Akwa Ibom State

Last updated

Akwa Ibom State
State
Flag of Akwa Ibom State.svg
Flag
The Emblem of Akwa Ibom State.jpg
Seal
Nicknames: 
Land of Promise, Akwa Abasi Ibom state
Nigeria - Akwa Ibom.svg
Location of Akwa Ibom in Nigeria
Coordinates: 05°00′N07°50′E / 5.000°N 7.833°E / 5.000; 7.833
Country Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
Date created 23 September 1987
Capital Uyo
Government
 • Body Government of Akwa Ibom State
 •  Governor Pastor Umo Eno (PDP)
 • Deputy Governor Akon Eyakenyi
 • Legislature Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly
 •  Senators NE: Aniekan Bassey (PDP)
NW: Godswill Akpabio (APC)
S: Ekong Sampson (PDP)
 •  Representatives List
Area
 • Total
7,081 km2 (2,734 sq mi)
 • Rank 30 of 36
Population
 (2016) [1]
 • Total
5,450,758
 • Rank 15 of 36
 • Density770/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
Demonym Akwa Ibomite
GDP (PPP)
 • Year2021
 • Total$50.30 billion [2]
3rd of 36
 • Per capita$7,739 [2]
4th of 36
Time zone UTC+01 (WAT)
Dialing Code+234
ISO 3166 code NG-AK
HDI (2022)0.602 [3]
medium · 16th of 37
Website akwaibomstate.gov.ng

Akwa Ibom State is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It borders Cross River State to the east, Rivers State and Abia State to the west and north-west, and to the south by the Atlantic Ocean. The state takes its name from the Qua Iboe River which bisects the state before flowing into the Bight of Bonny. [4] Akwa Ibom was split from Cross River State in 1987 with her capital Uyo and with 31 local government areas.

Contents

Of the 36 states, Akwa Ibom is the 30th largest in area and fifteenth most populous, with an estimated population of nearly 5.5 million as of 2016. [5] Geographically, the state is divided between the Central African mangroves in the coastal far south and the Cross–Niger transition forests in the rest of the state. Other important geographical features are the Imo and Cross rivers which flow along Akwa Ibom's eastern and western borders respectively while the Kwa Ibo River bisects the state before flowing into the Bight of Bonny. In the southeast corner of the state is the Stubb Creek Forest Reserve , a heavily threatened wildlife reserve that contains declining crocodile, putty-nosed monkey, red-capped mangabey, and Sclater's guenon populations along with potentially extirpated populations of African leopard and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee. [6] [7] [8] [9] Offshore, the state is also biodiverse as there are large fish populations alongside various cetacean species, including bottlenose dolphins, pantropical spotted dolphins, humpback whales, and killer whales.[ citation needed ] [10]

Modern-day Akwa Ibom State has been inhabited by various ethnic groups for hundreds of years, primarily the closely related Ibibio, Annang, and Oron peoples in the North-East, North-West, and Southern zones of the state, respectively. [11]

Economically, Akwa Ibom State is based around the production of crude oil and natural gas as highest oil-producing state in the country. [12] Key minor industries involve agriculture as the state has substantial cocoyam, yam, and plantain crops along with fishing and heliciculture. Despite its vast oil revenues, Akwa Ibom has the seventeenth highest Human Development Index in the country in large part due to years of systemic corruption. [13] [14] [15]

Economy

Akwa Ibom State's economy is based on the production of crude oil and natural gas. It produces the most oil of any state in the country. [12] It includes the following oil- producing Local Government Areas: Ibeno, Mbo, and Eastern Obolo. [16]

Key minor industries are based on agriculture; the state has substantial cocoyam, yam, and plantain crops, along with fishing and heliciculture.

Despite its vast oil revenues, Akwa Ibom ranks as seventeenth among the states List of Nigerian states by Human Development Index#2019 in the Human Development Index. Years of systemic corruption have resulted in such revenues being diverted from improving infrastructure, education and welfare of the people. [13] [14] [15]

Languages

"There are 20 languages spoken as first languages in Akwa Ibom State." [17] However, comparing different sources show there are slightly over 20 languages. They are as follows (in alphabetical order) with the LGAs in which they are spoken:

One research however claims to "have identified just about 10 languages", [18] claiming that some languages are dialects of others, though the criteria for classification as dialects is not clearly stated.

