Kumasi

For the administrative subdivision of Iran, see Kumasi Rural District.

Kumasi
City
Top to Bottom; Left to Right: Kronom suburb in Kumasi, Manhyia Palace, A street in Adum, Armed Forces Museum.
Flag Seal
Kumasi Show map of Ashanti Kumasi Show map of Ghana Kumasi Show map of Africa
Coordinates: 06°42′00″N01°37′30″W / 6.70000°N 1.62500°W / 6.70000; -1.62500
Country	Ghana
Administrative division	Ashanti
Municipality	Kumasi Metropolitan
Founded	1680
Government
• Type	Mayor–council
• Mayor	Samuel Pyne
Area [1]
•  City	299 km2 (115 sq mi)
Elevation	250 m (820 ft)
Population  (2021)
•  City	443,981 [2]
•  Urban	3,490,030 [3]
Time zone	UTC
Postal codes	AK000-AK911
Area code	032
Website	kma.gov.gh

Kumasi (historically spelled Comassie or Coomassie, usually spelled Kumase in Twi language) ^{[4] [5]} is a city in the Ashanti Region, and is among the largest metropolitan areas in Ghana. Kumasi is located in a rain forest region near Lake Bosomtwe, and is the commercial, industrial, and cultural capital of the historical Ashanti Empire. Kumasi is approximately 500 kilometres (300 mi) north of the Equator and 200 kilometres (100 mi) north of the Gulf of Guinea. Kumasi is alternatively known as "The Garden City" ^[6] because of its many species of flowers and plants in the past. It is also called Oseikrom, after Osei Kofi Tutu I who was a king in the Ashanti empire.

Kumasi is the second-largest city in Ghana, after the capital, Accra. ^[7] The Central Business District of Kumasi includes areas such as Adum, Bantama, Kejetia, Asawasi, Pampaso, and Bompata (popularly called Roman Hill), with a concentration of banks, department stalls, and hotels. Economic activities in Kumasi include financial and commercial sectors, pottery, clothing weaving, Weaving of basket and textiles. There is a significant timber processing community in Kumasi that serves the domestic market. Bantama High Street and Prempeh II Street in Bantama and Adum, respectively, are the business and entertainment hubs in Kumasi.^{[ citation needed ]}

History

Main article: History of Kumasi

Origins

Kente weaver on Adum Street in Kumasi, Ghana, 1819

Lake Bosomtwe

There is evidence that the area around Kumasi has been kept cleared since the Neolithic age and that the first human settlement was at Lake Bosomtwe.^{[ citation needed ]}

Etymology

The name Kumasi was derived from the Twi language, meaning 'the Kum tree survived' or 'under the Kum tree'. The word "asi" means 'under', 'down', 'below' or 'something that has endured or survived'.^{[ citation needed ]}

Around the end of the 17th century, the Ashanti Kingdom's chief Fetish Priest, Okomfo Anokye planted three kum trees at different places: one at Kwaaman, ruled by the Nananom Ayokofuo; a second one at Apemso-Bankofo, ruled by Nananom Aduanafuo; and a third at a village near Fomena and Amoafo called Oboani, which was ruled by Nananom Ɛkoɔnafuo. Komfuo wanted to see which of these would become a great city for the kingdom, as he was directed by the oracles. The kum tree at Kwaaman flourished so vigorously that the King and his people often sat underneath, and so Kwaaman became Kum-ase, meaning 'under kum'.^{[ citation needed ]}

The tree at Oboani was, however, very tiny and for no apparent reason, relatively short. According to oral tradition, this small tree produced other trees that were all small in size. The name of the village was changed to Kuma, meaning 'small kum'.^{[ citation needed ]}

The kum tree at Apemso-Bankofo did not grow at all. After a few weeks the leaves withered and the tree fell down; so it was said that the village's kum tree was dead, and the village became Kum-awu, later Kumawu. ^[4]

