 | This article appears to contradict the article List of former sovereign states .(November 2020) |
This article lists the many extinct states , countries, nations, empires or territories from Ancient History to just before the Early Modern period, grouped geographically. For the purposes of this list, the Early Modern period begins at the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. For earlier civilizations, see prehistory.
There were also numerous Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic Tribes.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Romano-British territories became increasingly fragmented. This was a result of the traditional system of Celtic inheritance: the realm was split amongst all sons upon a king's death. This situation was made worse after c. 449 when Jutes and Anglo-Saxons began colonising the south-eastern seaboards. As Jutes and Anglo-Saxons drove further inland, remaining Celts fled to the far corners of the island. Eventually the Romano-Britons (now known to the Anglo-Saxons as "Welsh") were assimilated or driven into the highlands of Cambria (Wales) or Caledonia (Scotland).
Sub-Roman Brythonic kingdoms in England
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England
Sub-Roman and Medieval Brythonic kingdoms in Wales Wales experienced a similar history during this time, although the Welsh population successfully resisted the influx of Anglo-Saxon settlers into the British Isles. The country was home to a number of princedoms until England's ultimate conquest of the region in the later medieval period.
Sub-Roman Cumbric kingdoms in Scotland
Pictish kingdoms in Scotland
Gaelic kingdoms in Scotland
Other
Extinct kingdoms in Ireland Ireland during the early medieval period consisted of some two hundred tuathas or minor kingdoms, which were in turn vassals of the rulers of an over-kingdom, called a cóiced (usually translated as a portion, a fifth, or a province). The most prominent of these kingdoms were
Between the 8th and 12th centuries, various Ard Rí attempted unsuccessfully to impose their rule over all the kingdoms in Ireland. Among those whose efforts almost made this a reality were Flann Sinna, reigned 877–916); Niall Glúndub mac Áedo (916–919); Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig (1002–1014); Toirdhealbhach Ua Briain (1055–1086; and Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair (1119–1156). The last of these kingdoms ceased to exist in the early 17th century. Further Irish kingdoms included:
For further information see Irish kings.
Category:Former countries in the Balkans
The many Chinese states had an influence on surrounding regions; from the Song dynasty period alone, this includes:
A number of now-extinct states formed under Chinese influence along the Silk Road in the Tarim Basin, including:
Unsorted:
The early history of Korea was as complex as that of neighbouring China. A number of Korean states existed on the peninsula and reached up into Manchuria before the formation of the modern state of Korea. These included:
The country of Vietnam in the past was very different from the present. The first Vietnamese kingdom occupied only present-day northern Vietnam. In the 10th century, Vietnam began to push to the south for the next 1000 years, which was called Nam Tiến (southward expansion) in Vietnamese. It conquered other kingdoms and was split by civil war. All the kingdoms that united to form Vietnam are:
The Americas have historically been home to a number of indigenous states, civilizations and societies of great complexity. Those indigenous states that still existed by the time of the first permanent European colonizations, from the late 15th century onwards, were soon substantively destroyed and/or absorbed. The list below includes both those that ceased to exist before this European arrival, and those that ceased to independently function because of this impact.
In addition, there were a wide variety of pre-Inca cultures, few of which developed into organised states.
See List of Indigenous Australian group names for a list of territories that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature. See List of iwi for a similar list of New Zealand Māori tribal divisions.
The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian dates from 1 January 1401 to 31 December 1500 (MD).
A palatine or palatinus is a high-level official attached to imperial or royal courts in Europe since Roman times. The term palatinus was first used in Ancient Rome for chamberlains of the Emperor due to their association with the Palatine Hill. The imperial palace guard, after the rise of Constantine I, were also called the Scholae Palatinae for the same reason. In the Early Middle Ages the title became attached to courts beyond the imperial one; one of the highest level of officials in the papal administration were called the judices palatini. Later the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties had counts palatine, as did the Holy Roman Empire. Related titles were used in Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, the German Empire, and the County of Burgundy, while England, Ireland, and parts of British North America referred to rulers of counties palatine as palatines.
A petty kingdom is a kingdom described as minor or "petty" by contrast to an empire or unified kingdom that either preceded or succeeded it. Alternatively, a petty kingdom would be a minor kingdom in the immediate vicinity of larger kingdoms, such as the medieval Kingdom of Mann and the Isles relative to the kingdoms of Scotland or England or the Viking kingdoms of Scandinavia.
The Ottoman Empire had a number of tributary and vassal states throughout its history. Its tributary states would regularly send tribute to the Ottoman Empire, which was understood by both states as also being a token of submission. In exchange for certain privileges, its vassal states were obligated to render support to the Ottoman Empire when called upon to do so. Some of its vassal states were also tributary states. These client states, many of which could be described by modern terms such as satellite states or puppet states, were usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Sublime Porte, over which direct control was not established, for various reasons.
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