History

Dancers in Akwa Ibom traditional attire Akwa Ibom state contingent 3.jpg
Dancers in Akwa Ibom traditional attire

In the pre-colonial period, what is now Akwa Ibom State was divided into various city-states like the Ibom Kingdom and Akwa Akpa before they later became a British protectorate in 1884 as a part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate. [19] Prior to the British colonization, no central government had existed among the people of what is now Akwa Ibom State. The various ethnic peoples were largely organized into clan communities, based on kinship and relations.

Several Scottish missionaries went to Calabar in 1848, and Ibono in 1887. The British government did not attempt to establish more control over the area until 1904. In that year, they organized the Enyong Division, encompassing the area of the current state of Akwa Ibom, with headquarters at Ikot Ekpene, a predominately Annang city. Noted Africanist Kaanan Nair, noted this city as the cultural and political capital of the Annang and Ibibio peoples. The greater Southeast was largely dominated by the majority Igbo people. The creation of Enyong Division encouraged collaboration among the numerous minority ethnic groups in the area. They created the Ibibio Welfare Union, later renamed Ibibio State Union. This social organization was first established as a local development and improvement forum for educated African persons and groups who in 1929 were still excluded from the colonial administration. It was dominated by British colonists and their appointees.[ citation needed ] [20]

In the early 1900s, the British actually gained formal control of the area before incorporating the protectorate (now renamed the Niger Coast Protectorate) into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria; after the merger, much of modern-day Akwa Ibom became a centre of anti-colonial resistance during the Women's War and political activism through the Ibibio State Union. [21]

After independence in 1960, the area of now-Akwa Ibom was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the South-Eastern State. Less than two months afterwards, the Igbo-majority former Eastern Region attempted to secede as the state of Biafra; in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War, now-Akwa Ibom was hard-fought over in the prelude to the Invasion of Port Harcourt while people from Akwa Ibom were persecuted by the Biafran forces as they were mainly non-Igbos. [22] At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the South-Eastern State was reformed until 1976 when it was renamed Cross River State.

Eleven years later, Cross River State was divided on 23 September 1987, by the Military Administration of General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida. [23]

This division resulted in the creation of the state of Akwa Ibom, Uyo was chosen as the state capital in order to encourage development in all regions of the state. [24]

Climate

Akwa Ibom has a tropical monsoon climate (Classification: Am) and is 42.58 meters (139.7 feet) above sea level. The city's average annual temperature is -0.99% lower than Nigeria's averages at 28.47 °C (83.25 °F). 342.56 millimeters (13.49 inches) of precipitation and 294.37 rainy days (80.65% of the time) are typical annual totals for Akwa Ibom. [25] [26]

The Akwa Ibom region regularly has tropical monsoons. All year long, there are high temperatures and a lot of rain. The region of Akwa Ibom has an average yearly temperature of 60 degrees and 672 inches of precipitation. The average humidity is 80% and the UV-index is 7. It is dry for only 52 days of the year. [27]

The climate of Akwa Ibom is tropical with significant rainfall and a short dry season. [28] [29] [30]

Government

Politics in Akwa Ibom State are dominated by the three main ethnic groups: the Ibibio, Annang, and Oro. Of these three, the Ibibio remain the majority and have held sway in the state since its creation.

Ministries, Departments and Agencies

The list of ministries in Akwa Ibom State include the following: [31]

Local Government Areas

Akwa Ibom State consists of thirty-one (31) local government areas. They include:

Meridien Akwa Ibom park Meridien Akwa Ibom park.jpg
Meridien Akwa Ibom park

Demographics

Ethnic groups

The main ethnic groups of the state include: Ibibio, Anaang, Oro and Obolo.

Religion

The people of Akwa Ibom are predominantly Christians.

Pioneer Qua Iboe Church Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State Pioneer Qua Iboe Church, full view. Upenekang, Ibeno.jpg
Pioneer Qua Iboe Church Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State

976,791 Catholics (2020) in the two dioceses of Uyo (1989) with 74 parishes under Bishop John Ebebe Ayah (2014), and Ikot Ekpene (1963) with 53 parishes under Bishop Camillus Raymond Umoh (2010), both suffragans of the Archdiocese of Calabar.

The Bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Uyo within the Church of Nigeria is Prince Asukwo Antai (2014). [33]

Languages

Like their Efik neighbors of Cross River State, people of Akwa Ibom speak various dialects of the Ibibio-Efik languages, which belong to the Benue–Congo language family, forming part of the Niger–Congo group of languages with close affinity to the Igbos with whom they share some language and cultural similarities due to many centuries of inter-tribal relationships between the Igbos of Arochukwu kingdom even before the advent of the colonial Europeans.