Ashanti Empire

Bowdich's sketch of Kumasi c.  1817

The city rose to prominence in 1695, when it became the capital of the Ashanti Empire due to the activities of its ruler, Osei Tutu. ^[9] The ruler of Kumasi, known as the Asantehene, also served as the ruler of the empire. With their 1701 victory over Denkyira, the Ashanti empire became the primary state among the Ashantis. ^[10] In 1718–19, Aowin King Ebirimoro invaded Kumasi and sacked the capital. ^[11] Asantehene Opoku Ware I was able to "beat back" this invasion. ^[12]

European sources in the late 19th century mentioned the city's neatness such as the account of F. Boyle in 1874 who stated Kumasi's smell "are never those of sewage" as well as Brackenbury, who wrote around 1873 that "the streets are generally very broad and clean, and ornamented with many beautiful banyan-trees affording grateful shade from the powerful rays of the sun." ^[13] In contrast, William Butler described the city as 'a filthier, and far more blood-stained collection of mud and wattle hovels than any other village in the forest.' ^[14] Parts of the city, including the then royal residence, were burnt by the British in the Third Anglo-Ashanti War of 1874. ^[15] Native carriers were generally blamed for torching the city, and British engineers made strenuous efforts to quell the fires. ^[16]

Burning of Kumasi in 1874 depicted by Henry Morton Stanley

In 1888, R. Austin Freeman was disappointed with the ruins of Kumasi following the British destruction in 1874 and the Ashanti civil war before 1888.

Kumasi was a great disappointment to me, and my disappointment increased as I walked round and examined the town. It was not merely that so little existed, but that so much had been destroyed. As it stands, or then stood, the town was nothing more than a large clearing in the forest, over which were scattered, somewhat irregularly, groups of houses. The paths were dirty and ill kept, and between the groups of houses large patches of waste ground intervened, and on these, amidst the tall, coarse grass that covered them, were to be seen the remains of houses that had once occupied them. These houses once stood in wide and regular streets, but since the destruction of the city in 1874 the natives do not seem to have had heart to rebuild them. Yet there remained some few vestiges to show what Kumasi had been in its palmy days... A few broad, well-kept streets still existed, lined by houses, [of] ... admirable construction, careful and artistic finish and excellent repair...

— R. Austin Freeman. ^[17]

Population of Kumasi during the time of the Ashanti Empire varied. In the early 19th century, Ashanti sources estimated a populace of 100,000 while European sources gave a figure around 12–15,000. ^[17] According to historian Ivor Wilks, the city may have had a population of 40,000 in the 1860s. ^[18]

Lady Mary Alice Hodgson, the first English lady to visit Ashanti, wrote "The Siege of Kumasi", an account of the siege of the fort by the nationals of Ashanti and of the subsequent march to the coast. ^[19] (She was the daughter of Hon. W. A. G. Young, C.M.G., former governor of the Gold Coast, and the wife of Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., the governor of the Gold Coast in 1900. ^[19] )

Colonial era

Kings Way Road in Kumasi, 1925

In 1926, following the return of the Ashanti King Prempeh I after 30-year in exile in Seychelles Island, Kumasi was vested with ceremonial control over the Ashanti sub-states. The full role of king was restored by the colonial administration in 1935. The city holds an important place in the history of the Ashanti people, as legend claims that it was here Okomfo Anokye received the golden stool, an embodiment of the soul of Ashanti nation. ^[20]

Geography

The city features a tropical wet and dry climate, with relatively constant temperatures throughout the course of the year. Kumasi averages around 1400 mm (55") of rain per year.^{[ citation needed ]}

The city almost features two rainy seasons: a longer season from March through July and a shorter rainy season from September to November.

The month of February through to November is one long wet season, with a relative lull in precipitation in August. Similar to the rest of West Africa, Kumasi experiences the harmattan during the "low sun" months. Lasting from December to February, the harmattan is the primary source of the city's dry season.

Climate

Like other parts of Ghana, Kumasi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw), with a wet season and a dry season and the temperature being hot year-round. The average annual high temperature is 30.7 °C (87.3 °F), while the average annual low temperature is 21.5 °C (70.7 °F). The hottest time of year is from February to May, around the time the wet season starts. February has the highest average high at 33.5 °C (92.3 °F). April has the highest average low at 22.4 °C (72.3 °F). August has the lowest average high at 27.7 °C (81.9 °F). January has the lowest average low at 20.4 °C (68.7 °F).

