This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country has information separated into columns: name of the distinct country, its lifespan, the country or countries that hold all or some of the territory it once did, and further information about it. [1] [2]
The scope of this article begins in 1815, after a round of negotiations about European borders and spheres of influence were agreed upon at the Congress of Vienna. [3] The Congress of Vienna was a nine-month, pan-European meeting of statesmen who met to settle the many issues arising from the destabilising impact of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. [3]
The immediate background was Napoleonic France's defeat and surrender in May 1814, which brought an end to twenty-five years of nearly continuous war during which France had caused the annexation or geopolitical reorganisation of myriad European microstates as well as some larger ones. The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, [3] including restoring or reorganising many of the states which had previously been removed from Europe's political map.
This is a list of all the independent countries or puppet states that existed between 1815 and the present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country's sovereignty. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but not under full independence.)
| Former countries | Establishment | Dissolution | Today part of | Notes | Flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anhalt (Duchy) | 1813 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State. |  |
| Armenia (Democratic Republic) | 1918 | 1920 | Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey | The Democratic Republic of Armenia emerged as an independent state in the wake of the Russian Revolution, which led to the collapse of the Russian Empire. However, it was invaded and incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1922. |  |
| Artsakh | 1991 | 2023 | Azerbaijan | Artsakh (also known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) declared its independence from Azerbaijan in 1991 amidst the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. After the 1994 ceasefire that ended the war, the situation remained stable until the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, which saw an Azerbaijani victory. As a result, Artsakh's territory was substantially reduced and it became an enclave within Azerbaijan. Following the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, Artsakh agreed to disarm itself, with the country's president agreeing to dissolve all government institutions by 1 January 2024. |  |
| Austrian Empire | 1804 | 1867 | Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia | This entity founded on the domains of the Habsburg monarchy can be regarded in constitutional law as a unitary monarchy on a differentiated federalistic basis, whereby the special position of Hungary within the framework of this federal entity was a separate realm ruled in a personal union that was not annexed or incorporated into the Empire. |  |
| Austro-Hungarian Empire (Dual Monarchy) | 1867 | 1918 | Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina | By the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary formed a joint monarchy with a Habsburg Monarch having some common institutions though leaving the status and internal affairs of the two countries separate. |  |
| Avar Khanate | 13th century | 1864 | Russia | Comprised Circassia and Dagestan; it was the last country in the Caucasus to be annexed by the Russian Empire: Dagestan in 1859 and Circassia in 1864. |  |
| Azerbaijan (Democratic Republic) | 1918 | 1920 | Azerbaijan | The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic emerged as an independent state in the wake of the Russian Revolution, which led to the collapse of the Russian Empire. However, it was invaded and eventually incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1922. |  |
| Baden (Grand Duchy) | 1806 | 1871 | Germany | Joined the German Empire and became one of its members. |  |
| Bavaria (Kingdom) | 1806 | 1871 | Germany | Joined the German Empire and became one of its members. |  |
| Belarus (People's Republic) | 1918 | 1919 | Belarus | Gained independence from the Russian SFSR and quickly was swallowed by the Russian Soviets. Currently, its Rada (Council) is the oldest government in exile still functioning. |  |
| Bremen (Free City) | 1813 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Brunswick (Duchy) | 1815 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Carpatho-Ukraine | 1938 | 1939 | Ukraine | It was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to 15 March 1939. It declared itself an independent republic on 15 March 1939 but was annexed by Hungary between 15 and 16 March 1939, remaining under Hungarian control until the end of World War II, when it was ceded to the Soviet Union. |  |
| Cospaia | 1440 | 1826 | Italy | By error, a small strip of land went unmentioned in a sale treaty, and its inhabitants promptly declared independence; nearly 400 years later it was absorbed into the Papal States and Tuscany equally. |  |
