the "Edict to Invade Annam", listing 20 reasons for the need to conquer Vietnam.

1406 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1406 MCDVI
Ab urbe condita	2159
Armenian calendar	855 ԹՎ ՊԾԵ
Assyrian calendar	6156
Balinese saka calendar	1327–1328
Bengali calendar	812–813
Berber calendar	2356
English Regnal year	7  Hen. 4  – 8  Hen. 4
Buddhist calendar	1950
Burmese calendar	768
Byzantine calendar	6914–6915
Chinese calendar	乙酉年 (Wood  Rooster) 4103 or 3896     — to — 丙戌年 (Fire  Dog) 4104 or 3897
Coptic calendar	1122–1123
Discordian calendar	2572
Ethiopian calendar	1398–1399
Hebrew calendar	5166–5167
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1462–1463
- Shaka Samvat	1327–1328
- Kali Yuga	4506–4507
Holocene calendar	11406
Igbo calendar	406–407
Iranian calendar	784–785
Islamic calendar	808–809
Japanese calendar	Ōei 13 (応永１３年)
Javanese calendar	1320–1321
Julian calendar	1406 MCDVI
Korean calendar	3739
Minguo calendar	506 before ROC 民前506年
Nanakshahi calendar	−62
Thai solar calendar	1948–1949
Tibetan calendar	ཤིང་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Wood-Bird) 1532 or 1151 or 379     — to — མེ་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་ (male Fire-Dog) 1533 or 1152 or 380

Year 1406 ( MCDVI ) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 9 – Pope Innocent VII declares that Ladislaus is deposed as King of Naples, but refuses to acknowledge the order. ^[1]
• January 16 – After the Venetian Republic is victorious in the War of Padua against Francesco Novello da Carrara, the Venetian Consejo de i Diexe (Council of Ten) concludes that Novello and his sons are too dangerous to be left alive. ^[2] Novello is taken from his cell at the Doge's Palace, where he has been held since November 23, and is strangled to death. ^[3] His sons Francesco and Giacomo are executed the next day.
• January 22 – Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in becomes the new Abbasid caliph of Cairo, spiritual leader of the Muslim faith in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, succeeding his father, Al-Mutawakkil I. ^[4]
• February 14 – Scottish nobles Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and David Fleming of Biggar are assigned by King Robert III to transport the Crown Prince James to Bass Rock at the Firth of Forth to be evacuated to France. The group is ambushed by Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany at Long Hermiston Moor. Fleming is killed in battle, but Orkney is able to escape with Prince James and, after rescue, to board a ship to cross the English Channel. ^[5]
• February 23 – (4 Ramadan 808 AH) Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir is forced to retreat from the forces of Khalil Sultan after attempting an invasion of Transoxiana during the confusion after the death of Tamerlane. ^[6]
• February 26 – The Scottish Parliament issues a proclamation that during meetings of the body "a lighted lantern is to be hung outsideeach house every night in the high streets and lanes." ^[7]
• March 22 – On "Monday before the Annunciation", Prince James, the 10-year-old son of King Robert III of Scotland, is captured while being taken across the English Channel from Scotland to France when the ship he is on, Maryenknyght, by privateers Hugh atte Fen, William Oxeney, John Hacon and Nicholas Steyward of Cley. ^[8] The crown prince is delivered to London where he is held hostage by King Henry IV of England for the next 18 years.

April–June

• April 4 –
  • James I becomes King of Scotland on the death of his father. He has been detained by Henry IV of England since March 30 and will remain at the English court for 18 years. With James absent, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany administers the kingdom as "Governor of Scotland".
  • Tran Thien Binh, pretender to the throne of Vietnam (at the time, Dai Ngu) arrives from China, accompanied by an emissary from China, at the invitation of the Emperor Hồ Hán Thương. After crossing into Lang Son, Tran Thien Binh and the Chinese ambassador are killed by King Ho Han Thuong's troops, triggering a war with China. ^[9]
• May 11 – Ming conquest of Đại Ngu: China's Emperor Chengzu sends two battalions to invade the Kingdom of Dai Ngu (now Vietnam) under the command of the Duke Zhu Neng. ^[10]
• May 21 – Pope Innocent VII issues the bull Piae Postulatio to protect the charity and hospice of Santa Maria dell'Anima (Saint Mary of the Soul), located in Rome and serving the German-speaking community.
• May 22 – In Germany, troops under the command of Johann von Paderborn, Bishop of Hildesheim, use cannons to destroy the walls of Gebhardshagen Castle in Salzgitter in what is now Lower Saxony. ^[11]
• June 4 – The Chinese merchant Chen Yanxiang and his crew of 121 people depart from Java to Korea on the pretext of being Java's ambassador to Korea. ^[12] His djong ship carries with it with various Southeast Asian products, including parrots, peacocks, agarwood, camphor, and black pepper.