The following table lists languages of Akwa Ibom State, and the local government areas in which they are spoken: [34]

LanguageLGA(s) spoken in
Anaang Abak, Essien Udim, Ika, Ikot Ekpene, Igbo, Oruk-Anam, Ukanafun, Etim Ekpo, Obot Akara.
Obolo Eastern Obolo
Ekid Eket, Esit Eket
Etebi Esit Eket
Ibibio Etinan, Ibiono Ibom, Ikono, Ikot Abasi, Itu, Ibesikpo-Asutan, Mkpat Enin, Nsit Atai, Nsit-Ibom, Nsit-Ubium, Onna, Uruan, Uyo, Ini.
Ibuno Ibeno
Ika OkuIka
Nkari Ini
Itu Mbon UsoIni
Idere Itu
Efik Itu, Uruan
Ebughu Mbo, Oron
Efai Mbo
Enwan Mbo
Oro Mbo, Oron, Udung Uko, Urue-Offong-Oruko
IkoEastern Obolo
Okobo Okobo
Ilue Oron
KhanaOruk-Anam

Education

The Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education is tasked with monitoring the education sector of the state.

The current part of Akwa Ibom State that was within the former Calabar Kingdom, was the first site of Western education in Nigeria. The Hope Waddell Training Institute was founded at Calabar in 1895, and the Methodist Boys' High School, Oron in 1905. Other top schools, such as the Catholic seminaries Holy Family College at Abak and Regina Coeli College in Essene, were also soon founded.

Some educational institutes in the state today are:

Transportation

Federal highways

Other major highways include:

Airports:

Victor Attah International Airport (2009) 24 km southeast of Uyo has services to Abuja and Lagos, and Eket Airstrip for domestic flights.

Notable people


Politics

The State government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with the state house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Uyo. [70]

Electoral system

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas. [71]

Notable places.

Four points by Sheraton Ikot Ekpene. It's a hotel located at the heart of Ikot Ekpene town. Four Points by Sheraton Ikot Ekpene has an outdoor swimming pool, fitness center, a terrace and restaurant in Ikot Ekpene, with free WiFi access as well.

Akwa Ibom state has one of Nigerians international stadiums situated in Uyo which was named after the former Governor Godswill Akpabio. The stadium has hosted both local and international matches of the Nigeria football team. [72]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibibio people</span> Ethnic group in southern Nigeria

The Ibibio people are a coastal people in Southern Nigeria. They are mostly found in Akwa Ibom, Cross River, and the Eastern part of Abia State. During the colonial period in Nigeria, the Ibibio Union asked for recognition by the British as a sovereign nation.

Ikot Ekpene, also known as The Raffia City, is a historic town in the south-southern state of Akwa Ibom, Nigeria. It is the political and cultural capital of the Annang ethnic group in Nigeria. The town is located on the A342 highway that parallels the coast, between Calabar to the southeast and Aba to the west, with the state capital, Uyo, on this road just to the east. Umuahia is the next major town to the north. The population of the Ikot Ekpene Local government area was estimated to be 180,500 in 2022.

Eket is one of the 31 local government areas in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The name Eket or Ekid also refers to the indigenous people of the region who are the Ibibio people of the southern part of Ibibioland and to their dialect which is Ekid. The Eket people use the endonym Ekid for themselves and their language, but Europeans spell and pronounce the name as "Eket".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Akwa Ibom</span> Akwa Iboms delegation in Nigerias National Assembly

The Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Akwa Ibom comprises three Senators representing Akwa Ibom North-East, Akwa Ibom North-West, and Akwa Ibom South and ten Representatives representing Ukanafun/Orukanam, Etinan, Itu/Ibiono Ibom, Eket, Ikot Ekpene/ Essien Udim/ Ubot Akara, Abak, Ikono/ Ini, Oron/Mbo/Okobo/UrueOffong Oruko/Udung-Uko, Ikot Abasi, Uyo/Uruan/Nsit Atai/Ibesikpo Asutan.

Etinan is located within the South South part of Nigeria and constitutes one of the Local Government Areas in the oil rich Akwa Ibom State. Known for its agricultural and arts craft products, the area forms one of the most peaceful locations in the West African State of Nigeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oron people</span> Ethnic group in West Africa

The Oron people are a multi-ethnic tribal grouping that make up the Akpakip Oro or Oron Nation. The Oron people (Örö) are located primarily in southern Nigeria in the riverine area of Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State and in Cameroon. Akpakip Oro are regarded as an ancient warrior people, speaking the Oron (Oro) language which is in the Cross River language family of the Benue–Congo languages. They are ancestrally related to the Efik people of the Cross River State, the Ibeno and Eastern Obolo in Akwa Ibom, the Andoni people in Rivers State, Ohafia in Abia State and the Balondo-ba-Konja in the Congo.