| Couto Misto | 10th century | 1864 | Spain and Portugal | Neutral territory between Portugal and Spain which was divided between Portugal and Spain in 1864. |  |
| Cretan State | 1898 | 1913 | Greece | Gained independence after several rebellions against the Ottoman Empire and after only 15 years of independence joined the Kingdom of Greece. |  |
| Crimea (Republic) | 2014 | Ukraine (disputed with Russia) | Unrecognized state which gained independence after a referendum and then joined Russia a day later. |  | |
| Croatia (puppet state of Nazi Germany) | 1941 | 1945 | Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia | A puppet state of Nazi Germany during World War II. |  |
| Czechoslovak Republic (First) | 1918 | 1938 | Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine | Democratic unified government of the Czechs and Slovaks after World War I |  |
| Czechoslovak Republic (Second) | 1938 | 1939 | Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine | | |
| Czechoslovak Republic (Third) | 1945 | 1948 | Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine | | |
| Czechoslovakia (People's Republic) | 1948 | 1992 | Czech Republic, Slovakia | Communist government of the Czechs and Slovaks after World War II behind the Iron Curtain. | |
| Danzig (League of Nations) | 1920 | 1939 | Poland | Protectorate of the League of Nations; annexed by Nazi Germany during the invasion of Poland in World War II. |  |
| Federal State of Austria | 1934 | 1938 | Austria |  | |
| Finnish Democratic Republic | 1939 | 1940 | Russia | A puppet state of the Soviet Union during World War II created from southern Finland which was quickly annexed into the Soviet Union |  |
| First Austrian Republic | 1918 | 1934 | Austria |  | |
| Fiume (Free State) | 1920 | 1924 | Croatia | Formed from Austro-Hungarian territory at the end of World War I, it was later divided between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the Kingdom of Italy. |  |
| Frankfurt (Free City) | 1816 | 1866 | Germany | Annexed by Prussia in 1866 |  |
| Gurian Republic | 1905 | 1906 | Georgia | Part of the Russian Empire. |  |
| German Democratic Republic | 1949 | 1990 | Germany | Also known as East Germany; was the Soviet-controlled government of Germany after World War II. |  |
| Georgia (Democratic Republic) | 1918 | 1921 | Georgia | The Democratic Republic of Georgia emerged in the wake of Russian Revolution and existed from 1918 to 1921. In 1921, it was invaded by Bolshevik Russia and forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1922. |  |
| German Empire | 1871 | 1918 | Germany, Poland, Russia, France, Denmark, Lithuania, Belgium, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Namibia, Togo, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Samoa | The German empire was the first unified, centralized German nation, created after the North German victory in the Franco-Prussian War. It was also a colonial empire, with territories outside of Europe. |  |
| Greece (Kingdom) | 1832 | 1924 | Greece, Turkey |  | |
| Greece (4th of August Regime) | 1936 | 1941 | Greece, Turkey | | |
| Greece (Kingdom) | 1944 | 1974 | Greece, Turkey | | |
| Hamburg (Free City) | 1813 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Hanover (Kingdom) | 1814 | 1866 | Germany | In personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until the ascension of Queen Victoria in 1837; annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866. |  |
| Hesse (Grand Duchy) | 1806 | 1871 | Germany | Northern part became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State and then the German Empire, with the southern part joining the German Empire as well. |  |
| Hesse-Homburg | 1622 | 1866 | Germany | Annexed by Prussia in 1866 |  |
| Hesse-Kassel | 1813 | 1866 | Germany | Annexed by Prussia in 1866 |  |
| Hohenzollern-Hechingen | 1576 | 1850 | Germany | Annexed by Prussia in 1850 |  |
| Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | 1576 | 1850 | Germany | Annexed by Prussia in 1850 | |
| Italian Social Republic | 1943 | 1945 | Italy | A puppet state of Nazi Germany during World War II |  |
| Kingdom of Italy | 1861 | 1946 | Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Libya, Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia | The Kingdom of Italy was the first unified, centralized Italian nation, created after the Expedition of the Thousand. It was also a colonial empire, with territories outside of Europe. |  |
| Irish Republic | 1919 | 1922 | United Kingdom, Ireland | Partly recognized, revolutionary state. Declared its independence after the 1918 election during the Irish War of Independence. Partitioned into the Irish Free State and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. |  |
| Kraków (Free City) | 1815 | 1846 | Poland | Protectorate of the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the Empire of Austria, later annexed into the Austrian Empire |  |
| Kuban People's Republic | 1917 | 1920 | Russia | From the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 until it was annexed by the Russian SFSR it existed as a small short-lived country in the Northern Caucasus and has never regained its independence |  |