Kumasi receives 1,402.4 millimetres (55.21 in) of rain over 128 precipitation days, with a distinct wet and dry season like the rest of Ghana. The dry season is short, lasting from November to February. June, the wettest month, receives 214.3 millimetres (8.44 in) of rainfall over 17 precipitation days on average. Kumasi receives 1951.8 hours of sunshine annually on average, with the sunshine being distributed fairly evenly across the year, with a noticeable dip from June to October. March receives the most sunshine, while August receives the least.

Climate data for Kumasi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1984–2020)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	37.5 (99.5)	38.9 (102.0)	38.5 (101.3)	36.4 (97.5)	35.2 (95.4)	33.9 (93.0)	32.5 (90.5)	32.6 (90.7)	33.1 (91.6)	33.9 (93.0)	36.0 (96.8)	35.9 (96.6)	38.9 (102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	33.2 (91.8)	34.5 (94.1)	33.9 (93.0)	32.8 (91.0)	32.0 (89.6)	30.3 (86.5)	28.8 (83.8)	28.4 (83.1)	29.6 (85.3)	31.0 (87.8)	32.2 (90.0)	32.2 (90.0)	31.6 (88.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	27.4 (81.3)	28.8 (83.8)	28.5 (83.3)	28.0 (82.4)	27.5 (81.5)	26.3 (79.3)	25.3 (77.5)	24.9 (76.8)	25.8 (78.4)	26.6 (79.9)	27.4 (81.3)	27.3 (81.1)	27.0 (80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	21.7 (71.1)	23.1 (73.6)	23.2 (73.8)	23.1 (73.6)	23.0 (73.4)	22.3 (72.1)	21.8 (71.2)	21.5 (70.7)	21.9 (71.4)	22.2 (72.0)	22.6 (72.7)	22.3 (72.1)	22.4 (72.3)
Record low °C (°F)	11.7 (53.1)	13.3 (55.9)	17.8 (64.0)	18.8 (65.8)	18.8 (65.8)	18.2 (64.8)	17.2 (63.0)	16.1 (61.0)	18.3 (64.9)	15.6 (60.1)	13.9 (57.0)	10.6 (51.1)	10.6 (51.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	24.8 (0.98)	49.0 (1.93)	109.9 (4.33)	163.6 (6.44)	174.0 (6.85)	227.3 (8.95)	125.6 (4.94)	68.8 (2.71)	175.1 (6.89)	175.6 (6.91)	50.1 (1.97)	27.6 (1.09)	1,371.4 (53.99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	1.4	3.7	7.7	9.5	10.9	12.3	8.3	6.9	12.0	13.2	5.6	2.2	93.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	178.5	177.4	187.8	192.3	191.5	135.2	98.8	75.9	93.7	159.4	196.2	180.5	1,867.2
Source 1: NOAA [21]
Source 2: Sistema de Classification Bioclimática Mundial (extremes 1984–1990) [22]

Culture

Otumfuo Osei Tutu II 20th anniversary celebration

Features of the city include Fort Kumasi (built by in 1896 to replace an Asante fort and now a museum) and the Kumasi Hat Museum. Royal Asante attractions include the Kumasi National Cultural Centre (including the Prempeh II Jubilee Museum with Asante regalia with a reproduction of the golden stool), the Okomfo Anokye Sword, the Asantehene's Palace (built in 1972), and the Manhyia Palace, dating from 1925, now a museum. ^[23]

Places of worship

St Peter's Cathedral Basilica, Kumasi

Among the places of worship, which are predominantly Christian churches and temples, are: Methodist Church, Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Church of the Province of West Africa, (Anglican Communion), Seventh-day Adventist Church Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Christ Apostolic Church International (which was the first Pentecostal church in Ghana) Ghana Baptist Convention (Baptist World Alliance), Lighthouse Chapel International, Church of Pentecost, Assemblies of God, and Catholic Church Archdiocese of Kumasi (Catholic Church). ^[24] There are also Muslim mosques which include: Kumasi Central Mosque, Ahmadiyya mosque, Alhaj mosque, Kaase-Nhyiaeso mosque and Rahman mosque.