Ibeno is located in the south of Nigeria and is a Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Ibeno town lies on the eastern side of the Kwa Ibo River about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the river mouth, and is one of the largest fishing settlements on the Nigerian coast. Ibeno lies in the Mangrove Forest Belt of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, bounded to the west by Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, to the north by Onna, Esit Eket and Eket, and to the south by the Atlantic Ocean. Ibeno Local Government is the host of Exxonmobil Unlimited, now Seplat

Ibiono-Ibom is a Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State in the south-south region of Nigeria. It has its administrative headquarters at Oko Ita.

Ikono is a Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, located in the South South of Nigeria. It is bounded at the North, by Ini Local Government Area, South by Abak and Uyo Local Government Areas, East by Ibiono Ibom Local Government Area and West by Ikot Ekpene, Essien Udim and Obot Akara Local Government Areas. It was created as a local government in september 1996. It has a landmass of 407.16 square kilometres (157.21 sq mi). It is no doubt one of the four largest LGA in Akwa Ibom, and also known as the cradle of the Ibibio people [Ntippe Ibibio]. It occupies the northern fringe of Akwa-Ibom State next to Ini local Government which occupies the northern most fringe of the state. It is predominantly inhabited by the Ibibios, the largest ethnic groups in the state. Some popular sub-groups within Ikono include Ukpom, Nung Ukim and Ediene.

Mbo is located in the South Eastern part of Nigeria and is a Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State. Following the local government creation exercise of the federal government in 1989 Mbo Local Government Area was carved out of Oron Division same year.

Nsit Atai Local government area was created in the year 1996 with its capital at Odot by the government of Gen. Sani Abacha. It has an area of out of an about 17,000 square kilometers, with 62 villages.

Nsit Ibom is a local government area in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, it shares common boundaries with Ibesikpo Asutan, Etinan, Nsit Ubium and Uyo Local Government Areas. The people of Nsit Ibom are of the Ibibio ethnic extraction.

Okobo is located in the South South part of Nigeria and is a Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. It is made up of Odd, Eta and Atabong clans. Following the local government creation exercise of the federal government in 1989 Okobo Local Government Area was carved out of Oron, Akwa Ibom same year.

Uruan is a Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State, located in southern Nigeria. The area was created in 1988 from Uyo Local Government Area. It covers an approximate land mass of 449 km2. Its population, according to the 2016 Census is 164,000. Its capital city is Idu.

Ika is a Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The headquarters of the Ika local government area is Urua Inyang. Ika is subdivided into clans, Ito, Achan and Ikananang (Odoro) and over 50 villages in totality with an identical cultural display called Akakum/Asakom nicknamed Afum. Displayed mostly at Christmas.

Akwa Ibom South senatorial district in Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria covers 12 local government areas. These areas include Ikot Abasi, Mkpat Enin, Eastern Obolo, Onna, Eket, Esit Eket, Ibeno, Okobo, Oron, UdungUko, Urueoffong/Oruko and Mbo. Akwa Ibom South senate district 871 polling units (Pus) and 127 registration areas (RAs).

The 2019 Nigerian House of Representatives elections in Akwa Ibom State was held on February 23, 2019, to elect members of the House of Representatives to represent Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

The 2019 Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly election was held on March 9, 2019, to elect members of the Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly in Nigeria. All the 26 seats were up for election in the Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Akwa Ibom State</span> 2023 Senate elections in Akwa Ibom

The 2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Akwa Ibom State will be held on 25 February 2023, to elect the 3 federal Senators from Akwa Ibom State, one from each of the state's three senatorial districts. The elections will coincide with the 2023 presidential election, as well as other elections to the Senate and elections to the House of Representatives; with state elections being held two weeks later. Primaries were held between 4 April and 9 June 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 Nigerian presidential election in Akwa Ibom State</span>

The 2023 Nigerian presidential election in Akwa Ibom State will be held on 25 February 2023 as part of the nationwide 2023 Nigerian presidential election to elect the president and vice president of Nigeria. Other federal elections, including elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate, will also be held on the same date while state elections will be held two weeks afterward on 11 March.

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