| Kingdom of Hungary | 1000 | 1918 | Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Poland | The historical kingdom's territorial continuity has been altered more times during its lifespan, however was permanently restored after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. |  |
| Kingdom of Hungary | 1920 | 1946 | Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Poland | 1920 formation by Treaty of Trianon. Two-thirds of pre-WWI territory was repartitioned to other countries. Regency was established until overthrow of the kingdom in 1944. | |
| Lichtenberg (Principality) | 1815 | 1834 | Germany | Owned by a branch of the Saxe-Coburgs; sold to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1834 |  |
| Lippe (Principality) | 1123 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Lübeck (Free City) | 1815 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Lucca (Duchy) | 1815 | 1847 | Italy | Annexed by Tuscany in 1847 |  |
| Massa and Carrara (Duchy) | 1473 | 1829 | Italy | Annexed by Modena and Reggio in 1829 |  |
| Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 1352 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune | 1848 | 1849 | France | The Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune seceded from Monaco in 1848. In November 1849 they were annexed by Sardinia, and in 1861 were annexed by France. |  |
| Modena and Reggio (Duchy) | 1814 | 1859 | Italy | Joined the United Provinces of Central Italy, (one of the predecessors of the Kingdom of Italy) |  |
| Moldavian Democratic Republic | 1918 | 1918 | Moldova | From the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 until 1918, when this republic united with the Kingdom of Romania, the Moldavian Democratic Republic existed as one of the Imperial Russian successor countries in Europe. |  |
| Montenegro (Kingdom) | 1910 | 1918 | Montenegro | A kingdom which was annexed by Serbia during the Serbian Expansion after World War I to create Yugoslavia |  |
| Montenegro (Principality) | 1878 | 1910 | Montenegro | Predecessor of the Kingdom of Montenegro | |
| Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus | 1917 | 1920 | Russia | From the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 until 1920 this country existed for a short time before annexation by the Russian SFSR and never has regained independence |  |
| Nassau (Duchy) | 1806 | 1866 | Germany | Annexed by Prussia in 1866 |  |
| Oldenburg (Grand Duchy) | 1180 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Ottoman Empire | 1299 | 1923 | Turkey, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Ukraine, Iraq, Syria, Kuwait, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria | One of the longest lasting empires in history, this empire rose out of the Near East and fluctuated drastically in territory and economic status throughout its history; it was dissolved after its defeat in World War I. |  |
| Papal States | 752 | 1870 | Italy | The entire eastern region joined the United Provinces of Central Italy, (one of the predecessors of the Kingdom of Italy); however, the remaining strip of land along the west coast did not join Italy until it was annexed in 1870. |  |
| Parma (Duchy) | 1814 | 1859 | Italy | Joined the United Provinces of Central Italy, (one of the predecessors of the Kingdom of Italy) |  |
| Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia | 1939 | 1945 | Czech Republic | A puppet state of Nazi Germany during World War II. |  |
| Prussia (Kingdom) | 1701 | 1867 | Germany, Poland, Denmark, Russia | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Reuss Junior Line | 1806 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State (a region of Anhalt) |  |
| Reuss Elder Line | 1778 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State (a region of Anhalt) |  |
| Russian SFSR | 1917 | 1922 | Russia | From the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 until 1922 the Russian SFSR was an independent communist state comprising almost all of the territory the Russian Empire had possessed in its final years; in 1922 it became the leading and dominating state in the Soviet Union until the union's end in 1991 |  |
| Saar (League of Nations) | 1920 | 1935 | Germany | League of Nations mandate within Weimar Germany |  |
| Saar (French protectorate) | 1947 | 1956 | Germany | French-administered region which was later given to West Germany |  |
| San Marco Republic | 1848 | 1849 | Italy | Revolutionary state, existing for 17 months in 1848–49. Based on the Venetian Lagoon, it extended into most of Venetia, or the Terraferma territory of the Venetian Republic. |  |
| Sardinia (Kingdom) | 1720 | 1861 | Italy, France | Comprised the Italian regions of Sardinia and Piedmont; the leading state that unified the Italian Peninsula. | |
| Saxe-Altenburg | 1826 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State (a province of Thuringia) |  |
| Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | 1826 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State (a province of Thuringia) | |
| Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | 1699 | 1826 | Germany | Merged to form Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826 | |
| Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg | 1680 | 1826 | Germany | Merged to form Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826 |  |
| Saxe-Meiningen | 1675 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State (a province of Thuringia) | |
| Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach | 1809 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State (a province of Thuringia) |  |
| Saxony (Kingdom) | 1806 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Schaumburg-Lippe | 1643 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Schleswig (Duchy) | 1864 | 1866 | Germany, Denmark | Independence from Denmark in 1864; annexed by Prussia in 1866 |  |
| Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | 1599 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State (a province of Thuringia) |  |
| Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | 1599 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State (a province of Thuringia) |  |
| Serbia (Kingdom) | 1882 | 1918 | Serbia, North Macedonia | Predecessor of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia which was formed from the annexations of other states |  |
| Serbia (Principality) | 1815 | 1882 | Serbia | Predecessor of the Kingdom of Serbia |  |
| Septinsular Republic | 1800 | 1815 | Greece | An archipelagic republic that existed from 1800 to 1807 under nominal Ottoman sovereignty in the Ionian Islands and then under the French Empire. |  |
| Slovak State | 1939 | 1945 | Slovakia | A puppet state of Nazi Germany during World War II |  |
| State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs | 1918 | 1918 | Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia | A short-lived, independent country which was annexed by Serbia during the Serbian Expansion after World War I to create Yugoslavia |  |
| Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic | 1918 | 1918 | Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan | Following the fall of the Russian Empire, Transaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed but dissolved after only two months. |  |
| Trieste (Free Territory) | 1947 | 1975 | Italy, Slovenia, Croatia | De facto split in 1954 between neighbouring countries Italy and Yugoslavia, it was formally removed in 1975 with an agreement between these two countries |  |
| Tuscany (Grand Duchy) | 1815 | 1859 | Italy | Joined the United Provinces of Central Italy, (one of the predecessors of the Kingdom of Italy) |  |
| Two Sicilies (Kingdom) | 1816 | 1860 | Italy | Comprised the Italian regions of Naples and Sicily; was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in March 1860 |  |
| Ukraine (People's Republic) | 1917 | 1921 | Ukraine | Gained independence from the Russian SFSR and quickly was swallowed by the Russian Soviets |  |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 1922 | 1991 | Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan | One of the greatest superpowers in modern times comprising most of the territory that once was under the Russian Empire including some new territory after World War II in Europe annexed from Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia |  |
| United Kingdom of the Netherlands | 1815 | 1839 | Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg | Unified sovereign state of the Dutch lands after the crush of Napoleon; only the area of Luxembourg was part of the German Confederation |  |
| United Provinces of Central Italy | 1859 | 1860 | Italy | First step of Italian unification comprising Tuscany, Parma, Modena and Reggio, and the eastern region of the Papal States; was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in March 1860 | |
| United States of the Ionian Islands | 1815 | 1864 | Greece | Was a state and amical protectorate of the United Kingdom. It was the successor state of the Septinsular Republic |  |
| Waldeck-Pyrmont | 1180 | 1867 | Germany | Became a member of the North German Confederation Federal State |  |
| Weimar Germany | 1919 | 1933 | Germany, Poland, Russia | First German democracy | |
| West Ukrainian People's Republic | 1918 | 1919 | Ukraine | Unrecognized successor state of Ukrainians after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire | |
| Württemberg (Kingdom) | 1806 | 1871 | Germany | Joined the German Empire and became one of its members |  |
| Yugoslavia (Federal Republic) | 1992 | 2006 | Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina | Democratic Yugoslavia after the fall of communism; Bosnia & Herzegovina gained independence between 1991 and 1993; Renamed to Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. |  |
| Yugoslavia (Kingdom) | 1918 | 1941 | Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia | Unified Slavic country after World War I |  |
| Yugoslavia (Socialist/Peoples's Federal Republic) | 1944 | 1992 | Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia | Communist government of the south Slavic ethnicities after World War II outside of the Iron Curtain |  |
This is a list of all the dependencies of countries that existed between 1815 and the present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country's autonomy. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well, but as independent countries.)