Economy

The main occupations in Kumasi are professional, such as services and manufacturing.

Mining and exports

cacao

Manufacturing

See also: Suame Magazine, Kumasi

Kumasi has 50% of the timber industry of Ghana, and the Kaasi Industrial Area plays an important role in the local industry. The Guinness Ghana Breweries are based in Kumasi.

Energy

Solar panels are prevalent in Kumasi and throughout the Ashanti region. Solar energy technology is a major energy source and contributor to electricity generation in the region.

Commerce

Much of the shopping and trading activity in the city takes place at Kumasi's shopping streets, in and around Kejetia Market and Adum. These two areas border each other. There is also heavy economic activities at Bantama and Asafo. Asafo in particular is the printing hub of Kumasi. Most of the printing done in Kumasi and Ashanti Region as a whole is done at Asafo. Kumasi's Ahwiaa (a sub-town in Kumasi) is also well noted for its wood carvings and arts.

FM Stations

• Adehye FM ^[25]
• Nhyira FM ^[26]
• Kessben FM
• Luv FM
• Metro FM
• OTEC FM
• Angel FM

Education

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) – Side view of the College of Architecture and Planning

Primary school

There are both government-assisted primary schools in Kumasi and also private primary schools in Kumasi which educate boys and girls between the ages from 6 to 15.

Secondary education

See also: List of senior secondary schools in Ashanti

There are elite all-boys and all-girls senior high schools such as Prempeh College, Kumasi High School, T I Ahmadiyya School, Opoku Ware School, Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School and St. Louis Senior High School in Kumasi. There are also many elite mixed senior high schools such as Kumasi Academy and Anglican Senior High School, and a host of other public secondary schools, as well as their private counterparts in the city.

Tertiary institutions

The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (formerly the Kumasi College of Technology) is the biggest university in the Ashanti Region and the first biggest in Ghana followed by the University of Ghana. Former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan attended this institution. A number of other public and private universities and tertiary institutions have since been founded in Kumasi, some of which are listed below.

Institution	Location	Private/ Public	Affiliation
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology	Bomso to Anwomaso	Public
Wesley College of Education	Tafo	Public
St Louis College of Education	Mmrom	Public
Garden City University College	Kenyase	Private	Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Christian Service University College	Santasi	Private	University of Ghana
Ghana Baptist University College	Amakom	Private	University of Cape Coast
Valley View University (Kumasi Campus)	Oduom	Private
University College of Management Studies (Kumasi Campus)	Ayeduase	Private
Christ Apostolic University College	Kwadaso	Private
Kessben University	Lake Road	Private	Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (est. 2020) formerly the University of Education, Winneba (Kumasi Campus) Tanoso

Transportation

Air

Kumasi is served by the Kumasi Airport. As of May 2020, two airlines offered regularly scheduled flights to Accra. Airlines servicing the airport included Africa World Airlines and Passion Air. In 2013, the Government of Ghana approved expansion plans to the Kumasi Airport to service international flights into the region. The airport was renovated and completed by October 2022. ^[27]

Bus and taxicab

There is public transportation from Kumasi to major cities such as Accra; Tamale, Mim, Ahafo  ; Cape Coast, Sunyani; Takoradi; Tema; Ho; Wa; Bolgatanga; Elubo; Aflao, Techiman; Public transport in the city is provided by transit buses, a mix of privately owned mini-buses known as tro-tros , taxicabs and buses. Tro-tros are usually converted mini-buses that run regular, well-known routes. Some taxis also run regular routes, which cost more but provide for a more comfortable ride.

In 2002, the city introduced the metro bus services, a rapid transit system for public road transport in Kumasi (MetroMass). ^[28] This was to reduce congestion on roads and to make a larger and more organized bus routine system in the city. ^[29]

In 2017, Uber introduced services in Kumasi, a year after a successful introduction in Accra.