July–September

Ernst der Eiserne

• July 15 – Ernst der Eiserne of the Habsburg line becomes the new Duke of Austria, specifically for Inner Austria comprising the duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, succeeding his father, the late Wilhelm the Courteous. ^[13]
• July 16 – In China's invasion of Vietnam, the Chinese imperial court issues the "Edict to Invade Annam", listing "20 formal reasons" for preparing to conquer the Kingdoms of Annam and Dai Ngu. ^[14]
• August 14 – Chen Yanxiang and his crew of 121 people, sailing to Korea for trading, come under attack by 15 ships of Japanese pirates (Wokou) off of the coast of Gunsan. After a two day battle, 80 of the crew are dead and the ship is looted, but remains with Chen. The 40 survivors are able to reach the Korean shore. ^[12]
• August 25 – China's Imperial Court sends a delegation to Inwa, capital of the Kingdom of Ava (now part of Myanmar) to persuade King Minkhaung I to cease attacking the Shan States, particularly Mohnyin. ^[15]
• September 11 – At Appenzell in what is now Switzerland, a group of nobles create the "Order of St. George's Shield" at Hegau in the Duchy of Swabia. ^[16]

October–December

• October 7 – French troops comprising 1,000 men at arms land on the Channel Island of Jersey, and fight a battle against 3,000 defenders. ^[17]
• October 12 – Chen Yanxiang and his surviving crew are hosted by King Taejong of Korea at Seoul. The State Council (Uijongbu) verifies in a letter to the rulers of Java confirming that the Korean ship had been attacked. ^[12]
• October 13 – Richard Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London for a second full term. He holds this office simultaneously, with that of Mayor of the Calais Staple.
• October 26 – Eric of Pomerania, ruler of the Kalmar Union, marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England, in Lund Cathedral.
• October 27 – In gratitude to the King of Korea, Chinese merchant Chen Yanxiang trades his ship to Korea for a smaller vessel, then departs Korea, but runs into a storm while approaching Japan's Seto Inland Sea. ^[12]
• November 19 – Chinese troops commanded by General Zhang Fu cross into Vietnam from Guanxi while those of Mu Sheng cross from Yunnan. ^[18]
• November 30 – Cardinal Angelo Correr of is elected as Pope after a 12-day conclave in Rome to select a successor to Pope Innocent VII, who died on November 6. Correr, the Patriarch of Constantinople takes the regnal name of Pope Gregory XII as the 205th pope of the Roman Catholic Church. ^[19]
• December 25 – John II becomes King of Castile aged 21 months on the death of his father.

Date unknown

• Construction of the Forbidden City begins in Beijing during the Chinese Ming dynasty.
• Pisa is subjugated by Florence.

Births

• January 28 – Guy XIV de Laval, French noble (d. 1486)
• July 11 – William, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1428-1441) (d. 1482)
• September 26 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430)
• date unknown
  • John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (d. 1464)
  • Margaret, Countess of Vertus, French countess (d. 1466)
  • Martin of Aragon, Aragon infante (d. 1407)
  • Ulrich II, Count of Celje (d. 1456)
• probable date
  • Iancu de Hunedoara – governor of Hungary (d. 1456)

Deaths

• January 6 – Roger Walden, English bishop
• March 17 – Ibn Khaldun, African Arab historian (b. 1332)
• April 4 – King Robert III of Scotland (b. 1337) ^[20]
• May 4 – Coluccio Salutati, Chancellor of Florence (b. 1331)
• July 15 – William, Duke of Austria
• August 28 – John de Sutton V (b. 1380)
• September 16 – Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow
• November 1 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (b. 1322)
• November 6 – Pope Innocent VII (b. 1339)
• December 25 – King Henry III of Castile (b. 1379)
• probable date– Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde

References

1. Toomaspoeg, Kristjan (2013). "ORSINI DEL BALZO, Raimondo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 79.
2. Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice, A Maritime Republic. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 227. ISBN   0-8018-1445-6.
3. "An Account of the End of the Carrara Dynasty, 1406," from A., B., and G. Gatari, Cronaca carrarese.
4. Jalalu'ddin as-Suyuti (1881) [Composed 15th century]. "Al Musta'in Bi'llah Abu'l Fadhl". Tarikh al-khulafa[ History of the Caliphs ]. trans. Henry Sullivan Jarrett. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. pp. 534–538. OCLC   470140533.
5. Scotland and the Flemish People, ed. by Alexander Fleming, Roger A. Mason (John Donald Publishing, 2019)
6. Peter Jackson, From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane: The Reawakening of Mongol Asia (Yale University Press, 2023) p.421
7. Jan-Marie Knights, The Plantagenet Socialite (Amberley Publishing, 2023)
8. " The Captivity of James I", by E. W. M. Balfour-Melville, in The Scottish Historical Review, Volume 21 (1924) p.47 ("As the Annunciation fell in 1406 on a Thursday, the previous Monday would have been March 22nd, which may therefore be accepted as the date of the capture.") Because of the calendar used in England at the same time, the year was considered 1405 until March 25, when the New Year's Day marked the beginning in England of 1406.
9. Chan, Hok-lam (1990). "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435". The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 (Part 1). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN   0-521-24332-7.
10. Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2011). Perpetual happiness: The Ming emperor Yongle. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 180. ISBN   978-0-295-98109-3.
11. Friedrich Stolberg, "Gebhardshagen" in Befestigungsanlagen im und am Harz von der Frühgeschichte bis zur Neuzeit (Fortifications in and around the Harz from Early History to Modern Times) (Hildesheim, 1968) pp. 105–107
12. Cho, Hung-guk (2009). Han'guk-gwa Dongnam Asia-ui Gyoryusa한국과 동남아시아의 교류사[History of Exchanges between Korea and Southeast Asia] (in Korean). Seoul, South Korea: Sonamu. p. 150. ISBN   978-89-7139-557-8.
13. Lodge, Eleanor Constance (1924). The End of the Middle Age, 1273-1453. Methuen & Company Limited.
14. Wade, Geoff (2014), "The "native office" system", in Wade, Geoff (ed.), Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia, Taylor & Francis, p. 70, ISBN   9781135043537
15. Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
16. "St. Jörgenschild", in Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz online
17. Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 50–51. ISBN   978-1860776502.
18. Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 78, ISBN   978-1-316-44504-4
19. Miranda, Salvador. "Conclave of November 18 - 30, 1406 (Gregory XII)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC   53276621.
20. "King Robert III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved May 10, 2021.