| Former dependencies | Establishment | Dissolution | Within present-day countries | Further information | Flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhazia (Principality) | 1810 | 1864 | Georgia | The principality was actually in existence since the 12th century and even managed to keep its autonomous home rule after being conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries; the autonomous principality was transferred to the Russian Empire in 1810 and was completely dissolved and assimilated into Russia by 1864 |  |
| Bulgaria (Principality) | 1878 | 1908 | Bulgaria, Serbia | During the Russian-Turkish Wars of 1878, and the independence of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania, Bulgaria gained autonomous status within the Ottoman Empire; the principality gained complete independence in 1908 |  |
| Erivan (Khanate) | 1604 | 1828 | Armenia | It was an autonomous region of the Persian Empire since 1604 and was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1828 |  |
| Finland (Grand Duchy) | 1809 | 1918 | Finland, Russia | An autonomous monarchy of the Russian Empire, with the Russian Tsar as its grand duke |  |
| Guria (Principality) | 1810 | 1829 | Georgia | The principality had existed since the 15th century and even managed to keep its autonomous home rule after being conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century; the autonomous principality was transferred to the Russian Empire in 1810 and was completely dissolved and assimilated into Russia by 1829 | |
| Lombardy–Venetia | 1815 | 1866 | Italy | Comprised the Italian regions of Lombardy and Venetia; an autonomous kingdom within the Austrian Empire |  |
| Montenegro (Principality) | 1815 | 1878 | Montenegro | After being a puppet state of Napoleon's Europe it regained autonomous status within the Ottoman Empire until its independence in 1878 with Russian support |  |
| Moresnet | 1816 | 1919 | Belgium | In 1816 Neutral Moresnet became a territory under common administration of the Netherlands and Prussia. The Netherlands were replaced by Belgium in 1830. After World War I in 1919 the territory was ceded to Belgium by Germany under Treaty of Versailles and formally annexed in 1920. |  |
| Nakhchevan (Khanate) | 1747 | 1828 | Azerbaijan, Armenia | An autonomous region of the Persian Empire since 1747; annexed by the Russian Empire in 1828 |  |
| Poland (protectorate) | 1815 | 1830 | Poland, Lithuania | An autonomous monarchy of the Russian Empire with the Russian Tsar as its king; at home it was called the ‘Kingdom of Poland’, but internationally known as Congress Poland and functioned more like a protectorate |  |
| Romania (Principality) | 1859 | 1878 | Romania | In 1859 Moldavia and Wallachia unified into the United Principalities and gained autonomous status within the Ottoman Empire until its independence in 1878 with Russian support |  |
| Samegrelo (Principality) | 1803 | 1857 | Georgia | The principality had existed since the 4th century BC, and even managed to keep its autonomous home rule after being conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century; the autonomous principality was transferred to the Russian Empire in 1803 and was completely dissolved and assimilated into Russia by 1857 |  |
| Serbia (Principality) | 1817 | 1878 | Serbia | A rebellion broke out in 1804 and 1817 Serbia gained autonomous status within the Ottoman Empire until its independence in 1878 with Russian support | |
This is a list of all the independent countries that could or would have existed between 1815 and the present day that for some reason or another never did.
| Proposed states | Proposed formation | Current states | Notes | Flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Baltic Duchy | 1918 | Estonia and Latvia | An idea first brought forth by the Germans but was rejected after the Versailles Treaty and the Baltic Region became the three present day countries |  |
| United States of Greater Austria | 1905 | Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia | A concept brought forth by the Habsburgs in reaction to tensions within the empire of autonomy; the autocratic empire would be changed into a united autonomous country where each nation governed itself with some support from a much weaker Habsburg monarchy | |
| Intermarium | 1918 | Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia | It was a geopolitical project conceived by politicians in successor states of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in several iterations, some of which anticipated the inclusion as well of other, neighboring states. The proposed multinational polity would have extended across territories lying between the Baltic and Black Seas, hence the Latinate name Intermarium, meaning "Between-Seas". |  |
General
The 1810s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1810, and ended on December 31, 1819.
In the administrative divisions of France, the department is one of the three levels of government under the national level, between the administrative regions and the communes. Ninety-six departments are in metropolitan France, with an additional five constituting overseas departments, which are also classified as overseas regions. Departments are further subdivided into 333 arrondissements and 2,054 cantons. These last two levels of government have no political autonomy, instead serving as the administrative basis for the local organisation of police, fire departments as well as, in certain cases, elections.
The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Participants were representatives of all European powers and other stakeholders. The Congress was chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815.
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions. The wars originated in political forces arising from the French Revolution (1789–1799) and from the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) and produced a period of French domination over Continental Europe. The wars are categorised as seven conflicts, five named after the coalitions that fought Napoleon, plus two named for their respective theatres: the War of the Third Coalition, War of the Fourth Coalition, War of the Fifth Coalition, War of the Sixth Coalition, War of the Seventh Coalition, the Peninsular War, and the French invasion of Russia.
A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.
The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies. The treaty set the borders for France under the House of Bourbon and restored territories to other nations. It is sometimes called the First Peace of Paris, as another one followed in 1815.
The Treaty of Paris of 1815, also known as the Second Treaty of Paris, was signed on 20 November 1815, after the defeat and the second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. In February, Napoleon had escaped from his exile on Elba, entered Paris on 20 March and began the Hundred Days of his restored rule. After France's defeat at the hands of the Seventh Coalition at the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was persuaded to abdicate again, on 22 June. King Louis XVIII, who had fled the country when Napoleon arrived in Paris, took the throne for a second time on 8 July.