Rail

Kumasi is served by the railway lines to Sekondi-Takoradi and Accra. The train service has been suspended for several years because of damaged track, bridges and locomotives. Currently, no trains run to and from Kumasi due to the collapse of the railway corporation. A $6 billion project to upgrade the railways was due to get underway in 2011. ^[30]

Port

As of 2011 ^[update] , construction of the Boankra Inland Port, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) away, has come to a halt. ^[31]

Sports

Kumasi Sports Stadium

The local football (soccer) team, the Kumasi Asante Kotoko has won several national and continental trophies and awards, and serves as a rival to the Accra-based Hearts of Oak. Their Kumasi Sports Stadium, also known as Baba Yara Stadium, was built in 1959, renovated in 1978, and again in 2007 with a seating capacity of 40,000. ^[32] It is also the home of King Faisal Football Club, a premier division side.

There is the Royal Golf Club which has the Asantehene as president. Former Leeds United and Ghana national football team footballer Tony Yeboah and professional wrestler Kofi Kingston was born in Kumasi, by the real name Kofi Sarkodie-Mensah.

Healthcare

Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital

See also: List of hospitals in Ashanti

Kumasi has the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital to support medical training at the university, the West End Hospital, several other private hospitals, public clinics and hospitals. Recommended private medical facilities include Kumasi Rabito Clinic located at Ahondwo-Daban Kumasi behind the Unity Oil Filling Station. There is also the KNUST hospital that serves people in the university and surrounding communities.

Recreational parks and gardens

Kumasi has four recreational parks which are opened to the public. The list of recreational parks are Abbey's Park which is located some few meters away from Kejetia, Jackson's Park, Hero's Park located on the same premises as the Baba Yara Sports Stadium, and finally the Rattray Park which was commissioned in 2015.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Kumasi is twinned with:

	Country		City		County / district / region / state	Date
	Ivory Coast		Abidjan		Lagunes	2004
			Treichville
	US		Atlanta		Georgia	2010
	Netherlands		Almere		Flevoland	2001
	US		Charlotte		North Carolina	1996
	US		Columbus		Ohio	2008
	Canada		Kitchener		Ontario	2010
	US		Newark		New Jersey	1999
	South Africa		Tshwane		Gauteng	2010
	US		Winston-Salem		North Carolina	2001
	UK		Methilhill		Scotland	2017

*Numbers in date column list the year of twinning.

Notable people

• Kofi Annan, United Nations secretary-general (1997–2006) and co-recipient of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize ^[33]
• Mohammed Muntari, footballer
• Mohammed Salisu, footballer
• Philomena Nyarko, statistician ^[34]
• Reggie Tsiboe, singer
• Kweku Flick, singer
• Amerado, musician
• Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II, monarch

See also

• Lake Bosomtwe
• Ashanti Goldfields Corporation
• AngloGold Ashanti

References

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2. Ghana: Administrative Division
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8. Ivor Wilks (1989) , p. 375–377
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16. Beckett p.365
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18. Ivor Wilks (1989) , p. 374
19. Morgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs. p.  160.
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23. "Kumasi Fort and Military Museum". Ghana Museums & Monuments Board. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
24. J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1209-1211
25. "Implement Asamang-Tamfoe community mining plan — Youth group". Joynewsplus.com. 13 January 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
26. Ndetei, Chris (19 July 2018). "List of radio stations in Kumasi". Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
27. "New terminal for Kumasi International Airport to be ready in October 2022". Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. 28 July 2021. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
28. "Ashanti Region". Metro Mass Transit Ltd. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
29. "Bus Rapid Transit System". Metro Mass Transit Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
30. "Ghana, China signs railway contract". Ghana News Link. 30 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
31. "Baonkra Inland Port Project, stuck?". Kapital News. Kapital Radio 97.1 FM. 7 February 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
32. Amoah, Gabriel (27 June 2007). "Baba Yara stadium ready in October". TheStatesManOnline.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
33. "Biography". Kofi Annan Foundation. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
34. "Mrs Philomina Nyarko, wife of another prominent personality goes missing in Kumasi". MyNewsGh. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2023.

Bibliography

• Ivor Wilks (1989). Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. CUP Archive. ISBN   9780521379946 . Retrieved 29 December 2020– via Books.google.com.