The Hundred Days, also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815. This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign and the Neapolitan War as well as several other minor campaigns. The phrase les Cent Jours was first used by the prefect of Paris, Gaspard, comte de Chabrol, in his speech welcoming the king back to Paris on 8 July.
The Concert of Europe was a general agreement among the great powers of 19th-century Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence. Never a perfect unity and subject to disputes and jockeying for position and influence, the Concert was an extended period of relative peace and stability in Europe following the Wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars which had consumed the continent since the 1790s. There is considerable scholarly dispute over the exact nature and duration of the Concert. Some scholars argue that it fell apart nearly as soon as it began in the 1820s when the great powers disagreed over the handling of liberal revolts in Italy, while others argue that it lasted until the outbreak of World War I and others for points in between. For those arguing for a longer duration, there is generally agreement that the period after the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War (1853–1856) represented a different phase with different dynamics than the earlier period.
The Duchy of Warsaw, also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars. It initially comprised the ethnically Polish lands ceded to France by Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit, and was augmented in 1809 with territory ceded by Austria in the Treaty of Schönbrunn. It was the first attempt to re-establish Poland as a sovereign state after the 18th-century partitions and covered the central and southeastern parts of present-day Poland.
The Conservative Order was the period in political history of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. From 1815 to 1830, a conscious program by conservative statesmen, including Metternich and Castlereagh, was put into place to contain revolution and revolutionary forces by restoring the old orders, particularly the previously-ruling aristocracies. On the other hand, in South America, in light of the Monroe Doctrine, the Spanish and the Portuguese colonies gained independence.
The Kingdom of Hanover was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era. It succeeded the former Electorate of Hanover, and joined 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the House of Hanover, a cadet branch of the House of Welf, in personal union with Great Britain between 1714 and 1837. Since its monarch resided in London, a viceroy, usually a younger member of the British royal family, handled the administration of the Kingdom of Hanover.
The mediatised houses were ruling princely and comital-ranked houses that were mediatised in the Holy Roman Empire during the period 1803–1815 as part of German mediatisation, and were later recognised in 1825–1829 by the German ruling houses as possessing considerable rights and rank. With few exceptions, these houses were those whose heads held a seat in the Imperial Diet when mediatised during the establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806–07, by France in 1810, or by the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15. The mediatised houses were organised into two ranks: the princely houses, entitled to the predicate Durchlaucht, which previously possessed a vote on the Bench of Princes (Furstenbank); and the comital houses that were accorded the address of Erlaucht, which previously possessed a vote in one of the four Benches of Counts (Gräfenbank). Although some form of mediatisation occurred in other countries, such as France, Italy and Russia, only designated houses within the former Holy Roman Empire legally comprised the mediatised houses.
The Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately-signed but identically-worded agreements in 1814 between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom. They were dated 1 March 1814, although the actual signings took place on 9 or 19 March. The treaty was intended to draw the powers of the Sixth Coalition into a closer alliance in case France rejected the peace terms they had recently offered. Each power agreed to put 150,000 soldiers in the field against France and to guarantee for twenty years the European peace against French aggression.
The Second Hundred Years' War is a periodization or historical era term used by some historians to describe the series of military conflicts around the globe between Great Britain and France that occurred from about 1689 to 1815, including several separate wars such as the War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years' War, American Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars. The Second Hundred Years' War is named after the Hundred Years' War, which occurred in the 14th and 15th century. The term appears to have been coined by J. R. Seeley in his influential work The Expansion of England (1883).
The European balance of power is a tenet in international relations that no single power should be allowed to achieve hegemony over a substantial part of Europe. During much of the Modern Age, the balance was achieved by having a small number of ever-changing alliances contending for power, which culminated in the World Wars of the early 20th century.
The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809 and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 3 May 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena.
The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands was a short-lived sovereign principality and the precursor of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which it was reunited with the Southern Netherlands in 1815. The principality was proclaimed in 1813 when the victors of the Napoleonic Wars established a political reorganisation of Europe, which would eventually be defined by the Congress of Vienna.
The Left Bank of the Rhine was the region north of Lauterbourg that is now in western Germany and was conquered during the War of the First Coalition and annexed by the First French Republic.
The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, sometimes called the Great French War, were a series of conflicts between the French and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France – later the First French Empire – and its allies between 1792 and 1815: